Associação da distância da habitação em relação a sítios de reciclagem sobre habilidades cognitivas em escolares / Association of housing distance in relation to recycling sites on schoolchildren's cognitive abilities

Objetivos: Verificar a associação da distância da habitação em relação a sítios de reciclagem sobre habilidades cognitivas em escolares. Métodos: Estudo transversal, no qual aplicou-se a escala Wechsler Abreviada de Inteligência em 100 escolares de 6 a 14 anos. As crianças foram divididas em um grupo de estudo (expostos), cujas residências estavam situadas a menos de 100 metros de sítios de reciclagem, em um bairro da cidade de Caxias do Sul. Houve um grupo controle, cujas residências estavam a mais de 150 metros de algum sítio de reciclagem, no mesmo bairro ou adjacências. Resultados: A habitação próxima a sítios de reciclagem aumentou a chance de apresentar quociente de inteligência baixo nos escolares na análise univariada (OR 2,19; IC95% 1,21­3,95). No quociente de inteligência total, o escore obtido foi de 84 no grupo exposto e 95 no grupo controle (p≤0,01). Quando ajustadas para outras variáveis potencialmente prejudiciais, a escolaridade materna elevada mostrou-se um fator atenuador do impacto da distância (OR 0,28; IC95% 0,11­0,72). A diferença encontrada entre os escores de quociente de inteligência verbal foi de 14 pontos (p<0,01); no quociente de inteligência de execução a diferença foi de 4 pontos (p=0,04). Conclusões: A distância entre a habitação e os sítios de reciclagem de resíduos pode reduzir habilidades cognitivas em escolares, mas esse efeito parece ser atenuado pela escolaridade materna. Essa associação reforça as preocupações sobre o impacto do manejo inadequado de resíduos urbanos, podendo vir a subsidiar a criação de políticas públicas que visem diminuir exposições ambientais potencialmente danosas.

Aims: We verified the association of housing distance in relation to recycling sites on schoolchildren's cognitive abilities. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, in which the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence was applied to 100 schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 years. Children were divided into a study group (exposed), whose households were located less than 100 meters from recycling sites in a neighborhood in the city of Caxias do Sul, and a control group, whose homes were located more than 150 meters from a recycling site in the same neighborhood or nearby. Results: Residences located more than 150 meters away from a recycling site can reduce the chance of low intelligence quotient in schoolchildren in the univariate analysis (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.21-3.95). The full-scale intelligence quotient score was 84 in the exposed group and 95 in the control group (p≤0.01). When adjusted for other potentially harmful variables, higher maternal education was a mitigating factor of distance impact (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11-0.72). The difference found among verbal intelligence quotient scores was 14 points (p<0.01); in the performance intelligence quotient, the difference was 4 points (p=0.04). Conclusions: Living close to waste recycling sites can reduces cognitive abilities in schoolchildren, and this effect seems to be attenuated by maternal education. This association reinforces concerns about the impact of inadequate urban waste management, and may subsidize the creation of public policies that aim to reduce potentially harmful environmental exposures.

Noemy Silveira, Isaías Alves e a psicologia educacional: diálogos entre Brasil, França e EUA / Noemy Silveira, Isaías Alves, and educational psychology: dialogs between Brazil, France, and the USA

Resumo O artigo relaciona as experiências com testes de inteligência realizadas por Isaías Alves e Noemy Silveira com o contexto de circulação das concepções de psicologia no campo educacional brasileiro. Os trabalhos que desenvolveram funcionam como recurso para entender como se deu essa circulação, apontando as diferentes instâncias que contribuíram para configurar o modo como compreenderam essa ferramenta. O artigo pretende sinalizar como, mesmo partindo de interesses semelhantes e tendo em comum a experiência na Columbia University, Alves e Silveira não usaram as mesmas estratégias durante o trabalho de aplicação que desenvolveram nas escolas, enquanto estiveram à frente de serviços de psicologia ligados a diretorias de instrução de São Paulo e do Distrito Federal.

Abstract This article relates the intelligence testing experiments conducted by Isaías Alves and Noemy Silveira to the broader context of how psychological concepts moved within the Brazilian educational field. Their work acts as a resource to understand how this movement occurred, indicating the different events that helped shape the understanding of this tool. The goal is to show how, even despite their similar initial interests and shared experience at Columbia University, Alves and Silveira did not use the same strategies during their work to apply these tests in schools while they both headed psychology services for the boards of education in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

The effect of bilingualism on cognitive and auditory abilities in normally hearing adults / Efeito do bilinguismo em habilidades cognitivas e auditiva em adultos normo-ouvintes

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate and compare cognitive and auditory abilities in normally hearing monolingual and bilingual individuals. Methods: the sample consisted of 21 normally hearing individuals ranging in age between 18 and 25 years, divided into a control group of eight monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and a study group composed of 13 bilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and German or Italian. The individuals underwent basic audiological assessments as well as assessments of cognitive and auditory figure-background abilities with the BPR-5 and SSW tests, respectively. Results: the assessment of cognitive abilities showed that bilinguals had a better performance for the general cognitive function, with a statistically significant difference, as well as for cognitive abilities of verbal, spatial and mechanical reasoning. Also, for auditory figure-background abilities, there was a statistically significant difference between the study groups, with bilinguals showing a better performance. Conclusions: based on the study groups, it was found that the bilingual subjects had a better performance of their general cognitive function, as compared with monolingual speakers, as well as in their specific cognitive abilities of verbal, spatial and mechanical reasoning, and in the auditory figure-background abilities.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar e comparar as habilidades cognitivas e auditiva em indivíduos normo-ouvintes monolíngues e bilíngues. Métodos: a amostra foi composta por 21 indivíduos normo-ouvintes, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, distribuídos em: Grupo Controle, formado por oito monolíngues falantes da Língua Portuguesa Brasileira e Grupo Estudo, composto por 13 bilíngues falantes da língua Portuguesa Brasileira e das línguas Alemã ou Italiana. Os indivíduos foram submetidos às avaliações audiológicas básicas e à pesquisa das habilidades cognitivas e auditiva de figura-fundo, por meio dos testes BPR-5 e SSW respectivamente. Resultados: na avaliação das habilidades cognitivas, verificou-se melhor desempenho da função cognitiva geral, com diferença estatisticamente significante, a favor dos bilíngues, assim como nas habilidades cognitivas de raciocínio verbal, espacial e mecânico. Na habilidade auditiva de figura- fundo, também se obteve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados, com os bilíngues apresentando melhor desempenho. Conclusões: com base nos grupos estudados observou-se que a vivência bilíngue proporcionou melhor desempenho na função cognitiva geral, em relação aos monolíngues, assim como nas capacidades cognitivas específicas de raciocínio verbal, espacial e mecânico e na habilidade auditiva de figura-fundo.

Alfred Binet: Charcot's pupil, a neuropsychologist and a pioneer in intelligence testing / Alfred Binet: pupilo de Charcot, neuropsicólogo e pioneiro nos testes de inteligência

ABSTRACT The psychologist, Alfred Binet, who worked under the supervision of Prof. Charcot at the end of the 19th century, made several important contributions to neuropsychology, in partnership with Théodore Simon. Most notable among these was the development of intelligence testing scales.

RESUMO Alfred Binet, psicólogo, que trabalhou sob a supervisão do professor Charcot, no final do século XIX, tem várias importantes contribuições na área de neuro-psicologia, particularmente a criação de escalas com testes de inteligência, com a participação de Théodore Simon.

Evidências de validade convergente e discriminante dos escores do SON-R 6-40 / Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the SON-R 6-40 scores / Evidencias de validez convergente y discriminante de los puntajes del test SON-R 6-40

Um adequado processo de validação é essencial para possibilitar uma interpretação correta dos escores de um teste. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi obter evidências de validade convergente e discriminante dos escores do teste SON-R 6-40, um teste não verbal de inteligência de origem holandesa, para o qual estão sendo elaboradas as normas brasileiras. O teste foi administrado juntamente com o WISC-IV em uma amostra de 120 crianças de 10 a 14 anos. A correlação, corrigida para atenuação, entre escores totais do SON-R 6-40 e do WISC-IV foi de 0,73. Como esperado, a correlação mais alta foi obtida entre SON-R 6-40 e Índice de Organização Perceptual do WISC-IV (r = 0,84) e a correlação mais baixa foi entre SON-R 6-40 e Índice de Velocidade de Processamento (r = 0,32). Os resultados obtidos indicam evidências satisfatórias de validade convergente e discriminante dos escores do SON-R 6-40 para a faixa etária investigada.

An adequate validation process is fundamental to ensure sound interpretations of test results. Thus, the purpose of this study was to acquire evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of the test scores on the SON-R 6-40, a non-verbal test of intelligence of Dutch origin, for which Brazilian rulings are being prepared. The test was performed together with the WISC-IV to a sample of 120 children from 10 up to 14 years old. The correlation, corrected for attenuation, between the total scores on the SON-R 6-40 and the WISC-IV was .73. As expected, a higher correlation (r = .84) was obtained between the SON-R 6-40 and the Perceptual Organization Scale of the WISC-IV, and the lowest correlation was between SON-R 6-40 and the Processing Speed Scale (r = 0.32). The results indicate satisfactory evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of the SON-R 6-40 scores for the age group investigated in the research sample.

Un proceso de validación apropiado es esencial para conseguir una correcta interpretación de los resultados de un test. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue obtener evidencias de validez convergente y discriminante de los puntajes del test SON-R 6-40, un test no verbal de inteligencia de origen holandés, para el cual están siendo elaboradas las normas brasileñas. El test fue administrado junto con el WISC-IV en una muestra de 120 niños de 10 a 14 años. La correlación, corregida para la atenuación, entre los puntajes totales del SON-R 6-40 y del WISC-IV, fue de 0,73. Como esperado, la correlación más alta fue obtenida entre el SON-R 6-40 y el Índice de Organización Perceptual del WISC-IV (r = 0,84), y la correlación más baja fue entre SON-R 6-40 y el Índice de Velocidad de Procesamiento (r = 0,32). Los resultados obtenidos indican una adecuada validez convergente y discriminante de los puntajes del test SON-R 6-40 para el grupo etario investigado.

Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia: a hospital-based sample

Abstract Background: Individuals with sickle cell anemia may suffer symptomatic or silent cerebral infarcts leading to neurocognitive complications. This study investigated the cognitive and intellectual performance of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. Methods: The socioeconomic status, clinical aspects and behavioral profile of 15 young individuals with sickle cell anemia were evaluated. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Test, and the Child Behavior Checklist were applied. Results: Participants with a history of stroke had lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Alterations were found in attention and executive functioning, language, verbal and visual memory, visuospatial processing and sensorimotor skills. These alterations were found both in the children and adolescents who had had a cerebral infarction and in those who apparently had not. In the majority of cases, there were learning difficulties, a history of repeating school years and a need for specialist educational support. The most common additional diagnoses in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV were depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and somatic disorder, as well as conditions associated with physical and psychosocial repercussions of sickle cell anemia. Conclusion: As sickle cell anemia is considered a progressive cerebral vasculopathy, it is a potential risk factor for neurocognitive and psychosocial development. Therefore, periodic neuropsychological and behavioral evaluations of children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia may represent a useful measure to reduce long-term biopsychosocial repercussions.

Medindo o preconceito racial no Brasil: Aniela Ginsberg e o estudo das atitudes raciais / Measuring racial prejudice in Brazil: Aniela Ginsberg and the study of racial atitudes / Mesurer les préjugés raciaux au Brésil: Aniela Ginsberg et l'étude des attitudes raciales / Mediendo el prejuicio racial en Brasil: Aniela Ginsberg y el estudio de las actitudes raciales / Die Einstufung rassistischer Vorurteile in Brasilien: Aniela Ginsberg und das Studium der Rassen Einstellungen / 测量在巴西的种族歧视：Aniela Ginsberg和种族态度的研究

Este artigo aborda um conjunto de trabalhos realizados por Ginsberg sobre as relações étnico-raciais no Brasil. Procuro demonstrar que o processo de inflexão da visão de Ginsberg centrado inicialmente em investigações de natureza comportamental passa gradativamente a mobilizar argumentos socioantropológicos para o entendimento das assimetrias raciais. Argumento que tal mudança decorreu sobretudo da influência dos estudos do psicólogo social e antropólogo Otto Klineberg, da Universidade de Columbia, ex-orientando de Franz Boas, professor do Departamento de Psicologia da USP entre 1945 e 1947, e severo crítico dos testes de inteligência e do valor heurístico do conceito de raça.

This article analyzes a series of studies by Ginsberg on race relations in Brazil. It tries to describe the inflection process of the vision of a psychologist who, based on behavioral research, started using socio-anthropological arguments for the understanding of racial disparities. This change was caused by the influence of the studies of social psychologist and anthropologist Otto Klineberg, Columbia University, a former advisee of Franz Boas and a severe critic of intelligence tests and the heuristic value of the race concept.

Cet article analyse une série d’études menées par Ginsberg sur les rapports entre les races au Brésil. Il illustre le processus de transformation du point-de-vue de la psychologue qui, en conduisant des recherches de nature comportementale, passe à utiliser des arguments socio-anthropologiques pour expliquer les différences entre les races. Ce changement est dû à l’influence des études du psychologue social et anthropologue Otto Klineberg de l’Université de Columbia, doctorant de Franz Boas et critique sévère des tests d’intelligence et de la valeur heuristique de la notion de race.

En este artículo se analizan una serie de estudios llevados a cabo por Ginsberg acerca de las relaciones interraciales en Brasil. Trata de mostrar el proceso de transformación de la visión de la psicología que, basado en investigaciones del comportamiento, va a emplear argumentos socio-antropológicos para la comprensión de las desigualdades raciales. Dicho cambio se debió a la influencia de los estudios del psicólogo social y antropólogo Otto Klineberg, de la Universidad de Columbia, antiguo alumno de Franz Boas y crítico severo de las pruebas de inteligencia y del valor heurístico del concepto de raza.

Dieser Artikel untersucht eine Reihe von Studien, die von Ginsberg in Bezug auf Rassenbeziehungen in Brasilien durchgeführt wurden. Er versucht, den Wandlungsprozess der Auffassung der Psychologin darzustellen, welche sich auf der Verhaltensforschung basierte Studien stützte, um sozio-anthropologische Argumente für das Verständnis der Rassenunterschiede anzuwenden. Diese Wandlung war das Resultat des Einflusses von Studien des Sozialpsychologen und Anthropologen Otto Klineberg von der Columbia University, dessen Doktorvater Franz Boas war, und welcher ein scharfer Kritiker von Intelligenztests und des heuristischen Wertes des Rassenkonzepts war.

本文分析了一系列Aniela Ginsberg在巴西的种族关系的研究。试图表明此心理学家在研究时从行为分析开始通过社会人类学来了解种族的不平衡。此变化主要来自于Otto Klineberg，哥伦比亚大学的社会心理和人类学家，Franz Boas的学生，而一名严重批评智力测试和种族概念的启发价值。.

Evaluation of neurodevelopment of preterm infants using Bayley III scale / Avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento em lactentes pré-termos usando a escala Bayley III

To assess cognitive, motor, and language development in preterm infants, and perinatal, neonatal and socioeconomic factors associated with abnormal development. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out with 104 preterm infants (gestational ages < 33 weeks) (17 - 30 months corrected ages) using the Bayley III Scale. Logistic regression analysis was performed and prevalence ratios calculated. Results: the average language score (81.9) was low, while cognitive (93.7) and motor (91.1) scores were within normal values. There were deficiencies in receptive but not in expressive language. Male sex (OR 2.55 CI 1.01-6.44) and neonatal pneumonia (OR 33.85 CI 3.3-337.8) were associated with abnormal language scores. No factor was associated with abnormal cognitive scores; male gender indicated an increased risk of abnormal motor scores. The lack of a father was a risk factor for impaired motor development (PR: 2.96, CI: 5.6 - 1.55). There was no statistically significant difference in the development of small and appropriate for gestational age children. Conclusions: the Bayley III Scale was useful for assessing language and cognition separately, discriminating between receptive and expressive language. There was a high frequency of language deficiencies, especially in receptive language. Although motor and cognitive average scores were within the normal range, there was a high frequency of children with delayed development in these areas, especially motor development...

Avaliar o desenvolvimento motor, linguagem e cognitivo em prematuros e fatores perinatais, neonatais e socioeconômicos associados ao desenvolvimento anormal. Métodos: estudo transversal: 104 recém-nascidos pré-termos (idade gestacional <33 semanas) foram avaliados (17 - 30 meses idade corrigida), utilizando a Escala Bayley III. Realizada análise de regressão logística e calculadas razões de prevalência. Resultados: a média do escore de linguagem (81,9) foi baixa, enquanto as dos escores cognitivo (93,7) e motor (91,1) estavam normais. Foram encontrados déficits na linguagem receptiva, não na expressiva. Sexo masculino (OR 2,55 IC 1,01-6,44) e pneumonia neonatal (OR 33,85 IC 3,3-337,8) foram associados com escores anormais de linguagem. Nenhum fator foi associado a pontuações cognitivas anormais; sexo masculino indicou risco aumentado de escores motores anormais. Ausência do pai foi risco para desenvolvimento motor (RP: 2,96 IC 5,6-1,55). Não houve diferença estatística entre o desenvolvimento de crianças pequenas e adequadas para idade gestacional. Conclusões: a escala Bayley III foi vantajosa para avaliar linguagem e cognição separadamente, discriminando linguagem receptiva e expressiva. Houve uma elevada frequência de déficit de linguagem, especialmente receptiva. Embora os escores motor e cognitivo médios estivessem na faixa normal, houve uma alta frequência de atraso nestas áreas, principalmente a motora...

Perfil clínico e cognitivo de usuários de crack internados / Clinical and cognitive profile of hospitalized crack users

Trata-se de estudo transversal que objetivou avaliar: consumo de crack (entrevista semi-estruturada), funcionamento adaptativo (relativo às amizades, trabalho e família), psicopatológico (Adult Self-Report) e funções cognitivas (Screening Cognitivo do WAIS-III) de usuários de crack internados. Dos 84 participantes (90,5% homens), 53,6% fez uso diário de crack no último ano, com consumo médio usual de 1,54 gramas (DP=0,53; Mín.=0,5; Máx.=2,5). Houve grande prevalência de classificação na faixa clínica nos problemas internalizantes (77,4%), externalizantes (77,4%), funcionamento adaptativo (variando de 84,6 a 97,6%) e de comportamentos transgressores (70,3% comportamentos de quebra de regras e 59,6% comportamentos anti-sociais). As funções cognitivas encontraram-se preservadas (médio inferior/médio/médio superior) na grande maioria (>75%) dos entrevistados, com pior desempenho no subteste Vocabulário (22,6% classificação inferior).

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the use of crack cocaine (semi-structured interview), adaptive functioning (concerning friends, work, and family), psychopathological functioning (Adult Self-Report) and cognitive functions (WAIS-III) among hospitalized crack cocaine users. From the 84 respondents (90.5% male), 53.6% used crack cocaine on a daily basis in the previous year, with an usual average consumption of 1.54 grams (SD=.53; Min.=.5; Max.=2.5). There was a large prevalence of internalizing (77.4%) and externalizing (77.4%) problems, adaptive functioning (84.6 to 97.6%) and wrongful behavior (70.3% of rule-breaking behavior and 59.6% of antisocial behavior). Cognitive functions were preserved (low average/average/high average) in most respondents (>75%), with worse performance on the Vocabulary subtest (22.6% in the low average range).

Evaluación del test de Conners y de inteligencia en el diagnóstico del déficit atencional en población entre 6 y 19 años: revisión sistemática / Conners’ and intelligence scales in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder in population between 6 and 19 years: a systematic review

Introducción: para el trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), se utilizan los criterios del DSM-IV; sin embargo, este resulta complejo y puede ser costoso. En consecuencia, han surgido diversas escalas específicas o no de conducta (pruebas psiconeurológicas) por lo que surge un particular interés de conocer su utilidad en el TDAH. Objetivo: identificar, sintetizar y evaluar la mejor evidencia disponible sobre la utilidad del test de Conners e inteligencia en el diagnóstico de TDAH en la población entre 6 y 19 años. Métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios de pruebas diagnósticas que evaluaron la validez diagnóstica, confiabilidad y efectividad de la realización del test de Conners y test de inteligencia en el diagnóstico de TDAH en población entre 6 y 19 años, usando la base de datos de PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane, DARE y National Guideline Clearinghouse, publicados hasta febrero de 2012, en inglés y español. A los artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, se les evaluó su calidad metodológica según patrones estándar para estudios de revisión y de pruebas diagnósticas, por dos investigadores en forma independiente y consensuada. Resultados: de los 110 estudios encontrados inicialmente, se incluyeron diez estudios: tres revisiones sistemáticas de mediana calidad y adicionalmente siete artículos primarios de pruebas diagnósticas de buena calidad, y cinco guías clínicas basadas en evidencias que abordan este tema. Conclusiones: la validez, confiabilidad y efectividad del test de Conners y de inteligencia son heterogéneas, y las guías de práctica clínica no recomiendan su utilización. El uso de dichos métodos se recomienda para la valoración integral del individuo con este trastorno.

Introduction: DSM-IV criteria are generally used to diagnose Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); however, this is complex and can be expensive. Consequently, several specific scales or behavioral (psycho-neurological tests) tests have been introduced, which leads to the need of knowing about their usefulness in ADHD. Purpose: To identify, synthesize and evaluate the best available evidence on the usefulness of the Conners and intelligence tests in the diagnosis of ADHD in the population between 6 and 19 years. Methods: This is a systematic review of studies of diagnostic tests that evaluated the diagnostic validity, reliability and effectiveness of Conners and intelligence tests in the diagnosis of ADHD in population between 6 and 19 years, using the PubMed database, LILACS, Cochrane, DARE and National Guideline Clearinghouse, published until February 2012, in English and Spanish. The articles that met the inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality by two independent researchers who reached a consensus. Results: Of the 110 studies found initially that address this issue, ten studies were included: three medium quality systematic reviews, seven good quality diagnostic test primary studies, and five evidence-based clinical guidelines. Conclusions: The validity, reliability and effectiveness of Conners test and the intelligence test are heterogeneous, and clinical practice guidelines do not recommend their use. The use of these methods is recommended only in the overall assessment of the individual with the disorder.

Evidências de validade convergente do SON-R 2½-7[a] com o WPPSI-III e WISC-III / Evidences of convergent validity of SON-R 2½-7[a] with WPPSI-III and WISC-III

Um processo de validação adequado é fundamental para assegurar uma interpretação correta dos resultados de um teste. Assim, este estudo investigou a validade convergente do teste não-verbal de inteligência SON-R 2½-7[a] com o WPPSI-III e o WISC-III. O teste é a versão abreviada do SON-R 2½-7, de origem holandesa, normatizado e validado em vários países da Europa. No total, 109 crianças de três estados brasileiros participaram do estudo. A correlação entre o SON-R 2½-7[a] e o WPPSI-III foi igual a 0,75 e com o WISC-III foi de 0,69. Esses coeficientes de validade são muito semelhantes aos encontrados em estudos feitos com o SON-R 2½-7 em outros países. Conclui-se que os resultados indicam uma validade convergente satisfatória do teste SON-R 2½-7[a].

An adequate validation process is fundamental to ensure sound interpretations of test results. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the convergent validity of the SON-R 2½-7[a] with the WPPSI-III and the WISC-III. The test is an abridged edition of the SON-R 2½-7, a Dutch non-verbal intelligence test, with normatization and validation studies done in several European countries. A total of 109 children from three Brazilian states participated in the study. The correlations of the SON-R 2½-7[a] with the WPPSI-III and with the WISC-III were .75 and .69, respectively. The validation coefficients encountered are very similar to the ones found in studies with the SON-R 2½-7 in other countries. The results imply a satisfactory convergent validity of the SON-R 2½-7[a].

Inteligência emocional: teoria, pesquisa, medida, aplicações e controvérsias / Emotional intelligence: theory, research, measurement, applications, and controversies

A Inteligência Emocional (IE) constitui um construto psicológico recente, e um dos aspectos da inteligência mais discutidos na atualidade. Ela reflete, sobretudo, o estudo das interações entre emoção e inteligência, o que nos permite inferir a complexidade do campo conceitual, bem como as dificuldades metodológicas daí decorrentes. Este artigo visa informar ao leitor o corrente status da IE do ponto de vista científico, apresentando-se os modelos teóricos correntes desta forma de inteligência, bem como suas principais características, qualidades, falhas, críticas à teoria, aplicações e correlações com outros construtos psicológicos. Além disso, apresenta-se uma discussão acerca dos tipos de instrumentos de medida da IE que têm sido utilizados, incluindo aspectos e pesquisas relacionadas à capacidade destas escalas de predizer comportamentos, de forma independente das medidas psicométricas existentes. Embora sejam notáveis a ampliação do campo e os progressos no desenvolvimento da teoria da IE, bem como dos testes que se propõem medi-la, ainda há problemas a serem sanados e melhor investigados (como os referentes à validade de construto e aos tipos de escalas de IE existentes). Estes e outros aspectos serão relatados e problematizados ao longo do artigo.

Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a recent psychological construct, and also one of the most discussed aspects regarding intelligence. Moreover, it reflects the study of the interrelations between emotion and intelligence, which allows us to infer the complexity of its conceptual field, as well as its methodological difficulties. This article aims to inform the reader of the current status of EI from a scientific point of view. Therefore, it comprises the current EI theoretical models, as well as its main characteristics, qualities, pitfalls, critics, applications and correlations with other psychological constructs. Additionally, it will be discussed the types of instruments that have been used to assess EI, including aspects and researches related to the capacity of these scales to predict behavior, independently of the existing psychometric measures. Although the progress in the development of the EI theory is noticeable, as well as the tests that are devised to measure it, there are still problems remaining unsolved which ought to be better investigated like those related to construct validity and the types of existent scales. These and other aspects will be reported and discussed throughout the article.

Investigation on iodine nutritional status and intelligent development in target populations in Akesu Prefecture of Xianjing Autonomous Region / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the iodine nutritional status of school children, lactating women and infants in iodine deficient areas of Baicheng and Wushi Counties in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Methods According to the geographic location of east, south, west and north of county, 10 primary schools of 8 townships were selected. In each school, 10 children among each gender and age group from 8 to 10 years old were selected. A total of 300 school children were chosen. One hundred and four infants aged 0-2 years old and their mother were selected in 8 townships. Iodine content in edible salt at household level, the urinary iodine in school children and lactating women, total goiter rate(TGR) and the status of the intelligence quotient (1Q) of school children, the status of psychological development of infants were observed. Direct titration assay for testing the salt iodine, colorimetric ceric-arsenic assay and vitriolic ammonium assimilation were used for testing urinary iodine. The size of thyroid gland was measured by palpation. The Combined Raven Test for Chinese Rural was used to test the IQ. The psychological development of infants was tested by Danver Development Screening Test (DDST). Results The coverage rate of iodized salt at household level was 73.1% (123/182), however, the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt was 64.1% (118/182). The medium of urinary iodine in school children was 103.7 μ/L, with 47.8%(75/157) less than 100 μg/L and 28.0% (44/157) less than 50 μg/L; it was 123.0 μg/L in Baieheng County, with 44.4%(28/63) less than 100 μg/L and 33.3%(21/63) less than 50 μg/L; it was 100.3 μg/L in Wushi County, 50.0%(47/94) less than 100 μg/L and 24.5%(23/94) less than 50 μg/L. The medium of urinary iodine in locating women was 143.3 μg/L, it was 119.7 μg/L and 184.6 μg/L in Baicheng and Wushi Counties, respectively. The total rate of goiter in school children was 14.3%(43/300), it was 10.8%(13/120) and 16.6%(30/180) in Baicheng and Wushi Counties, respectively. The average IQ in school children was 80.6±11.6, it was 83.0±11.6 and 79.0±11.7 in Baicheng and Wushi Counties, respectively. The proportion of mental retardation in school children (IQ≤69) was 13.0% (39/300), it was 6.7% (8/120) and 17.2%(31/180) in Baicheng and Wushi Counties, respectively. In addition, the proportion of psychological development in infants being normal, suspicious and abnormal was 78.8%(82/104), 12.5% (13/104) and 8.7%(9/104), respectively. Conclusion This study confirms the fact that there is also existence of mental retardation in children and infants, caused by iodine deficiency.

The analyze of study on the condition iodine deficiency disorders in the high risk area of Tibet to focus groups in 2007 / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To propose prevention and control strategy against iodine deficiency disorders to prevent new cases of endemic cretinism from occurring. Methods In April and August 2007, all the suspected cretinism patients born after the first of January, 1997 were searched for in 16 counties from Lhasa, Shannan, Nyingchi, Qamdo and Xigaze. Meanwhile, 60 children aged 8-10 years were selected in each of the two rural villages of each county chosen. Goiter was examined using palpation and B-ultrasound, urinary iodine was determined, inteligence quotient(IQ) was tested; 30 women of childbearing age from each village chosen underwent urinary iodine test and household salt semi-quantitative detection. Results No new cases of endemic cretinism had been found; Palpation identified goiter at 4.5% (257/5680) in children, B-ultrasound revealed a rate of 4.7% (258/5433). Median of urinary iodine was 159.4 μg/L, the averaged IQ was 78.3±14.5; women of childbearing age had a median urinary iodine of 70.2 μg/L. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 52.8%. Conclusions Goiter rate in children, urinary iodine level meet the standard set for the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders; however, the low IQ children, low coverage of iodized salt and the level of urinary iodine in women of childbearing age are less than desirable. Iodine deficiency disorders prevention and control need to be strengthened.

Qualidades psicométricas de um conjunto de 45 testes cognitivos / Psychometric proprieties of a set of 45 cognitive tests

O presente texto relata a análise das qualidades psicométricas de um conjunto de 45 testes cognitivos, avaliando a função dos mesmos como marcadores de fatores cognitivos. Os testes foram traduzidos e adaptados a partir de uma seleção entre os testes do Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests do Educational Testing Service. Eles foram aplicados a uma amostra de 160 estudantes do terceiro ano de uma escola brasileira de ensino médio da rede federal de ensino. Foram empregados a análise fatorial exploratória, o método dos eixos principais e a análise paralela por permutação, com critérios rigorosos para a identificação de testes marcadores. Seis tipos de escalas foram identificados: escalas muito boas, escalas adequadas, escalas quase adequadas, escalas fracas, escalas com uma discrepância e escalas inadequadas. Alguns testes e escalas analisados apresentaram características de marcadores. Por outro lado, todos os testes e escalas podem ser considerados adequados, diante dos critérios psicométricos usuais.

This paper reports the analysis of the test's psychometrical qualities from a set of 45 cognitive tests. The tests had been translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese from a selection of the tests of the Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests of Educational Testing Service. The tests were applied in a sample of 160 students of the third year of one federal high school. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Principal Axis Factoring and Permutation Parallel Analysis were used in the study of reliability of the extracted factors. Markers tests were identified using rigorous criteria. Six scales were identified using the rigorous criteria of markers tests: very good scales, satisfactory scales, acceptable scales, weak scales, discrepant scales and inadequate scales. The results indicated that some tests and some of the generated scales could be regarded as marker tests of cognitive factors. All tests and scales can be considered adjusted by the usual psychometric criterion.

Rural children's iodine-nutritional status in Qiannan state:an evaluation on 20-year salt iodization / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To investingate the iodine-nutritional status of the rural children form 8 to 10 years old after salt iodzation had been implemented in Qiannan State.Methods The size of thyroid gland waft measured by palpation in 421 rural children aged 8～10 years old in Qiannan State.Calorimetric eerie-arsenic assay and vitriolic ammonium assimilmion were used for testing urinary iodine,while Rsvens test was used to test the intelligent quotient (IQ).Results The rate of goiter was 5.0%(21/421).The median of urinary iodine Was 331.2μg/L The average IQ was 93.32±18.68 of the children aged 8～10.The IQ of children with different iodine-nutritional level was significantly different(P＜0.05).Conclusions The children's iodine nutrition in Qiannan State has been improved after the salt adds the iodine.Their intelligence level is quite normally.Iodine dificiency disease has been eliminated according to the national standard in terms of 8～10 year old child ufinaty iodine level and goiter rate.

Effects of febrile seizures in children with abnormal EEG tracing and intelligence summary(Clinical analysis of 112 cases) / 中国基层医药

Objective To study the Effects of febrile seizures in children with abnormal EEG and intelligence,the size of age at onset,duration of the seizure,positive family history,some variation of the epilepsy and mental retardation.Methods Do so within 24 hours of admission EEG 1,two weeks after a review of the EEG.This information painting some patients who do test PPVT test.Results Information in the 28 cases of abnormal EEG activities in the context of epileptiform discharges were eight cases.Select a 2.5-year-old to 5-year-old all abnormal EEG tests were done painting,PPVT test: eight cases of mental retardation,edge-six cases,four cases of mental retardation.Conclusion Effects of febrile seizures first attack aged less than 1 year old or more than six years old,a perinatai brain injury history,with EEG slow wave,a sharp variation can be affected for the slow payment of epilepsy and mental retardation.

Changes of intelligence and event-related potential P300 in the elderly patients with asymptomatic cerebral infarction / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics of intellectual impairment and event -related potential(ERP) in the elderly patients with asymptomatic cerebral infarction (ACI). Methods By using WAIS-RC and sensory event-related potential, VIQ, PIQ, FIQ, the latency of all the waves of ERP and the amplitude of P300 were measured in 53 elderly patients with ACI and 50 healthy controls. The 53 ACI patients were divided into a single-infarct cerebral lesion (30 cases) and multi-infarct cerebral lesion (23 cases). Results About 49.1%-58.5% of the patients with ACI showed some degrees of intelligence impairment, all score by WAIS-RC test was significantly lower in patients with ACI than that in healthy controls (P

Características biopsicosociales de los ancianos de 2 Consultorios del Policlínico California

Se realiza un estudio descriptivo de las características biopsicosociales de la población anciana de 2 Consultorios del Policlínico "California", San Miguel del Padrón, en 1995. Se aplica el test de Hasegawa para determinar el estado mental de 166 ancianos, de los cuales resultaron aptos 154. Se revisan sus historias clínicas. Se halla un predominio del sexo femenino y son los grupos de edades de 60 a 69 y de 70 a 79 años, los más frecuentes. Se señala que la osteoartrosis es la enfermedad de mayor prevalencia. Se observa que la mayoría se sentían satisfechos con su vida, aunque un número importante se encontraba deprimido; Se aprecia que ocupa una función activa en la familia y con relaciones interpersonales e intergeneracionales adecuadas.

A descriptive study of the biopsychosocial characteristics of the aging population of two family physicians'offices of the "California" Polyclinic, in San Miguel del Padrón, was conducted in 1995. The Hasegawa's test was applied to determine the mental status of 166 elderly patients, 154 of whom were apt. Their medical histories were reviewed and it was found a predominance of the female sex and that the age groups 60-69 and 70-79 were the most frequent. It was observed that most of them felt satisfied with their lives, although a considerable amount of them were depressed, and that they played an active role in the family and had adequate interpersonal and intergenerational relations.

Single Factor Analysis of Mental Test of 39324 Children Aged from Birth to 12 Years in PLA / 第二军医大学学报

Single factor analysis of intelligence test of children aged from birth to 12 years in PLA was made. Results showed that the dangerous factors in mental development included twins, low birth weight neonate, premature neonate, severe asphyxia, encephalitis and medium or severe cranium trauma. On the other hand, many factors (single child in family, comfortable family, better educated raiser and the mother's child-bearing age from 25 to 35 years) could promote mental development. It is indicated that children mental health care were closely related to birth control, perinatal health care and improving economical and culture quality of our country.