Study on quality standard for Hylocereus undatus / 中国药房

OBJEC TIVE To establish the qu ality standard of Hylocereus undatus ，and to provide reference for its quality control. METHODS The sample of H. undatus medicinal materials was collected for character observation ，powder microscopic identification and thin-layer chromatography （TLC）identification. Moisture content ，total ash ，acid-insoluble ash ，water-soluble extracts and alcohol-soluble extracts were determined according to the corresponding methods in the general provisions of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅳ）. The contents of kaempferol and isorhamnetin in H. undatus were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The medicinal materials of H. undatus were in brown or yellowish brown irregular long bundles ；the calyx tubes were twisted in bundles ；the scales on the outside of the flower were shrunken ，and many stamens were inserted on the inside. The powder was brown-green or brown-yellow ，and pollen grains ，ducts and non-glandular hairs were found.In the TLC diagram of test sample ，fluorescent spots of the same color were displayed on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of substance control （kaempferol， isorhamnetin） and reference material. The moisture content ， total ash ， acid-insoluble ash ，water-soluble extract and alcohol-soluble extract of the 15 batches of samples ranged from 10.70％ to 12.23％， 7.48％ to 11.29％，0.25％ to 0.70％，30.34％ to 49.91％，and 25.27％ to 36.92％，respectively. The average values were 11.44％，9.51％，0.46％，40.13％，32.33％，respectively. The contents of kaempferol and isorhamnetin were 1.787-3.785 and 0.597-2.211 mg/g，respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study add microscopic identification ，TLC identification and inspection items such as moisture content ，ash and extract on the basis of the existing quality standards of H. undatus . It is preliminarily proposed that the moisture content in H. undatus shall not exceed 13.0％ and total ash content shall not exceed 12.0％，and the water-soluble extract and alcohol-soluble extract shall not be less than 30.0％ and 25.0％ respectively；the contents of kaempferol and isorhamnetin shall not be less than 1.780 and 0.590 mg/g，respectively. The established quality standard can be used for quality control of H. undatus .

Ursane derivatives isolated from leaves of Hylocereus undatus inhibit glycation at multiple stages / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds from chloroform extract of the leaves of Hylocereus undatus in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of chloroform extract from Hylocereus undatus afforded two novel 12-ursen-type triterpenes, 3β, 16α, 23-trihydroxy-urs-12- en-28-oic acid (1) and 3β, 6β, 19α, 22α-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), as well as four known triterpenes 2α, 3β, 23-tetrahydroxy-urs-11-en-28-oic acid (3), 3β-acetoxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene (4), 3β, 16α-dihidroxyolean-12-ene (5) and 3β-acetoxy-olean-12-ene (6). Our results revealed that triterpenes 1-3 were able to inhibit the formation of AGEs in all tested assays. The data indicated that the triterpenes had inhibitory activity at the múltiple stages of glycation and that there might be a high potential for decreasing protein oxidation and protein glycation that can enhance glycative stress in diabetic complications.

Ursane derivatives isolated from leaves of Hylocereus undatus inhibit glycation at multiple stages / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds from chloroform extract of the leaves of Hylocereus undatus in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of chloroform extract from Hylocereus undatus afforded two novel 12-ursen-type triterpenes, 3β, 16α, 23-trihydroxy-urs-12- en-28-oic acid (1) and 3β, 6β, 19α, 22α-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), as well as four known triterpenes 2α, 3β, 23-tetrahydroxy-urs-11-en-28-oic acid (3), 3β-acetoxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene (4), 3β, 16α-dihidroxyolean-12-ene (5) and 3β-acetoxy-olean-12-ene (6). Our results revealed that triterpenes 1-3 were able to inhibit the formation of AGEs in all tested assays. The data indicated that the triterpenes had inhibitory activity at the múltiple stages of glycation and that there might be a high potential for decreasing protein oxidation and protein glycation that can enhance glycative stress in diabetic complications.

Chemical constituents from Hylocereus undatus peels / 中成药

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Hylocereus undatus cv.Vietnam peels.METHODS The ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol fractions of 95％ ethanol extract of H.undatus peels were isolated and purified by silica,ODS and semi-preparative HPLC column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified as typhaneoside (1),kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (2),quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside (3),isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glycopyranoside (4),3'-O-methylquercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5),benzyl alcohol-β-D-glucopyranoside (6),physcion (7),resveratrol (8),adenosine (9),uridine (10),2-methyl-3-(3 '-indolyl)-propionic acid (11),α-spinasterol (12),β-sitosterol (13).CONCLUSION Compounds 1-12 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Endoreduplication in floral structure, vegetative and fruits of red pitaya with white pulp / Endorreduplicação em estrutura floral, vegetativa e frutos de pitaya vermelha de polpa branca

Endoreduplication is the change of cellular cycle that result DNA duplication without cell division and could result endopolyploid cells. This phenomenon is common in plants and animals and considered as evaluative strategy. Although endoreduplication reported in various plant species, the information about these phenomena in red pitaya is rare. Therefore, this work was done with the objective of studying the endoreduplication in Hylocereus undatus Haw. using flow cytometry analysis. In this study were used the tissue from the flower structure, fruits, roots, cladode, and thorns of the pitaya plant.To determine the DNA content approximately 50 mg the sample of each treatment with Pisum sativum (the internal standard reference) were grind in plate of petri dishes contained 1 mL of cold Marie buffer to release the nucleus.The nuclear suspension was filtered through 50 µm mesh. The nucleuses were colored with 25 µL of 1 mg/L mL of propidium iodide. For each treatment, three samples of 10 thousand nucleuses were analyzed in cytometry Facscalibur (Becton Dickinson). The content of nuclear DNA (pg) was estimated as the ratio between fluorescence intensity of the G1 nucleus of the standard and the G1nucleus of the sample multiplied by the quantity of DNA of the internal reference. In conclusion, the endoreduplication occurred in all part of the plants analyzed except in the aculeus and the roots. The analysis evidenced different index of DNA content in the tissues analyzed being observed up to four different ploidy levels. The phenomena of endoreduplication occurs in all parts of the plant analyzed except in aculeus and roots.

A endorreduplicação é uma alteração do ciclo celular, ocorrendo a replicação do DNA sem a divisão celular, podendo resultar em células endopoliploides. É um fenômeno comum em plantas e animais, sendo considerada uma estratégia evolutiva. Embora a endorreduplicação seja relatada em diversas espécies de plantas, as informações sobre este fenomeno em pitaia vermelha são escassas. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a endorreduplicação em Hylocereus undatus Haw. pela técnica de citometria de fluxo. Foram analisados tecidos de estruturas florais, de frutos, raiz, cladódio e acúleos de plantas de pitaia. Para a determinação do conteúdo de DNA, aproximadamente 50 mg de amostra de cada tratamento, juntamente com Pisum sativum (padrão de referência interno) foram triturados em placa de Petri contendo 1 mL de tampão Marie gelado para a liberação dos núcleos. A suspensão de núcleos foi filtrada através de malha de 50 µm. Os núcleos foram corados com 25 µL de solução de 1 mg/1 mL de iodeto de propídeo para cada amostra. Para cada tratamento, três amostras de 10 mil núcleos foram analisadas em citômetro Facscalibur (Becton Dickinson). O conteúdo de DNA nuclear (pg) foi estimado utilizando-se a razão entre as intensidades de fluorescência dos núcleos G1 do padrão de referência e dos núcleos G1 da amostra, multiplicando-se esta razão pela quantidade de DNA do padrão de referência. Conclui-se que a endorreduplicação ocorre em todas as partes da planta analisada, exceto no acúleo e na raiz. As análises evidenciam diferentes índices de conteúdo de DNA nos tecidos, sendo observados até quatro diferentes níveis de ploidia. O fenômeno da endorreduplicação ocorreu em todas as partes da planta analisadas, exceto nos acúleos e raízes.

Artificial pollination and fruit quality in red pitaya / Polinização artificial e qualidade de fruto em pitaia vermelha

Native of the Americas, pitaya is currently a fruit bearing plant in expansion in the domestic and international market and is an alternative source of revenue for small and large farmers. As some studies show the lack of efficiency of natural pollinators in fructification in pitaya, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of manual self-pollination and of manual cross pollination in Hylocereus undatus in two periods of pollination. The experiment was carried out in the orchard of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (Federal University of Lavras) in a completely randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (two types of pollination and two flowering periods) with 15 replications, with one flower per replication. The flowers were bagged, emasculated and pollinated manually. The percentage of fruit set , longitudinal and transversal diameter of the fruit, mass of the fruit, pulp and peel, thickness of the peel, soluble solids contents, pH, titratable acidity, ratio (soluble solids:titratable acidity), number of seeds per fruit and seed germination were evaluated. It may be concluded that pollination in red pitaya with its own pollen allows fructification. Flowers pollinated in Apr. result in fruit with physical characteristics superior to the fruit generated by pollination in Jan.

Nativa das Américas, a pitaia é atualmente uma frutífera em expansão no mercado nacional e internacional, sendo uma alternativa de renda aos pequenos e grandes produtores. Como alguns estudos demonstram a ineficiência de polinizadores naturais na frutificação da pitaia, realizou-se este trabalho objetivando-se estudar a eficiência da autopolinização manual e da polinização manual cruzada em Hylocereus undatus, em duas épocas. O experimento foi instalado no pomar da Universidade Federal de Lavras, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois tipo de polinização e duas épocas de florescimento), com 15 repetições, sendo um flor por repetição. As flores foram ensacadas, emasculadas e polinizadas manualmente. Foram avaliadas a percentagem de pegamento dos frutos, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal dos frutos, massa de fruto, polpa e casca, espessura de casca, teores de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, ratio (sólidos solúveis:acidez titulável), número de sementes por fruto e germinação das sementes. Concluiu-se que a polinização em pitaia vermelha com o próprio pólen permite a frutificação. Flores polinizadas em abril resultam em frutos com características físicas superiores aos frutos gerados em janeiro.

Fenologia reprodutiva da pitaya vermelha em Jaboticabal, SP / Reproductive phenology of red dragon fruit in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

Por ser uma cultura de cultivo recente no país, a pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) ainda carece de estudos, de forma a dar suporte aos produtores. Nesse sentido, o trabalho foi desenvolvido visando a caracterizar a fenologia reprodutiva da cultura na região de Jaboticabal - SP. Avaliou-se clone de pitaya conduzido sob duas colorações de tela plástica, branca e preta, ambas com 50% de sombreamento, durante março de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Observou-se que a emissão de gemas florais tem início no mês de novembro, com emissão constante até o mês de março, enquanto que o florescimento ocorre até meados de abril, sendo que as altas temperaturas associadas ao início da estação chuvosa são fatores fundamentais para a emissão das gemas reprodutivas. A coloração da tela plástica influenciou no total de flores. O tempo compreendido desde a emissão das gemas até a antese é de 18 a 23 dias, enquanto, da antese à colheita é de 34 a 43 dias. O tempo total entre o aparecimento do botão floral até a colheita pode levar de 52 a 66 dias.

The dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) is recent crop cultivation in Brazil and there is still lack of studies to support the farmers. So, this research aimed to characterize the reproductive phenology of the crop in the region of Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. It was evaluated red dragon fruit clones over two environmental conditions - under plastic screen black and white, with 50% of shady level, from March 2009 to December 2010. It was observed that the issuance of floral buds and the flowering on dragon fruit culture occurs with a combination of high temperatures and rainfall, with constant emission of floral buds from November to March while the flowering on dragon fruit culture occurs until mid-April. The color of plastic screen had influenced on amount of flowers. The time elapsed since the issuance of flower buds to anthesis is from 18 to 23 days, while the harvest occurs from 34 to 43 days after flower opening. At Jaboticabal, the time of appearance of flower bud to fruit harvest is from 52 to 66 days.

Micropropagação e endorreduplicação em pitaya vermelha / Micropropagation and endoreduplication in red pitaya

A micropropagação facilita a obtenção de mudas de mudas de pitaya, Hylocereus undatus Haw; porém, pode propiciar alterações genéticas, como a polissomatia, endopoliploidia ou endorreduplicação. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se desenvolver protocolo para micropropagação e verificar a endorreduplicação em pitaya vermelha. Cladódios de pitaya foram micropropagados em meio de cultura MS, com 0,1 mg L-1 de ANA, acrescido de BAP e cinetina, nas dosagens 0, 1, 5 e 10 mg L-1, sendo o meio MS sem reguladores de crescimento utilizado como tratamento controle. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 2x8 (ausência e presença de luz e 8 diferentes meios de cultura), totalizando 16 tratamentos, sendo 4 repetições de 3 explantes. O experimento foi conduzido na presença e ausência de luz em sala de crescimento a 25 ± 2ºC, irradiância média de 42 W m-2 e fotoperíodo de 16 horas, por 120 dias. A análise de citometria de fluxo foi utilizada em 3 explantes por tratamento. Amostras de cladódios, juntamente com o padrão interno (ervilha) foram triturados com 1 mL de tampão de extração LB01 e 25 mL de iodeto de propídeo, analisados em citômetro de fluxo. Os explantes submetidos à ausência de luz não responderam aos tratamentos. O meio de cultura que proporciona melhor crescimento e desenvolvimento in vitro é o MS acrescido de 0,1 mg L-1 de ANA e BAP ou cinetina nas concentrações de 1 ou 5 mg L-1. O meio de cultura que proporciona aos explantes maior variação na quantidade de DNA é MS com 10 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,1 mg L-1 de ANA. O fenômeno da endorreduplicação é observado em todos os tratamentos analisados.

Micropropagation makes the obtaining of seedlings of red pitaya easier, but, it can cause genetic mutations such as polysomaty, endopolyploidy or endoreduplication. In this work, it was aimed to develop a protocol for micropropagation and check the endoreduplication in red pitaya. Pitaya cladodes were micropropagated im MS culture medium with 0.1 mg L-1 of ANA added of BAP and kinetin at the dosages of 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg L-1, the MS medium without any growth regulators being used as the control treatment. The experimental design utilized was the completely randomized in factorial 2 x 8 (absence and presence of light and 8 different culture media), amounting to 16 treatments, namely, 4 replications of 3 explants. The experiment was conducted in the presence and absence of light in a growth room at 25 ± 2 ºC, average irradiance of 42W m-2 and photoperiod of 16 hours for 120 days. The flow cytometry analysis was utilized on three explants per treatment. Cladode samples, along with the internal pattern (pea) were ground with 1 ml of extraction buffer LB 01 and 25 mL of propide iodide, analyzed in flow cytometer. The explants submitted to the absence of light did not respond to the treatments. The culture medium which brings about the best in vitro growth and development is the MS added of 0.1 mg L-1 of ANA and BAP or kinetin at the concentrations of 1 or 0.5 mg L-1. The culture medium which provides to the explants greatest variation in the amount of DNA is MS with 10 mg L-1 of BAP and 0.1 mg L-1 of ANA. The phenomenon of endoreduplication is found in all the treatments investigated.

Fenologia reprodutiva de pitaia vermelha no município de Lavras, MG / Reproductive phenology of red pitaya in Lavras, MG, Brazil

O estudo do comportamento fenológico pode contribuir para melhorar a produtividade das culturas e a qualidade dos frutos. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a fenologia reprodutiva da pitaia vermelha em Lavras, MG, Brasil. Foram avaliados em cem plantas de pitaia vermelha (Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose) os períodos das subfases desde a emissão das gemas até a maturação dos frutos de 2008 a 2010. O botão floral se desenvolve no período de 19 a 21 dias. A antese é noturna que dura aproximadamente 15 horas. A maturação do fruto ocorre de 30 a 40 dias após a abertura da flor, quando o fruto adquire a coloração rosa a vermelho intenso e a textura firme. Em Lavras, MG o período reprodutivo da pitaia ocorre de novembro a maio e tempo do aparecimento do botão floral até a colheita do fruto é de 50 a 60 dias.

The study of phenology can contribute to improve the productivity of crops and fruit quality. The study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive phenology of red pitaya in Lavras, MG, Brazil. It was evaluated in one hundred plants of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose) the subphase's periods from the issuance of buds to fruit ripening from 2008 to 2010. The bud develops from 19 to 21 days. The anthesis is nocturnal which lasts about 15 hours. The maturation occurs from 30 to 40 days after flower opening, when the fruit acquires color pink to deep red and firm texture. In Lavras, MG the reproductive period of red pitaya occurs from November to May and the time of appearance of flower buds to fruit harvest is from 50 to 60 days.

Adequação da metodologia para o teste de germinação de sementes de pitaia vermelha / Methodology adjustment for the germination test of red pitaya seeds

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.), popularmente conhecida como pitaia vermelha é uma cactácea para a qual se tem registrado um aumento de consumo nos últimos anos e, por ser ainda pouco explorada, vários aspectos referentes à sua propagação ainda são desconhecidos. Até o momento, não existem critérios para a execução de testes de germinação para sementes dessa espécie, publicados nas Regras para Análise de Sementes. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho adequar a metodologia quanto ao substrato, temperatura e tempo de contagem inicial e final para o teste de germinação. Foram testados quatro substratos (rolo de papel, areia, vermiculita e solo) e quatro temperaturas (20, 25, 30 e 20-30°C). O efeito dos substratos no desempenho germinativo das sementes foi avaliado pelo teste de germinação e de primeira contagem instalado com quatro subamostras de 50 sementes. Foram feitas contagens diárias do número de plântulas emergidas até atingirem a estabilidade e, no final do experimento, foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação das sementes, considerando as plântulas normais, anormais e sementes mortas. Concluiu-se que o teste de germinação de sementes de pitaia vermelha deve ser realizado à temperatura constante de 25°C em rolo de papel, com contagens inicial e final aos cinco e dez dias após a semeadura, respectivamente.

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.), popularly known as red pitaya is a cactus for which it has been registered an increase in consumption in recent years and, being as yet little explored, several aspects related to its propagation are still unknown. Yet, there are no criteria for the performance of germination tests for seeds of this species published in Rules for Seed Analysis. Accordingly, the objective of this research was to adapt the methodology to the substrate, temperature and time of initial and final count for the germination test. Four substrates were tested (rolled paper, sand, vermiculite and soil) and four temperatures (20, 25, 30 e 20-30°C).The effect of substrates on the seeds germination performance was evaluated by the germination test and first count installed with four replicates of 50 seeds. The number of seedlings was counted daily until they achieved stability. The percentage of seed germination was evaluated at the end of the experiment, considering the normal and abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. It was concluded that the germination test of red pitaya seeds must be performed at constant temperature of 25°C in rolled paper, with initial and final counts at five and ten days after sowing, respectively.

Crescimento de pitaia vermelha com adubação orgânica e granulado bioclástico / Growth of red pitaya with organic fertilizer and calcified seaweed

Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o crescimento de pitaia vermelha (Hylocereus undatus) submetida à adubação orgânica e à aplicação de granulado bioclástico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com oito adubações: testemunha, esterco de curral, cama de frango, granulado bioclástico, esterco de curral + cama de frango, esterco de curral + granulado bioclástico, cama de frango + granulado bioclástico e esterco de curral + cama de frango + granulado bioclástico, aplicados a cada três meses, com três blocos, e a parcela experimental composta por quatro plantas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no comprimento e no número de cladódios principais. Houve diferença significativa no número de cladódios laterais retirados e de cladódios emitidos acima do suporte. A adubação com esterco de curral + cama de frango + granulado bioclástico favoreceu o crescimento de plantas de pitaia vermelha.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the growth of red pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) subjected to organic fertilization and calcified seaweed application. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with eight fertilization: control, cattle manure, chicken manure, calcified seaweed, cattle manure + chicken manure, cattle manure + calcified seaweed, chicken manure + calcified seaweed and cattle manure + chicken manure + calcified seaweed, applied every three months, with three replications and plot consisted of four plants. There were no significant differences in the length and in the number of central cladodes. There were significant differences in the number of side cladodes removed and in cladodes above the support. Fertilization with cattle manure + chicken manure + calcified seaweed favored the growth of red pitaya.