ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To measure fetal renal volume in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic pregnancies. METHODS: A longitudinal prospective study was conducted and included 92 hyperglycemic and 339 normoglycemic pregnant women attended at the prenatal service of a hospital from Rio de Janeiro State. Ultrasound examinations were performed to estimate gestational age at baseline and the kidney volume was estimated using the prolate ellipsoid volume equation. RESULTS: Fetal kidney volume growth between normoglycemic and hyperglycemic pregnancies are significantly different. The fetal kidney volume growth in pregnancy is positively correlated with gestational age explained by these predictor equations, by group: normal renal volume = exp (6.186+0.09×gestational week); hyperglycemic renal volume = exp (6.978+0.071×gestational week) and an excessive growth pattern for hyperglycemic pregnancies may be established according to gestational age. CONCLUSION: This is important for early detection of abnormalities in pregnancy, particularly in diabetic mothers.
OBJETIVO: O estudo foi desenvolvido para medir o volume renal fetal em gestações normoglicêmicas e hiperglicêmicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo longitudinal, incluindo 92 gestantes hiperglicêmicas e 339 normoglicêmicas que procuraram o serviço pré-natal de um hospital no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A ultrassonografia foi realizada para estimar idade gestacional e volume renal foi estimado utilizando a equação de volume elipsoide. RESULTADOS: O crescimento fetal e os volumes renais entre gestações normoglicêmicas e hiperglicêmicas são estatisticamente distintos. O aumento do volume renal fetal na gravidez é correlacionada com a idade gestacional, de acordo com as seguintes equações preditores, por grupo: volume renal normal = exp (6,186+0,09×semana de gestação); e volume renal hiperglicêmico = exp (6,978+0,071×semana de gestação). CONCLUSÃO: Estes dados são importantes para detecção precoce de anormalidades na gravidez, principalmente em mães diabéticas.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Fetal Development , Hyperglycemia , Kidney/embryology , Pregnancy Complications , Gestational Age , Longitudinal Studies , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de actualizar los conocimientos sobre el proceso de glucosilación no enzimática. Su importancia fisiológica se puso de manifiesto a partir del hallazgo de que parte de la hemoglobina en la sangre de individuos sanos está glucosilada y que el nivel de glucosilación es mayor en pacientes diabéticos. La colágeno fue la primer proteína donde se demostró la existencia de enlaces intermoleculares covalentes producidos por este mecanismo en la base molecular de la glomerulopatía y retinopatía diabética. La disminución de la actividad biológica como consecuencia de la glucosilación aparece en un reducido número de pacientes, incluyendo varios sistemas enzimáticos donde grupos amino participaron en la catálisis enzimática. La activación de receptores por la unión de proteínas con los productos de glucosilación avanzada estimula la producción en macrófagos, células endoteliales y mesangiales de factores de crecimiento y mecanismos procoagulantes que favorecen la formación de trombos en los sitios de acumulación extracelular de estos compuestos, la oclusión de vasos, hipoxia y necrosis tisular. Las reacciones en las que intervienen radicales libres, participan en la formación de los productos de glucosilación avanzada provocando su unión de manera covalente e irreversible a las proteínas favoreciendo la ateroesclerosis. En la Diabetes la hemoglobina glucosilada y la fructosamina son las determinaciones de laboratorio más frecuentes utilizadas en el control metabólico y su estabilidad, que permite prevenir los efectos nocivos de la hiperglucemia.
A bibliographical revision with the objective to bring-up-to date the knowledge on the nonenzymatic glycosylation process was carried out. Its physiologic importance was shown, starting from the discovery that a part of the hemoglobin in blood of healthy individuals is glycosylated and the glycosylation level is bigger in diabetic patients. The collagen was the first protein where the existence of covalent intermolecular bonds was demonstrated produced by this mechanism in the molecular basis of the glomerulopathy and diabetic retinopathy. The decrease of the biological activity as consequence of glycosylation appears in a reduced number of patients, including several enzymatic systems where amino groups participated in the enzymatic catalysis. The receptors´activation for proteins union with products of advanced glycosylation stimulates the production in macrophages, endothelial and mesangial cells of growth factors and procoagulant mechanisms that favor the thrombus formation in the places of extracellular accumulation of these compounds, the occlusion of vessels, hypoxia and tissular necrosis. Reactions in which intervene free radicals, participate in the formation of the advanced glycosylation products causing its union in covalent and irreversible way to the proteins favoring atherosclerosis. In diabetes the glycosylated hemoglobin and the fructosemia are the most frequent laboratory determinations used in the metabolic control and its stability allow us to prevent the noxious effects of hyperglycemia.