Polymorphism of Gene ACE I/D and Family History of Hypertension as Predisposition of Hypertension

@#Introduction: Hypertension is a polygenic disease that caused 45% of deaths. Various genes have been engaged with the pathogenesis of hypertension. One of these genes affects sodium homeostasis in the kidney, including the ACE I/D gene polymorphism. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of family history of hypertension and ACE I/D gene polymorphism with the incidence of hypertension in coastal communities of Kendari City. Methods: The study was conducted using a case-control study design. The case group was hypertensive patients based on medical diagnostic by doctors, while the control group was healthy individuals without any records on hypertension. As many as 70 individuals residing in the coastal area of Kendari City were involved as samples of the study. Both case and control groups consisted of 35 individuals. Data collection techniques were carried out experimentally using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: The prevalence of I allele was found in individuals with a family history of hypertension (72.1%) as compared to the D allele (27.9%). The study also found a significant correlation between the family history of hypertension and ACE I/D gene polymorphism (p-value 0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and the incidence of hypertension in this population (p-value 0.631). Conclusion: Family history of hypertension was a risk factor for the incidence of hypertension. On the other hand, the polymorphism of ACE I/D gene was a protective factor towards the incidence of hypertension.

Polymorphism of Gene ACE I/D and Family History of Hypertension as the predisposition of Hypertension

@#Introduction: Hypertension is a polygenic disease that caused 45% of deaths. Various genes have been engaged with the pathogenesis of hypertension. One of these genes affects sodium homeostasis in the kidney, including the ACE I/D gene polymorphism. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of family history of hypertension and ACE I/D gene polymorphism with the incidence of hypertension in coastal communities of Kendari City. Methods: The study was conducted using a case-control study design. The case group was hypertensive patients based on medical diagnostic by doctors, while the control group was healthy individuals without any records on hypertension. As many as 70 individuals residing in the coastal area of Kendari City were involved as samples of the study. Both case and control groups consisted of 35 individuals. Data collection techniques were carried out experimentally using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: The prevalence of I allele was found in individuals with a family history of hypertension (72.1%) as compared to the D allele (27.9%). The study also found a significant correlation between the family history of hypertension and ACE I/D gene polymorphism (p-value 0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and the incidence of hypertension in this population (p-value 0.631). Conclusion: Family history of hypertension was a risk factor for the incidence of hypertension. On the other hand, the polymorphism of ACE I/D gene was a protective factor towards the incidence of hypertension.

Relational capability: a study of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation / Capacidad relacional: un estudio de la Empresa Brasileña de Investigación Agrícola / Capacidade relacional: um estudo da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária

Abstract The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) plays an important role in Research and Development (R&D) for generating innovations. Most innovations are generated through R&D alliances with external partners, stimulating relational capability (RC), that is, a construct of strategic management of alliances with propositions for procedures that have not yet been empirically verified. In this context, we investigated how relational capability processes contribute to generating innovations. We conducted qualitative research using a case study based on interviews, document analysis, and observation. Three strategic R&D alliances involving EMBRAPA and external partners constituted the analysis corpus. The main contribution to knowledge advancement is a multidimensional fraProgmework for generating innovations from strategic R&D alliances, based on the empirical evidence of processes of EMBRAPA relational capability and its external partners. This new framework sheds light on how a public research enterprise absorbs knowledge and uncovers the processes of institutionalization and relational capability spillover.

Resumen La EMBRAPA desempeña un papel importante en Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D) para generar innovaciones. La mayoría de las innovaciones se genera a través de alianzas de I+D con socios externos, estimulando la capacidad relacional (CR), es decir, un constructo de gestión estratégica de alianzas con propuestas de procedimientos que aún no se han verificado empíricamente. En este contexto, investigamos cómo los procesos de CR contribuyen a generar innovaciones. Para ello, realizamos una investigación cualitativa utilizando un estudio de caso basado en entrevistas, análisis de documentos y observación. Tres alianzas estratégicas de I+D en las que participaron EMBRAPA y socios externos constituyeron el corpus de análisis. La principal contribución al avance del conocimiento es un framework multidimensional para generar innovaciones a partir de alianzas estratégicas de I+D, con base en la evidencia empírica de los procesos de CR de EMBRAPA y sus socios externos. Este nuevo framework arroja luz sobre cómo una empresa pública de investigación absorbe el conocimiento y descubre los procesos de institucionalización y repercusión de la CR.

Resumo A EMBRAPA desempenha papel importante em P&D na geração de inovações. A maioria das inovações é gerada por meio de alianças de P&D com parceiros externos, estimulando a capacidade relacional (CR), ou seja, um construto de gerenciamento estratégico de alianças com proposições de procedimentos que ainda não foram empiricamente verificados. Nesse contexto, investigamos como os processos de capacidade relacional contribuem para gerar inovações. Para tanto, realizamos pesquisa qualitativa utilizando um estudo de caso, baseado em entrevistas, análise de documentos e observação. Três alianças estratégicas de P&D envolvendo a EMBRAPA e parceiros externos foram analisados. A principal contribuição para o avanço do conhecimento é um framework multidimensional para gerar inovações a partir de alianças estratégicas de P&D, com base na evidência empírica dos processos da CR da EMBRAPA e de seus parceiros externos. Este novo framework lança luz sobre como uma empresa pública de pesquisa absorve conhecimento e descobre os processos de institucionalização e repercussão da CR.

Bienestar espiritual de adultos jóvenes del municipio Libertador San Martin, Entre Ríos, Argentina / Spiritual welfare of young adults of the municipality Libertador San Martin, Entre Ríos, Argentina / Bem - estar espiritual dos adultos jovens no município Libertador San Martin, Entre Ríos, Argentina

O b j e t i v o: d e s c r i b i r e l b i e ne s t a r e s p i r i t u a l d e l o s a d u l t o s j ó v e ne s d e l m u n i c i p i o d e L i b e r t a d o r S a n M a r t í n , P r o vi n c i a d e E nt re Rí o s ( A r g e nt i n a ) . M ét o d o : s e u t i l i z ó l a e s c a l a d e b i e ne s t a r e s p i r i t u a l J A R E L , co m p u e s t a p o r 2 1 p reg u nta s e i nt eg r a d a p o r t res f a c t o res : F e y c re e n c i a s re l igi o s a s , V id a y a u t o r res p o n s a b i l id a d , y S a t i s f a cc i ón co n l a v i d a . S e e n c u e s t a r o n a 250 personas entre 20 y 40 años. Resultados: la mayoría de la población encuestada pertenecía al sexo femenino (62 %), era menor de 30 años (65 %) y soltera (57 %) con estudios universitarios en curso (50 %). Se encontró que la creencia en un ser superior hacía p a r t e d e l a e s p i r i t u a l i d a d e n un 8 7 , 6 % d e l o s e n c u e s t a d o s ; a s u v ez , e l 9 6 , 4 % refirió tener algún grado d e s a t i s f a cc i ón co n s u v i d a y e l 9 5 , 2 % , e l a c e p t a r f á c i lm e n t e l a s s i t u a c i o ne s pr o bl e má t i c a s . C o n c l u s ió n : las características principales del bienestar espiritual de los adultos jóvenes son la creencia en un p o d e r s u p e r i o r y l a c a p a c i d a d d e r e c i b i r y d a r a m o r , s i e n d o l a s e s f e r a s d e l o s f a c t o r e s co n m e j o r e v a l u a c i ón . E l f a c t o r m e j o r p e r c i b i d o f u e S a t i s f a cc i ó n co n l a v i d a , y s e i d e n t i f i c a r o n m a y o r e s n i v e l e s d e b i e ne s t a r e s p i r i t u a l e n l o s p a r t i c i p a n t e s d e má s d e 3 0 a ñ o s , e x t r a n j e r o s , co n h i j o s , q u i e ne s co n v i v í a n co n a m ig o s y f a m i l i a r e s , y o s t e n t a b a n e s t u d i o s un i v e r s i t a r i o s . E s e v i d e n t e q u e l a e s p i r i t u a l i d a d e s una característica esencial del cuidado de enfermería y se sugiere realizar estudios que indaguen y establezcan la existencia o no del nivel de bienestar espiritual con las conductas de autocuidado y los p a t r o ne s d e a f r o n t a m i e n t o d e l o s pr o bl e m a s e n l a p o bl a c i ón a d u l t a .

to desc ri be the spiritual well - being of young adults in the muni ci pality of Li bertador San M a r t í n , P r o v i n c e o f E nt r e R í o s ( A r g e n t i n a ) . M e t h o d : t h e J A R E L S p i r i t u a l W e l l b e i n g S c a l e w a s u s e d , w h i c h i s c o m p o s e d o f t w e n t y - o n e i t e m s a n d t h r e e f a c t o r s : F a i t h a n d r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s , L i f e a n d s e l f - r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d S a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h l i f e . 2 5 0 p e o p l e b e t w e e n t w e n t y a n d f o r t y - y e a r s o l d w e r e s u r v e y e d . R e s u l t s : t h e p o p u l a t i o n s u r v e y e d w e r e m o s t l y w o m e n ( 6 2 % ) , u n d e r 3 0 ( 6 5 % ) , s i n g l e ( 5 7 % ) a n d w i t h u n i v e r s i t y s t u d i e s i n p r o g r e s s ( 5 0 % ) . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e b e l i e f i n a s u p e r i o r b e i n g w a s p a r t o f t h e s p i r i t u a l i t y o f 8 7 . 6 % o f p e o p l e s u r v e y e d ; i n t u r n , 9 6 . 4 % r e p o r t e d h a v i n g s o m e d e g r e e o f s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e i r l i v e s a n d 9 5 . 2 % r e p o r t e d e a s i l y a c c e p t i n g p r o b l e m a t i c s i t u a t i o n s i n t h e i r l i v e s . C o n c l u s i o n : T h e m a i n c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the spiritual well - being of young adults are belief in a higher power and the capacity to receive and g i v e l o v e , b e i n g t h e s p h e r e s o f t h e f a c t o r s w i t h t h e b e s t e v a l u a t i o n . T h e b e s t p e r c e i v e d f a c t o r w a s S a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h l i f e , a n d h ig h e r l e v e l s o f s p i r i t u a l w e l l - b e i n g w e r e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h o s e o v e r 3 0 y e a r s o l d , f o r e i g n e r s , w i t h c h i l d r e n , w h o l i v e w i t h f r i e n d s a n d f a m i l y , a n d i n t h o s e w h o h o l d u n i v e r s i t y s t u d i e s . I t is evident that spirituality is an essential c harac teris tic of nurs ing care and it is suggested to conduc t studies in the adult popul ati on that investigate and establish the level of spiritual well - being with self - c a r e b e h a v i o r s , a n d p a t t e r n s o f c o p i n g w i t h p r o b l e m s

O b j e t i v o: d e s c r e v e r o b e m - e s t a r e s p i r i t u a l d e j o v e n s a d u l t o s n o m un i c í p i o d e L i b e r t a d o r S a n M a r t í n , n a P r o ví n c i a d e E nt re Rí o s , n a A r g e nt i n a . M ét o d o : t r a ta - s e d e u m es t u d o d e a n ál i s e q u a nt i ta t i v a t r a n s v e r s a l . F o i u t i l i z a d a a E s c a l a d e " b e m - e s t a r e s p i r i t u a l J A R E L " , co m p o s t a d e 2 1 p e r g un t a s a b r a n g e n d o t r ê s f a t o r e s : a f é e c r e n ç a s r e l igi o s a s , v i d a e a u t o r e s p o n s a b i l i d a d e , e s a t i s f a ç ã o co m a v i d a . A e s c a l a foi aplicada em 250 pessoas com idades entre 20 e 40 anos. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes e r a m d o g ê ne r o f e m i n i n o ( 6 2 % ) , m e n o r e s d e 3 0 a n o s ( 6 5 % ) , s o l t e i r o s ( 5 7 % ) e co m e s t u d o s un i v e r s i t á r i o s e m a n d a m e n t o ( 5 0 % ) . V e r i f i co u - s e q u e a c r e n ç a e m u m s e r s u p e r i o r f a z i a p a r t e d a e s p i r i t u a l i d a d e e m 8 7 , 6 % d o s p a r t i c i p a n t e s ; p o r s u a v ez , 9 6 , 4 % d e l e s r e l a t a r a m t e r a l g u m g r a u d e s a t i s f a ç ã o co m a v i d a e 9 5 , 2 % , a c e i t a m f a c i lm e n t e a s s i t u a ç õ e s d i f í c e i s . C o n c l u s ã o: a s pr i n c i p a i s c a r a c t e r í s t i c a s d o b e m - e s t a r espiritual dos participantes são a crença em um poder superior e na capacidade de receber e dar a m o r , s e n d o e s t e s o s a s p e c t o s co m m e l h o r a v a l i a ç ã o . O m e l h o r f a t o r p e r c e b i d o f o i a s a t i s f a ç ã o co m v i d a . O s n í v e i s m a i s a l t o s d e b e m - e s t a r e s p i r i t u a l f o r a m i d e n t i f i c a d o s n o s p a r t i c i p a n t e s co m m a i s d e 3 0 a n o s d e i d a d e , e s t r a n g e i r o s , co m f i l h o s , p a r t i c i p a n t e s q u e m o r a v a m co m a m ig o s e f a m i l i a r e s e co m e s t u d o s un i v e r s i t á r i o s . D e s v e l a - s e n o e s t u d o q u e a e s p i r i t u a l i d a d e é u m a c a r a c t e r í s t i c a e ss e n c i a l d o c u i d a d o d e e n f e r m a g e m . S u g e r e - s e a r e a l i z a ç ã o d e o u t r o s e s t u d o s q u e a b r a n j a m a e x i s t ê n c i a o u n ã o d o n í v e l d e b e m - e s t a r e s p i r i t u a l , s u a r e l a ç ã o co m o s co m p o r t a m e n t o s d e a u t oc u i d a d o e o s p a d r õ e s d e e n f r e n t a m e n t o d e pr o bl e m a s n a p o p u l a ç ã o a d u l t a

Influence of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Gene Polymorphism in Progression of Chagas Heart Disease

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. One-third of infected patients will develop the cardiac form, which may progress to heart failure (HF). However, the factors that determine disease progression remain unclear. Increased angiotensin II activity is a key player in the pathophysiology of HF. A functional polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with plasma enzyme activity. In CD, ACE inhibitors have beneficial effects supporting the use of this treatment in chagasic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We evaluated the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with HF, performing a case-control study encompassing 343 patients with positive serology for CD staged as non-cardiomyopathy (stage A; 100), mild (stage B1; 144), and severe (stage C; 99) forms of Chagas heart disease. For ACE I/D genotyping by PCR, groups were compared using unconditional logistic regression analysis and adjusted for nongenetic covariates: age, sex, and trypanocidal treatment. RESULTS: A marginal, but not significant (p=0.06) higher prevalence of ACE I/D polymorphism was observed in patients in stage C compared with patients in stage A. Patients in stage C (CD with HF), were compared with patients in stages A and B1 combined into one group (CD without HF); DD genotype/D carriers were prevalent in the HF patients (OR = 2; CI = 1.013.96; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results of this cohort study, comprising a population from the Northeast region of Brazil, suggest that ACE I/D polymorphism is more prevalent in the cardiac form of Chagas disease with HF.

Retos para las spin-off académicas en México como resultado de la valorización económica de I+D+i de las universidades / Challenges for the academic spin-offs in Mexico as a result of the economic valorization of RD & I from the universities

Resumen El modelo de valorización económica, de los resultados de investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+i) de las universidades, mediante la creación de empresas spin-off, ha demostrado tener un alto índice de éxito e impacto social en diferentes países. En las universidades de Latinoamérica se está fomentando la cultura emprendedora para su creación, por los beneficios económicos que se generan para la universidad y los investigadores participantes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el contexto nacional e internacional de las spin-off académicas, para identificar algunos de los factores que favorecen u obstaculizan su creación y éxito, como estrategia para acelerar su implementación en México. Al ser un modelo recientemente introducido al país, las spin-off académicas requieren la creación de un nuevo marco legal dentro de las universidades para establecer con claridad beneficios y compromisos de la institución y participantes, así como, favorecer su gestión, implementación y crecimiento. Además, de encaminar los resultados de I+D+i para que puedan ser comercializables, capacitar a los investigadores en emprendimiento y propiedad intelectual, aumentar la inversión en investigación privada, y generar políticas y condiciones para incrementar el número de investigadores en México.

Abstract The economic valorization model from the Research Development and Innovation (RD & I) for higher education research results through the creation of spin-offs, has demonstrated to attain a high success index and a positive social impact in several countries. Accordingly, Latin American Universities are encouraging an entrepreneurship culture for the creation of spin-offs since it leads to economic profits for both, the University and the participating researchers. The objective of this paper was to analyze the national and international context of academic spin-offs in order to identify some factors that promote or prevent their creation and success as strategy to accelerate their implementation in Mexico. Since this model has recently been introduced to the country, academic spin-offs require the creation of a new legal framework inside the universities in order to achieve two main goals: one is to establish clearly the rights and responsibilities of the institution and the participants, and the second one entails fostering their management, implementation and development. In addition, there is similarly a need to channel the RD & I results in order to transform them into marketable goods; to train researchers in entrepreneurship and intellectual property; increase private research investment, and generate policies and conditions to increase the number of researchers in Mexico.

Metodologías para el fortalecimiento de líneas en grupos de investigación académicos o empresariales / Methodologies for the strengthening of research lines in academic or business research groups / Metodologias para o fortalecimento das linhas em grupos de pesquisa académicos ou empresariais

Resumen Introducción. La disponibilidad de grandes volúmenes de datos ha hecho que la toma de decisiones, tanto académicas como empresariales, sea compleja, por lo que es necesario simplificar estos procesos para decidir efectivamente. Objetivo. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que buscó identificar las metodologías usadas para el fortalecimiento de líneas en centros o grupos de investigación académicos o empresariales. Materiales y métodos. Para ello, se efectuó una revi si ón si stemática exploratori a en Scopus, Ebsco, Science Direct y Scielo. Se encontraron 146 artículos de los cuales se incorporaron en el análisis 35. Resultados. Se detectaron tres tendencias en las metodologías a saber: 1) el enfoque cuantitativo muestra metodologías vinculadas hacia el uso de la bibliometría, la cienciometría y la minería de textos, 2) en el enfoque cualitativo se identificaron análisis documentales, de saberes o percepciones frente a la gestión de la innovación y el desarrollo, vistas desde la academia y desde el sector real y 3) en el enfoque mixto se identificaron estudios de perfiles del capital humano, sistema formal de Hilbert para una lógica proposicional clásica, simulación cualitativa-sociológica, revisión intermedia (métrica y pares), entrevistas y encuestas a empresas y técnica Delphi. Conclusión. Se concluye que el uso de enfoques cuantitativos, cualitativos o mixtos son pertinentes de acuerdo con el área de interés del centro o grupo de investigación; además, para los países desarrollados, este tema se encuentra aparentemente superado puesto que no se evidenció producción académica reciente al respecto, mientras que para los países en vías de desarrollo, existe un interés actual, en particular en lo relacionado con aspectos de inversión y su retorno.

Abstract Introduction: The availability of large volumes of data has made the decision making process, both for academics and businesses, a complex issue, so it is necessary to simplify these procedures in order to decide effectively. Objective: This article presents the results of a study that sought to identify the methodologies used to define or strengthen research lines in academic or business groups. Materials and methods: A systematic exploratory review in Scopus, Ebsco, Science Direct and Scielo retrieved 146 items, of which 35 were incorporated into the analysis. Results: Three different trends were found: 1) the quantitative approach shows methodologies related to the use of bibliometrics, scientometrics and text mining, 2) the qualitative approach identified documentary, knowledge or perceptions analyses regarding the management of innovation and development, seen from academia and from the real sector, and 3) the mixed approach identified profile studies of human capital, Hilbert formal system for classical propositional logic, qualitative-sociological simulation, intermediate review (metric and peers), interviews and surveys to businesses and Delphi technique. Conclusion: The findings show that the use of quantitative, qualitative or mixed approaches is relevant according to the area of interest of the center or research group; in addition, for developed countries this issue is apparently overcome, given that no recent evidence about academic production was found, whilst for developing countries, there is current interest, in particular that which is related to aspects of investment and its return.

Resumo Introdução. A disponibilidade de grandes volumes de dados tornou que a tomada de decisões, tanto académicas como empresariais, sej a complexa, pelo que é necessário simplificar estes processos para decidir efetivamente. Objetivo. Este artigo presenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que procurou identificar as metodologias usadas para o fortalecimento das linhas nos centros ou grupos de pesquisa académicos ou empresariais. Materiais e métodos. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática exploratória em Scopus, Ebsco, Science Direct e Scielo. Encontraram-se 146 artigos que foram incorporados na análise 35. Resultados. Detectaram-se três tendências nas metodologias à saber: 1) na abordagem quantitativa mostra metodologias vinculadas ao uso da bibliometria, a cienciometria e a mineira de textos, 2) na abordagem qualitativa identificaram-se análises documentais, de conhecimentos ou percepções frente à gestão da inovação e o desenvolvimento, observadas desde a academia e desde o setor real e 3) na abordagem mista identificaram-se estudos de perfis do capital humano, sistema formal de Hilbert para uma lógica proposicional clássica, simulação qualitativa-sociológica, revisão intermédia (métrica e pares), entrevistas e testes à empresas e técnica Delphi. Conclusão. Em conclusão, o uso de abordagens quantitativos, qualitativos ou mistos são pertinentes de acordo com a área de interesse do centro ou grupo de pesquisa; além, para os países desenvolvidos, este tema encontra-se aparentemente superado pois não evidenciou-se produção académica recente ao respeito, en quanto que para os países em desenvolvimento, existe um interesse atual, em particular no relacionado com aspetos de investimento e seu ambiente.

Distribution of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme I/D Polymorphism in Diabetic and Diabetic Nephropathy Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Maharashtra.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of theleading non-communicable disorders, leading tovarious complications viz. cardiovascular diseases,retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and peripheralvascular disorders. Diabetic Nephropathy (DN)patients further develop into End Stage Renal Disease(ESRD) and they have to undergo the repeated bloodtransfusions, increasing the social and economicburden. The number of risk factors are known forcausation of diabetic nephropathy including theenvironmental, biochemical as well as genetic factors.The association of nephropathy with various genes hasbeen proved. Aim and Objectives: In the present studywe attempted to check the association ofInsertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism of AngiotensinConverting Enzyme (ACE) in diabetic patients withand without nephropathy and also with thebiochemical markers. Material and Methods: Eachgroup consisted of 110 individuals viz. diabetics withand without nephropathy and age and gender matchedhealthy controls. Results: The determination of I/Dpolymorphism by polymerase chain reaction revealedthe significant increased 'D' allele frequencies inpatients of diabetes with and without nephropathy thanthe controls, while no significant difference was notedin genotype frequencies. The odds ratios for thispolymorphism were calculated to be 1.84 and 2.41 forDM and DN respectively in comparison with thehealthy controls. The regression analysis indicated I/Dpolymorphism is associated positively with all thelipid parameters, except High Density LipoproteinCholesterol (HDL-C) which was negatively associatedwith the polymorphism. The levels of lipid parameterswere also significantly increased in patients of diabeteswith and without nephropathy carriers for 'D' allelethan the patients having 'I' allele, while the level ofHDL-C was significantly decreased. Conclusion: Theconclusion can be made from these results that, thepresence of I/D polymorphism of ACE may increasethe risk of development of nephropathy in generalpopulation, with the role of 'D' allele in its causation,along with its effect on the biochemical markers.

The Gene Polymorphism of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Intron Deletion and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme G2350A in Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between left ventricular hypertrophy and the gene polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) intron deletion (I/D) and ACE G2350A. Methods Information related to the sample size and genotype frequencies was extracted from each study. Results Our results found that the D allele (p = 0.0180) and DD genotype (p = 0.0110) of ACE I/D had a significant association with increasing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy, whereas the I allele (p = 0.0180), but not II (p = 0.1660) and ID genotypes (p = 0.1430), was associated with decreasing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy. On other hand, we found that the A allele (p = 0.0020) and GA genotype of ACE G2350A (p = 0.0070) had the correlation with increasing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusions Our meta-analysis reveals that the D allele of ACE I/D and the A allele of ACE G2350A are associated with increasing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Enfoque para la gestión de la I+D+i en la Industria Biofarmacéutica cubana / Approach to R&D&i in the Cuban biopharmaceutical industry

La gestión de la investigación, el desarrollo y la innovación constituye un factor clave de éxito para la competitividad de las industrias de alta tecnología, como la biofarmacéutica, y se convierte en un requisito a satisfacer para tener más éxito comercial y en la salud. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proponer un enfoque para la gestión de la investigación, el desarrollo y la innovación, y mostrar algunas de las aplicaciones realizadas en los últimos 20 años en un centro biofarmacéutico cubano. El enfoque integrado y abierto desde las primeras etapas de la generación de las innovaciones de productos, servicios, procesos, organizacionales y de comercialización contribuye al incremento sistemático de la eficiencia y de la eficacia y al cumplimiento de los requisitos regulatorios(AU)

Research, development and innovation management is a key success factor for the competitiveness of high technology industries, such as the biopharmaceutical, and a requirement to be met in order to accomplish greater commercial and health achievements. The present paper proposes an approach to research, development and innovation management, and presents some of the applications implemented in the past 20 years in a Cuban biopharmaceutical center. Integrated and open from the very first stages in the generation of innovations for organizational and commercial products, services and processes, the approach contributes to systematically enhance efficiency and efficacy, as well as meet the regulatory requirements(AU)

Importancia de los factores críticos de inteligencia: estudio de caso en biomateriales / Importance of the critical factors of intelligence: a case study in biomaterials

El rápido desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y de las bases de datos de la literatura patente y no patente, ha permitido el acceso a un incremento notable de datos y de información que deben procesar gerentes de programa y de proyectos de investigación, desarrollo e innovación, vinculados a la esfera de la salud. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar la importancia de la aplicación de los factores críticos de inteligencia de la metodología para la gestión y la generación de conocimiento. Esta metodología fue aplicada a un estudio de caso en la esfera de los biomateriales de hidroxiapatita. Esto permitió identificar la problemática y las necesidades de los usuarios, así como el objeto y el objetivo del estudio a realizar. Se definieron la estrategia de búsqueda y las fuentes de información, y se identificó la necesidad de utilizar literatura de patentes y no patente. Se utilizó un sistema automatizado que permitió el procesamiento de las patentes y sus citas. Los resultados de este estudio fueron, entre otros, la identificación de una tendencia positiva en la actividad innovadora en esta temática en relación con los resultados obtenidos en otros estudios(AU)

The rapid development of information technologies and databases about patent and non-patent literature has granted access to a notable increase in data and information to be processed by managers of programs and research, development and innovation projects in the field of health care. The objective of the present study is to identify the importance of the application of the critical factors of intelligence of the methodology for knowledge management and generation. The methodology was applied to a case study in the field of hydroxyapatite biomaterials. This made it possible to identify the problem and the needs of users, as well as the object and objective of the study to be conducted. The search strategy and the information sources were defined, and identification was made of the need to use patent and non-patent literature. An automated system was used which made it possible to process the patents and their citations. The results of the study were, among others, identification of a positive trend in the innovative activity in the field in comparison with the results obtained by other studies(AU)

Meta analysis on ACE I/D gene polymorphism and migraine / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D locus polymor-phism and migraine susceptibility .Methods The case control studies on the relation between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and mi-graine susceptibility published in the databases of PubMed and EMBAE were retrieved .The relationship between ACE 1/D poly-morphism and migraine was evaluated through the effect size (OR) and 95% confidence interval(CI) by fixed-effects model or ran-dom-effect models .Meanwhile the subgroup analysis of ethnicity and migraine types was performed .Results In meta analysis ,the homozygote model(DD vs .Ⅱ:OR= 1 .21 ,95% CI:1 .02-1 .44 ,P=0 .03 ;I2 =47% ) and dominant model all indicated that the ACE I/D polymorphism was positively correlated with the susceptibility of all migraine .The heterozygote model (DI vs .Ⅱ:OR=1 .35 , 95% CI:1 .06-1 .72 ,P=0 .02 ;I2 =10% ) and dominant model (DD+DI vs .Ⅱ:OR=1 .37 ,95% CI:1 .09 -1 .73 ,P=0 .00 ;I2 =40% ) indicated that ACE I/D polymorphism significantly increased the susceptibility of migraine with aura .Conclusion The ACE I/D locus polymorphism is correlated with migraine susceptibility ,its D allele is a risk factor of migraine ,which especially increases the susceptibility of migraine with aura .

Generación de conocimientos y tecnologías sanitarias: nanoonions de carbono / Generation of knowledge and health technologies: carbon nano-onions / Geração de conhecimentos e tecnologias sanitárias: nanoonions de carbono

El conocimiento posee un rol importante en los nuevos desarrollos y en especial en los relacionados con las tecnologías emergentes. Este artículo tiene como objetivo generar y gestionar el conocimiento que permita dar respuesta a las necesidades de las diferentes etapas del ciclo de vida del proyecto de I+D+i: nanoonions de carbono y, en especial, de su posible utilización en el campo de la salud. Se utilizó la metodología para la generación y gestión del conocimiento y como fuente de información la contenida en los documentos de patentes. Se muestran los resultados obtenidos al procesar la información recuperada; se observa la actividad innovadora relacionada con los nanoonions de carbono y se analizan los resultados relacionados con las tecnologías sanitarias. Los conocimientos generados en la investigación han sido decisivos para definir los objetivos específicos del proyecto. En particular se concluyó que los nanoonions, por su tamaño y su estructura, tienen una gran analogía con determinados virus, por lo que pudieran emplearse como sondas para el estudio del sistema inmune. Por otro lado, se evidenció que sus propiedades fluorescentes hacen de esta nanoestructura un candidato promisorio para su empleo en diagnosticadores in vitro para una variada gama de enfermedades.

Knowledge has an important role in new developments, especially in those related to emerging technologies. This article aims at generating and managing knowledge, in order to respond to the needs that appear in the different stages of the life cycle of the project of I+D+i: carbon nano-onions, and especially its possible use in the field of health. The methodology for the generation and management of knowledge was used, together with patent documents as source of information. The results obtained from processing the retrieved information are shown, the innovative activity related to the CNOs is observed, and the results related to health technologies are analyzed. The knowledge resulting from this research has been decisive to define the specific objectives of the project. In particular, it was concluded that nano-onions, for its size and structure, have great analogy with certain viruses, so they could be used as probes to study the immune system. Furthermore, it was shown that their fluorescent properties make this nano-structure a promising candidate nanostructure to be used in in vitro diagnostic kits for a variety of diseases.

O conhecimento possui um rol importante nos novos desenvolvimentos e em especial nos relacionados com as tecnologias emergentes. Este artigo tem como objetivo gerar e gestionar o conhecimento que permita dar resposta às necessidades das diferentes etapas do ciclo de vida do projeto de I+D+i: nanoonions de carbono e, em especial, da sua possível utilização no campo da saúde. Foi utilizada a metodologia para a generação e gestão do conhecimento e como fonte de informação a conteúda nos documentos de patentes. Amostram-se os resultados obtidos ao processar a informação recuperada; observa-se a actividade inovadora relacionada com os nanoonions de carbono e são analisados os resultados relacionados com as tecnologias sanitárias. Os conhecimentos gerados na investigação têm sido decisivos para definir os objectivos específicos do projecto. Em particular foi concluído que os nanoonions, por seu tamanho e sua estructura, têm uma grande analogia com determinados vírus, pelo que poderiam empregar-se como sondas para o estudo do sistema imune. Por outro lado, foi evidenciado que suas propriedades fluorescentes fazem desta nanoestrutura um candidato promissório para seu emprego em diagnosticadores in vitro para uma variada faixa de doenças.

El acceso a los medicamentos: conflictos entre derechos de propiedad intelectual y protección de la salud pública / O acesso aos medicamentos: conflitos entre direitos de propriedade intelectual e proteção da saúde pública / The access to drugs: conflicts between intellectual property and public health protection

Entre los mayores obstáculos que enfrenta en todo el mundo el acceso a los medicamentos se encuentran las cuestiones relativas a los derechos de propiedad intelectual y la falta de competencia, unido al retardo y postergación en la generación de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) sobre aquellas enfermedades que afectan de manera importante a la población de países en desarrollo y países menos adelantados. En este trabajo se analiza el fortalecimiento de la patente farmacéutica contemplada en el Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual (ADPIC) de la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC) y el actual régimen de incentivo imperante para medicamentos nuevos, sus consecuencias y actuales conflictos. En ellos suelen enfrentarse los intereses de países desarrollados, presionados por una poderosa industria farmacéutica, con los intereses de países en desarrollo y países menos adelantados.

Topics related to intellectual property rights and lack of competency are found among the major obstacles facing the access to drugs in the world, together with the delay and postponement in the generation of R+D about those diseases affecting disproportionately to the population of developing countries and least developed countries. In this study, the strengthening of pharmaceutical patents included in the Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the current prevailing incentive towards new drugs, their consequences and current conflicts are analyzed. In these, generally, the developed countries interests are confronted -pressed by a powerful pharmaceutical industry- with the interests of developing countries and least developed countries.

Entre os maiores obstáculos que enfrenta em todo o mundo, o acesso aos medicamentos se encontram as questões relativas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a falta de competência, aliado ao retardo e postergação na geração de I+D sobre aquelas enfermidades que afetam de maneira desproporcionada a população dos países em desenvolvimento e países menos adiantados. Neste trabalho se analisa o fortalecimento da patente farmacêutica contemplada no Acordo sobre os Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (ADPIC) da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC) e o atual regime de incentivo imperante para medicamentos novos, suas consequências e atuais conflitos. Neles devem ser enfrentados os interesses de países desenvolvidos -pressionados por uma poderosa indústria farmacêutica- com os interesses de países em desenvolvimento e países menos adiantados.

The ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with nitric oxide metabolite and blood pressure levels in healthy Mexican men / El polimorfismo I/D de la ECA se asocia con los niveles de metabolitos óxido nítrico y de presión arterial en hombres mexicanos sanos

The I/D insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme has been related to hypertension. This polymorphism also seems to have gender related implications. Angiotensin II contributes to the production and release of oxygen reactive species that react with nitric oxide, inactivating its effects. Objective: To establish whether the ACE I/D polymorphism correlates with nitric oxide plasma metabolites in healthy men and women. Methods: Among 896 subjects between 18 and 30 years of age range, 138 fulfilled inclusion criteria. The polymorphism was identified by polymerase chain reaction, and blood nitric oxide metabolites were analyzed following the method described by Bryan. Results: Both systolic and diastolic arterial pressures were higher in men than in women (107/67 vs. 101/65 mmHg, p < 0.001). In terms of the ACE gene, there were differences in the concentration of nitric oxide metabolites in men with the I/D and D/D genotypes when compared to carriers of the I/I genotype (33.55 and 29.23 vs. 53.74 pmol/ml; p = <0.05), while there were no significant differences in women when compared by genotype. Men with the D/D genotype had higher systolic blood pressure than I/D carriers (111 vs. 104 mmHg, p < 0.05). We observed no arterial blood pressure differences in women when grouped by ACE genotype. Conclusions: The ACE D/D genotype was associated with nitric oxide metabolite levels and systolic blood pressure in clinically healthy men while it had no effect in women.

El polimorfismo inserción/deleción del gen de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina (polimorfismo I/D de la ECA), se relaciona con hipertensión y sus efectos podrían estar asociados al género. La angiotensina II contribuye a la producción y liberación de especies reactivas de oxígeno, que reaccionan con el óxido nítrico (ON), inactivándolo. Objetivo: Conocer si existen diferencias en la concentración de metabolitos de ON en hombres y mujeres sanos que puedan estar influidas por el polimorfismo I/D de la ECA. Métodos: De 896 sujetos de entre 18 y 30 años, 138 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El polimorfismo fue identificado usando reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y los metabolitos de ON fueron analizados en sangre usando el método de Bryan. Resultados: Las presiones sistólica y diastólica fueron más elevadas en hombres que en mujeres (107/67 vs. 101/65 mmHg p < 0.001). En relación con el genotipo, existieron diferencias significativas en la concentración de metabolitos de ON en los hombres con genotipos I/D, D/D comparados con los portadores del genotipo I/I (33.55 y 29.23 vs. 53.74 pmol/ml, respectivamente; p = <0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en las mujeres portadoras de los diferentes genotipos. Respecto a la presión arterial, los hombres con genotipo D/D presentaron mayor presión arterial sistólica que aquellos portadores de I/D (111 vs. 104 mmHg, p < 0.05). En las mujeres no se observaron diferencias significativas comparándolas por genotipo. Conclusiones: El genotipo D/D de la ECA está asociado con el nivel de metabolitos de ON en plasma y la presión arterial sistólica en hombres clínicamente sanos; esta asociación no se observa en las mujeres.

Proceder de la innovación en la industria farmacéutica. El caso de España / Proceed to the innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The case of Spain

El presente artículo explora sectores que identifican la innovación en empresas farmacéuticas de España. Para ello se consideran firmas nacionales y filiales extranjeras establecidas en territorio nacional. El análisis realizado comprende el periodo de 2009 al 2011 para una población N=200 empresas afiliadas en ese momento a Farmaindustria y al Plan Profarma. El trabajo consistió en una búsqueda de información útil en las páginas web de las empresas farmacéuticas establecidas en España que pudieran describir de forma estática el perfil innovador del sector farmacéutico español a través del análisis estadístico descriptivo. De esta forma, se crea un cimiento para la documentación de los resultados en una base de datos con el propósito de obtener un panorama con determinación sobre el comportamiento del sector farmacéutico español, así como posibles tendencias. El alto contenido de aportación literaria sobre el sector farmacéutico, se expresa de forma globalizada a nivel nacional e internacional, desestimando datos e información que pudieran ofrecer señales de amenaza u oportunidad respecto al corto periodo de tiempo, ya que a su vez son equiparables a otros años puesto que la industria farmacéutica española se constituye por empresas de origen extranjero (50.5%) y de capital nacional (49.5%). De éstas últimas las pymes son las protagonistas de las pequeñas innovaciones de las firmas establecidas en Madrid y Barcelona principalmente.

This article explores sectors identified innovation in Spanish pharmaceutical companies. It also considers domestic firms and foreign subsidiaries in the country. The analysis covers the period 2009 to 2011 for a population N=200 affiliates at that time Farmaindustria and Plan Profarma. The work involved a search of useful information on the websites of pharmaceutical companies based in Spain statically describes the innovative profile of the Spanish pharmaceutical through descriptive statistical analysis. Thus a foundation for documenting the results in a database in order to get a picture with determination on the behavior of Spanish pharmaceutical sector and possible trends is created. The high content of literary contribution on the pharmaceutical sector is expressed in a globalized national and international level, rejecting data and information that could provide signals threat or opportunity regarding short period time, and which in turn are comparable to other years since the Spanish pharmaceutical industry is constituted by companies of foreign origin (50.5%) and domestic capital (49.5%). Of the latter SMEs are the protagonists of small innovations established in Madrid and Barcelona mainly.

Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme I/D and alpha-actinin-3 R577X Genotypes with Growth Factors and Physical Fitness in Korean Children

This study analyzed the differences in aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability and growth-related indicators, depending on the polymorphism of the ACE and the ACTN3 genes, to understand the genetic influence of exercise ability in the growth process of children. The subjects of the study consisted of elementary school students (n=856, age 10.32+/-0.07 yr). The anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors were compared among groups of the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms. There were no significant differences between the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors for the ACE gene ID or the ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism. However, the DD type of ACE gene was highest in the side step test (p<0.05), and the DD type was significantly higher than the II+ID type (p<0.05) in the early bone age. The combined group of the ACE gene II+ID and the ACTN3 gene XX type significantly showed lower early bone age (p< 0.05). This study did not find any individual or compounding effects of the polymorphism in the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms on the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors of Korean children. However, the exercise experience and the DD type of the ACE gene may affect the early maturity of the bones.

Polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D of broad jumpers / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the characteristic of ACE gene I/D polymorphism in Han broad jumpers .Methods Distribu‐tion of ACE gene I/D polymorphism for broad jumpers was analyzed by PCR ,DNA sequencing ,Hardy‐Weinberg and SPSS ,and the results were compared with that of normal people .Results There were II ,DD and ID in gene ACE 16 ,and the Hard‐Weinberg re‐sults showed that the subjects were group representative .The ACE DD genotype and D allele in broad jumpers was statistically higher than normal controls (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The results suggest that ACE DD genotype and D allele are associated with training sensitivity of broad jumpers and could be the molecular marker for athletes choosing genetically .

Metodología para la generación y gestión del conocimiento para proyectos de I+D+i a partir de sus factores críticos / Methodology for knowledge generation and management in R/D/i projects from the perspective of their critical factors

La progresiva incorporación en las últimas décadas del conocimiento a la economía, exige que se perfeccione la observación del entorno y su análisis, con el objetivo de generar un nuevo conocimiento que responda a las necesidades existentes de lograr un mayor impacto de los proyectos de I+D+i. En este artículo las autoras describen una metodología para la gestión y generación de conocimiento. Se identifican los factores críticos de la metodología (FCM), y se profundiza en ellos, los cuales se definen como etapas determinantes de esta. Se destaca la flexibilidad y capacidad de esta metodología para ser aplicada en casos diversos y se relacionan algunos de los estudios realizados a partir de su aplicación...

The gradual incorporation of knowledge to economics in recent decades has led to the need to improve the observation and analysis of its environment with the purpose of generating new knowledge aimed at enhancing the impact of R/D/i projects. In the present paper a methodology is described for the management and generation of knowledge. Critical factors in the methodology are identified, analyzed and defined as determining stages within it. Attention is paid to the flexibility of this methodology and its applicability to a variety of cases, and reference is made to some studies in which it has been applied...

Generation of intensity duration frequency curves and intensity temporal variability pattern of intense rainfall for Lages/SC

The objective of this work was to analyze the frequency distribution and intensity temporal variability of intense rainfall for Lages/SC from diary pluviograph data. Data on annual series of maximum rainfalls from rain gauges of the CAV-UDESC Weather Station in Lages/SC were used from 2000 to 2009. Gumbel statistic distribution was applied in order to obtain the rainfall height and intensity in the following return periods: 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. Results showed intensity-duration-frequency curves (I-D-F) for those return periods, as well as I-D-F equations: i=2050.Tr0,20.(t+30)-0,89, where i was the intensity, Tr was the rainfall return periods and t was the rainfall duration. For the intensity of temporal variability pattern along of the rainfall duration time, the convective, or advanced pattern was the predominant, with larger precipitate rainfalls in the first half of the duration. The same pattern presented larger occurrences in the spring and summer stations.