Solving the puzzle of terrorist categorization: a study of the administrative and financial structure of ISIS

This paper will analyze the formation, the structure as well as the maintenance channels of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), and study the evolution process of its system as aresult of various factors that are not observed in other terrorist groups recently. A brief consideration of traditional and new forms of terrorism based on related theories will be mentioned,followed by an overview of the analysis of the administrative structure and financial mechanisms of ISIS. Firstly, we will start with the conceptualization of the terrorist group and analysis of thestructure of administration of the organization, and then we will research the economic and the financial pillars of the organization. The study claims that the group has been a new pattern in thelast decades for the terrorist organizations because of its state-like structure, the administrative division within a specific terrain under its control and resources that can be exploited for the cause.Compared to other terrorist organizations, ISIS performed a well-structured, a quasi-state proportion of management in accumulation and distribution of resource for active use. The mainobjective of this article consists of three main bodies divided into the conceptualization of ISIS, the analysis of the administrative structure and the funding sources of ISIS.

Técnica de Bristow-Latarjet en la inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior / Bristow-Latarjet Technique for anterior glenohumeral instability

Resumen: Antecedentes: En el tratamiento de la inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior se han descrito multitud de técnicas quirúrgicas, todas ellas con ventajas e inconvenientes. Nuestro objetivo es analizar los resultados obtenidos a medio plazo en los pacientes que hemos intervenido mediante la técnica de Bristow-Latarjet teniendo en cuenta el valor del ISIS preoperatorio. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 33 pacientes intervenidos entre 2005 y 2012 con edad media de 33.2 años y seguimiento medio de 75 meses. Se recogió el resultado con las escalas de Rowe y Constant, cuestionario DASH y una encuesta de valoración subjetiva del resultado por parte de cada paciente. Resultados: No se presentaron recidivas. La puntuación media postoperatoria en la escala de Rowe fue de 74.6 puntos y de 70 puntos en la escala de Constant. En el cuestionario DASH el valor promedio fue 22.9 puntos. En 78.8% de los pacientes se valoró positivamente el resultado. Se produjo la migración del tornillo en un paciente, encontrándose asintomático. No se identificaron otras complicaciones. Conclusiones: La técnica de Bristow-Latarjet en el tratamiento de la inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior es una técnica fiable y con una mínima tasa de recidivas, por lo que debe emplearse como cirugía de elección en determinados casos y, para ello, la valoración preoperatoria con la escala ISIS es una buena guía a la hora de indicar el tipo de cirugía.

Abstract: Background: In treatment of anterior shoulder instability, many surgical techniques have been described, all of them with advantages and disadvantages. Our goal is to study the half term results on patients that underwent open Bristow-Latarjet surgery considering the preoperative ISIS value. Material and methods: This is a retrospective study of 33 patients which underwent open Bristow-Latarjet surgery in our center between 2005 and 2012. Average age of 33.2 years and follow up of 75 months. Results were taken by Rowe and Constant scores, DASH questionnaire and we also recorded a subjective assessment of the result by each patient. Results: No recurrence was reported. No reoperations. Mean Rowe score was 74.6 points and mean Constant score was 70 points. In the disability questionnaire (DASH), the mean value was 22.9 points. The outcome assessment by the patients was positive in 78.8%. The migration of a screw occurred in one patient but he still asymptomatic. No other complication was identified. Conclusions: The Bristow-Latarjet technique is a reliable technique, with few complications and with an excellent rate of recurrence in treatment of chronic shoulder instability as reported in literature; it should be used as primary surgery in some cases and the preoperative ISIS score is an excellent and simple guide to select correctly the surgical technique for each patient.

Técnica de Bristow-Latarjet en la inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior / Bristow-Latarjet technique in the treatment of anterior shoulder instability

Objetivo: Analizar los resultados obtenidos a mediano plazo en los pacientes operados con la técnica de Bristow-Latarjet, según el valor del ISIS preoperatorio. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 33 pacientes intervenidos entre 2005 y 2012; media de la edad: 33 años (rango 21-68); media del seguimiento 6 años (rango 2-9). Se recogieron los resultados de las escalas de Rowe y Constant, el cuestionario DASH y una encuesta de valoración subjetiva del resultado por parte de cada paciente. Resultados: No hubo recidivas. Los puntajes medios posoperatorios fueron 74,6 (rango 15-100)en la escala de Rowe y 70 (rango 32-98) en la escala de Constant. En el cuestionario DASH, el valor promedio fue 22,9 (rango 0-73). El 79% de los pacientes se mostraron satisfechos con el resultado. En un paciente, se produjo la migración del tornillo, sin síntomas. No se identificaron otras complicaciones. Conclusiones: Consideramos, como está reflejado en la literatura, que la técnica de Bristow-Latarjet para tratar la inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior es una técnica fiable, y con una tasa de recidivas baja, por lo que debe emplearse como cirugía deelección en determinados casos. Para ello, creemos que la valoración preoperatoria con la escala ISIS es una buena guía a la hora de indicar el tipo de cirugía.

Objective: To analyze medium-term results in patients who underwent an open Bristow-Latarjet surgery considering the preoperative ISIS value. Methods: Retrospective study of 33 patients operated on between 2005 and 2012; average age: 33 years (range 21-68), median follow-up: 6 years (range 2-9). Results from Rowe and Constant scores, DASH questionnaire were registered and a subjective assessment of the result by each patient was also used. Results: No recurrence was reported. Mean Rowe score was 74.6 (range 15-100) and mean Constant score was 70 (range 32-98). The DASH questionnaire showed a mean value of 22.9 (range 0-73). Seventy-nine percent of patients were satisfied with the results. The migration of a screw occurred in one patient. There were no complications. Conclusions: We believe that Bristow-Latarjet technique is a reliableoption, with few complications and a low recurrence rate to treat chronic shoulder instability as reported in literature. Therefore, we believe that it should be used as primary surgery in some cases and the preoperative ISIS scale is an excellent and simple guide to correctly select the surgical technique for each patient.

Digital controller design considering hardware constraints: application in a paraplegic patient

INTRODUCTION: A methodology was developed for implementing closed-loop control algorithms and for evaluating the behavior of a system, considering certain component restrictions used in laboratory implementation. METHODS: Mathematical functions representing a model of the biological system were used for knee extension/flexion movements. A Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and another one using the root locus method were designed to control a patient’s leg position by applying functional electrical stimulation (FES). The controllers were simulated in Matlab and ISIS Proteus. After the simulations were performed, the codes were embedded in a microcontroller, and tests were conducted on a paraplegic volunteer. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that ISIS Proteus software resources have been used prior to implementing a closed-loop system designed to control the leg position of patients. RESULTS:This method obviates the application of initial controller tests directly to patients. The response obtained in the experiment with a paraplegic patient complied with the specifications set in terms of the steady-state error, the settling time, and the percentage overshoot. The proposed procedure was successfully applied for the implementation of a controller used to control the leg position of a paraplegic person by electrical muscle stimulation. CONCLUSION:The methodology presented in this manuscript can contribute to the implementation of analog and digital controllers because hardware limitations are typically not taken into account in the design of controllers.

CHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE GORGONIAN ISIS MINORBRACHLASTA / 中国海洋药物

The chemical constituents of the gorgonian Isis minorbrachlasta have been studied for the first time. Th?marine specimen was collected off the Nansha Islands in the South China Sea . On the basis of spectral correlation (1H NMR,13C NMR,IR)four known compounds:gorgosterol,22 - epi-hippuristanol, ceramide and batyl alcohol, were indentified.