ABSTRACT
Small pupil is a well-known risk factor for causing cataract surgery complications such as vitreous loss, anterior capsular tear, increased inflammation, and an irregular pupil shape. Because all currently available pharmacological approaches of dilating the pupil before or during cataract surgery cannot guarantee the result, the surgeon sometimes resorts to the use of mechanical pupil-expanding devices. However, these devices can increase the overall surgical cost and operative time. Very frequently, a combination of the two is needed; thus, we present the Y-shaped chopper designed by the authors, which serves the purpose of managing the intra-operative miosis and allows simultaneous nuclear emulsification.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective To perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the reliability of The International Fitness Scale questionnaire for assessing overall physical fitness and related components. Methods PubMed®, BIREME, SciELO, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, LILACS and Cochrane databases were searched using the following search terms: "The International Fitness Scale", "International Fitness Scale" and "IFIS". Article selection and data extraction were performed according to the following eligibility criteria: reliability and/or validity study of the measure tools of The International Fitness Scale; adoption of the The International Fitness Scale as a reference criterion (gold standard) and being an original article. Quality of the study was considered based on Assessment of Reliability Studies. Data analysis used Kappa coefficient of agreement, Cochran and the Higgins I2 test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the withdrawal model. Results A total of seven articles were included in the analysis. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.40 to 0.99, with most studies achieving values ≥0.60, indicative of moderate to substantial reliability. Conclusion In spite of appropriate test-retest scores attributed to most reliability indicators, heterogeneity among the studies remained high. Therefore, further studies with low risk of bias are needed to support the reliability of the self-reported The International Fitness Scale.
RESUMO Objetivo Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise para verificar se o questionário The International Fitness Scale apresenta boa confiabilidade na avaliação da aptidão física geral e seus componentes. Métodos A busca bibliográfica realizou-se nas bases de dados: PubMed®, BIREME, SciELO, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, LILACS e Cochrane, a partir dos termos: "The International Fitness Scale ", " International Fitness Scale " e "IFIS". O processo de seleção e extração dos dados seguiram os critérios de elegibilidade: ser estudo de confiabilidade e/ou validade de instrumentos de medida do The International Fitness Scale ; ter o The International Fitness Scale como critério de referência (padrão-ouro); e ser artigo original. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada pelo Assessment of Reliability Studies . Para análise dos dados, utilizaram-se o coeficiente de concordância de Kappa, o teste Cochran e o I2de Higgins; para análise de sensibilidade, foi usado o modelo de retirada. Resultados No total, sete artigos foram incluídos na análise. Os coeficientes de confiabilidade teste-reteste dos estudos variaram de 0,40 a 0,99, sendo a maioria representada por valores ≥0,60, indicando de moderada a substancial confiabilidade. Conclusão Apesar dos indicadores de confiabilidade apresentarem um escore adequado para o teste-reteste, a heterogeneidade entre os estudos permaneceu elevada, necessitando de mais pesquisas com baixo risco de viés, para que o The International Fitness Scale autorrelatado seja considerado alternativa confiável.