Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) effects of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Myrtaceae) / Efectos tóxicos e IGR de Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Myrtaceae)

In addition to eucalyptin the methanol extract from leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae) afforded the known compounds apigenin, chrysin, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin; together with betulinic acid, oleanolic, ursolic acid, and two remaining complex mixtures of unidentified flavonoids and triterpenes. These compounds together with triterpenes mixtures, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed antifeedant, insecticidal and insect growth regulatory activities against fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] an important pest of corn, and yellow mealworm [Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae)] a pest of stored grains. The most active compounds were chrysin, eucalyptin, quercetin, luteolin, and betulinic and oleanolic acids and the mixtures of flavonoids and triterpenes (M1 and M2). These compounds and mixtures had IGR activity between 0.2 to 5.0 ug/mL and insecticidal effects between 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL.The extracts were insecticidal to larvae, with lethal doses between 20-100 ug/mL. These compounds appear to have selective effects on the pre-emergence metabolism of the Lepidoptera, since in all treatments of the larvae of S. frugiperda the pupation was shortened and this process showed precociousness in relation to control. Thus, these substances may be useful as potential natural insecticidal agents.

Extracto metanolico de hojas de Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae) proporcionó además de eucalyptin, flavonoides tales como apigenina, crisina, luteolina, naringenina, quercetina; los triterpenos, ácido oleanólico, ácido ursólico betulínico, y dos mezclas complejas de flavonoides y triterpenos no identificados M1 y M2. Los flavonoides, triterpenos y mezclas de triterpenos, extractos de acetato de etilo y hexano mostraron efectos antialimentarios, insecticida y actividad reguladora de crecimiento (IGR) frente al gusano cogollero [Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], una plaga importante del maíz y frente al gusano de la harina [Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)], una plaga de los granos almacenados. Los compuestos más activos fueron crisina, eucalyptin, quercetina, luteolina, ácido betulínico y ácido oleanólico y las mezclas de flavonoides y triterpenos (M1 y M2). Estos compuestos y mezclas mostraron actividad IGR entre 0,2 y 5,0 ug/mL y efectos insecticidas entre 5,0 y 10,0 μg/mL. Los extractos mostraron carácter insecticida para las larvas a dosis letales entre 20-100 ug/mL. Estas muestras parecen tener efectos selectivos sobre el metabolismo de pre-emergencia de los lepidópteros, ya que en todos los tratamientos de las larvas de S. frugiperda el tiempo de la pupación se acortó; este proceso muestra precocidad en relación con el control, las substancias ensayadas en este trabajo pueden ser útiles como potenciales agentes insecticidas naturales.

Glycated haemoglobin in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes among middle-aged and elderly population: Shanghai Changfeng study / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the optimal glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) cut off points and evaluate the impact of HbA1c on diabetes and pre-diabetes in middle-aged and elderly population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Subjects were recruited from Shanghai Changfeng Study. A total of 1973 community-based participants (age ⋝45) without known diabetes underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) by using a 75-g oral glucose load and HbA1c was measured by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Subjects were classified as normal glucose tolerance (NGT), pre-diabetes(impaired glucose regulation, IGR) and new diagnosed diabetes (NDD) per 1999 WHO criteria. Two tests are compared with receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 1973 subjects, 271 (13.7%) were diagnosed as NDD and 474 (24.0%) as IGR by using OGTT. HbA1c was 5.7%±0.7% in this population. Use of 6.5% as the HbA1C cutoff point has sensitivity of 38.7% and specificity of 98.5%. We recommend 6.0% as a better cutoff value for diagnosis of diabetes in this population (AUC 0.829, 95% CI 0.798-0.860, P<0.001) with its sensitivity and specificity as 66.1% and 86.8%. For IGR, the results showed low sensitivity (44.9%) and specificity (66.7%) with an AUC of 0.571 for HbA1c when 5.8% was used as the cutoff point. Participants detected with HbA1c⋝6.0% were associated with nearly the same metabolic characteristics, including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipid profile and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR) compared with diabetic subjects detected by OGTT.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The optimum HbA1c cutoff point for diabetes in our study population was lower than ADA criteria, and HbA1c may not be used to identify IGR.</p>

Larvicidal and IGR activity of extract of Tanzanian plants against malaria vector mosquitoes.

Background & objectives: This paper reports the larvicidal activity of seventeen Tanzanian plant species against the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles larvae. Some of the plants are used traditionally as sources of insecticidal materials. Methods: The crude extracts from the leaves, stem and root barks of the investigated plants were obtained by solvent extraction and then bio-assayed following WHO protocols showed LC50 values 10 to 400 ppm after 24 h exposure. The structures were determined on interpretation of spectroscopic data. Results: The most active extracts were those from the stem and root barks of Annona squamosa, Uvaria faulknerae, U. kirkii and Uvariodendron pycnophyllum, all of which had LC50 values between 10 and 100 ppm. Long-term exposure beyond 24 h also showed more susceptibility of the larvae to the extracts. Larvae deformities by forming tail-like structures were observed for the methanol extracts of Tessmannia martiniana var pauloi. Interpretation & conclusion: The results suggest that the investigated plant extracts are promising as larvicides against An. gambiae s.s. Giles mosquitoes and could be useful leads in the search for new and biodegradable plant derived larvicide products.

Effect of Pioglitazone on Impaired Glucose Regulation / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the effect of pioglitazone on the metabolism of glucose and lipid in patients with Impaired Glucose Regulation(IGR).Methods60 cases of IGR received conventional education on diabetes prevention,while the patients in intervention group(30 cases) accepted pioglitazone 15 mg once a day for 12 weeks.Blood pressure(BP),body weight,waist circumference,hip circumference were measured to calculate body mass index(BMI) and waist-hip ratio(WHR).The Fasting blood glucose(FBG),2 h postprandial blood glucose,glcosylated hemoglobin(GHb,HbA1C),fasting serum insulin(FINS),postprandial serum insulin(2hINS),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),hepatic function,renal function were determined before and 12 weeks after intervention.ResultsAfter intervention,BP,BMI,FBG,2hBG,FINS,2hINS,HbA1C,TC,TG,LDL-C had been decreased significantly in intervention group(P<0.05 or P<0.01).There were significant differences between intervention group and control group(P<0.05 or P<0.01) in all indexes except body weight,WHR,hepatic function,renal function.ConclusionPioglitazone can obviously improve the metabolism of glucose and lipid in patients with IGR.

The Study on the Relationship between IGR and the Rule about the Somatotypes of TCM with the correlative index / 中华中医药杂志

Objective:To confirm the correlations between the soma ofthe traditional Chinese Medicine and the objective index about Homeostasis model assessment-Insulin Resistance index(HOMA-IR)and the function about beta Cell ofislet(HOMA-?)with Impaired glucose regulation(IGR),to explore the basis for the syndrome ofthe traditional Chinese Medicine and insulin function.Methods:According from the epidemiological investigation,we had a Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and insulin releasing test to the 1 500 persons who came from downtown area、county、small towns、village,in accordance with the soma ofTCM,then investigate and analysis the correlations who meet the diagnosis ofIGR.Results:①In all 322 cases,each ratio ofthe group about signal soma、twice soma、three soma is 74.8%、19.5%、8.1%,Ahead somas are mild, deficiency ofQi, deficiency ofYang, deficiency ofQi and Yang,phlegmatic hygrosis.②The BMI ofmild group is higher than the deficiency ofQi,deficiency ofYang,deficiency ofQi and Yang group(P

Cytotoxicological Effect of Tebufenozide, an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) : Stimulation of Filamentous Actin Reorganization and Enhancement of Hsp27 Expression in Drosophila Kc Cells

The cytotoxicological responses to insect growth regulator (IGR), using tebufenozide as ecdysteroid mimic, were investigated in Drosophila Kc cells. Treatment of Kc cells with tebufenozide showed significant growth inhibition and striking morphological changes including aggregation and elongation of the cells. In order to understand the cellular mechanism underlying the response of Drosophila cells to tebufenozide, immunofluorescence microscopy was performed. We found that treatment of Kc cells with tebufenozide enhanced the reorganization of f-actin and stimulated the expression of hsp27. These data suggest a possible association of filamentous actin (f-actin) and hsp27 in the cytotoxicological mechanisms of growth regulators in Drosophila cells.