Caracterización de la estenosis laringotraqueal / Characterization of laryngeal-tracheal stenosis

RESUMEN Fundamento: el incremento del número de casos con estenosis laringotraqueal constituye una preocupación en el presente y futuro de la práctica médica. Objetivo: caracterizar la estenosis laringotraqueal. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo analítico longitudinal retrospectivo, con el objetivo decaracterizar la estenosis laringotraqueal en el Hospital Militar Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Dr. Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja de la provincia Camagüey, desde enero de 2014 a enero de 2019.El universo estuvo compuesto por 12 pacientes con diagnóstico de estenosis laringotraqueal. Resultados: en el estudio el promedio de edad fue de 40,6 años, en cuanto al sexo hubo igualdad para ambos, la principal causa de estenosis laringotraqueal fue postintubación, la localización de la estenosis más frecuente fue la subglótica. La severidad de la estenosis fue proporcional a los días de permanencia de la ventilación artificial. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron un grado III de la estenosis según la clasificación de Cotton. Conclusiones: las estenosis laringotraqueales constituyen una complicación cuyas causas más frecuentes son evitables. Los traumatismos externos y con mayor frecuencia son los traumas endógenos por intubación y en su mayoría pueden ser eludibles. La epidemiología ejerce poca influencia en la aparición de la estenosis, el tiempo de permanencia del tubo, fue un factor asociado a el mayor número de enfermos.

ABSTRACT Background: the increase in the number of cases with laryngeal-tracheal stenosis is a concern in the present and future of medical practice. Objective: to characterize laryngeal-tracheal stenosis. Methods: a retrospective longitudinal analytical study was carried out, with the objective of characterizing the laryngeal-tracheal stenosis at the Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja Teaching and Surgical Clinical Military Hospital of Camagüey from January 2014 to January 2019.The universe was composed by 12 patients diagnosed with laryngeal-tracheal stenosis. Results: in the study the average age was 40.6 years, in terms of gender there was equality for both, the main cause of laryngeal-tracheal stenosis was post-intubation, the location of the most frequent stenosis was subglottic. The severity of the stenosis was proportional to the days of permanence of artificial ventilation. The majority of patients presented grade III stenosis according to Cotton's classification. Conclusions: laryngeal-tracheal stenosis is a complication whose most frequent causes are avoidable. External trauma and most often endogenous trauma by intubation are the most frequent and can be eludedmostly. The epidemiology exerts little influence on the appearance of stenosis, the length of time of the tube, was a factor associated with the greater number of patients.

Estenosis traqueal media por intubación prolongada / Media tracheal stenosis for prolonged intubation

RESUMEN Fundamento: la estenosis traqueal se ha convertido en una de las complicaciones más frecuentes de la intubación prolongada y accidentes de tránsito. Se precisa que alrededor del 20 % de los pacientes intubados o traqueostomizados pueden presentarla. Objetivo: describir un caso de estenosis traqueal media por intubación prolongada que recibió tratamiento quirúrgico en el Hospital Militar Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Dr. Octavio Concepción de la Pedraja en el 2017. Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 28 años de edad, con antecedentes de infección respiratoria complicada con una endocarditis infecciosa para lo cual fue necesario intubación endotraqueal, esta se prolongó durante nueve días. Refiere disnea que al principio fue al esfuerzo físico, para luego convertirse en dificultad respiratoria en reposo, que aliviaba en ocasiones a los cambios de posición. Al examen físico se precisó estridor laríngeo, asociado a tiraje intercostal y supraclavicular, con murmullo vesicular disminuido en ambos campos pulmonares, asociado a la presencia de estertores sibilantes y roncos diseminados. Se le realizó una tomografía axial computarizada donde se constata una estenosis traqueal severa a nivel del cuerpo vertebral D-l. La paciente fue sometida a intervención quirúrgica en la cual se procedió a resección de los dos anillos traqueales correspondientes a la estenosis con anastomosis término-terminal. Conclusiones: la estenosis traqueal media, es una complicación frecuente a causa de la intubación prolongada, el examen físico, la laringoscopia y la tomografía axial computarizada son indispensables para el diagnóstico y clasificación de la misma. La cirugía con equipo multidisciplinario constituye un pilar importante en el resultado de la operación.

ABSTRACT Background: the tracheal stenosis has become one of the most frequent complications in the prolonged intubation and traffic accidents. It is necessary that approximately 20 % of the intubated or tracheostomized patient can present it. Objective: to describe a case of media tracheal stenosis for prolonged intubation that she received surgical treatment in the Educational Surgical Clinical Military Hospital Dr. Octavio Concepción of the Pedraja in the 2017. Clinical case: 28-years-old female patient, with antecedents of complicated breathing infection with an infective endocarditis for that it was necessary endotracheal intubation, this she was prolonged during nine days. She refers dyspnea that at the first went to the physical effort, then to become breathing difficulty in rest that alleviated in occasions to the position changes. To the physical exam was determined voice stridency, associated to intercostal and supraclavicular printing, with vesicular murmur diminished in both lung fields, associated to the presence of disseminated sibilant and hoarse rales. A computed axial tomography was performed where a severe tracheal stenosis is verified at level of the vertebral body D-1. The patient was subjected to surgical intervention in which it was proceeded to resection of the two tracheal rings corresponding to the stenosis with terminal anastomosis. Conclusions: the stenosis tracheal, is a frequent complication because of the prolonged intubation, the physical exam, the laryngoscopy and the computed axial tomography are indispensable for the diagnosis and classification of the same one. The surgery with multidisciplinary team constitutes an important pillar in the result of the operation.

Fatores preditivos para falha de extubação e reintubação de recém-nascidos submetidos à ventilação pulmonar mecânica / Predictors of extubation failure and reintubation in newborn infants subjected to mechanical ventilation

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores de risco para falha de extubação e reintubação em recém-nascidos submetidos à ventilação pulmonar mecânica, e determinar se parâmetros ventilatórios e dados gasométricos são fatores preditores desses eventos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, realizado no período entre maio a novembro de 2011, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Foram avaliados 176 recém-nascidos de ambos os gêneros, submetidos à ventilação pulmonar mecânica posterior à extubação. Considerou-se falha na extubação se o retorno à ventilação pulmonar mecânica ocorresse antes de 72 horas. A reintubação ocorreu quando, em algum momento após as 72 horas, os recém-nascidos necessitassem de ser reintubados. Resultados: Na análise univariada, idade gestacional <28 semanas, peso <1.000g e valores baixos de Apgar estiveram associados a falha de extubação e a reintubação. Já na análise multivariada, as variáveis que se mantiveram associadas à falha na extubação foram dias de ventilação mecânica, potencial hidrogeniônico e pressão parcial de oxigênio, e, para a reintubação, foram Apagar no 5º minuto e idade na extubação. Conclusão: Menores Apgar no 5º minuto, idade na extubação e tempo de ventilação mecânica, além da presença de distúrbios ácido-base e hiperóxia foram variáveis que apresentaram relação com os eventos analisados. .

Objective: To identify risk factors for extubation failure and reintubation in newborn infants subjected to mechanical ventilation and to establish whether ventilation parameters and blood gas analysis behave as predictors of those outcomes. Methods: Prospective study conducted at a neonatal intensive care unit from May to November 2011. A total of 176 infants of both genders subjected to mechanical ventilation were assessed after extubation. Extubation failure was defined as the need to resume mechanical ventilation within less than 72 hours. Reintubation was defined as the need to reintubate the infants any time after the first 72 hours. Results: Based on the univariate analysis, the variables gestational age <28 weeks, birth weight <1,000g and low Apgar scores were associated with extubation failure and reintubation. Based on the multivariate analysis, the variables length of mechanical ventilation (days), potential of hydrogen (pH) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) remained associated with extubation failure, and the five-minute Apgar score and age at extubation were associated with reintubation. Conclusion: Low five-minute Apgar scores, age at extubation, length of mechanical ventilation, acid-base disorders and hyperoxia exhibited associations with the investigated outcomes of extubation failure and reintubation. .