Abortos seguros e inseguros: Costos monetarios totales y costos para el sistema de salud de la Argentina en 2018 / Safe and unsafe abortions: Total monetary costs and health care system costs in Argentina in 2018

RESUMEN Durante el primer semestre de 2018, en Argentina se inició un profundo debate sobre la legalización de la práctica del aborto, que puso en evidencia la falta de estudios científicos que aborden la dimensión económica del tema en la Argentina. Este trabajo busca avanzar en la cuantificación de los costos del aborto bajo dos escenarios: el del actual contexto de ilegalidad y los costos potenciales si se aplicaran los protocolos internacionales recomendados, en un contexto de legalización de la práctica. Los resultados de la comparación de los costos monetarios totales en 2018 (privados o de bolsillo y para el sistema de salud) del escenario actual de ilegalidad y práctica insegura del aborto, frente a escenarios potenciales de prácticas seguras, muestran que se podría ahorrar una gran cantidad de recursos si se implementaran los protocolos recomendados. Dichos resultandos, además, se muestran robustos al realizar una serie de ejercicios de sensibilidad sobre los principales supuestos incluidos en las comparaciones.

ABSTRACT During the first semester of 2018, a profound debate on the legalization of the practice of abortion was initiated in Argentina, which exposed the lack of scientific studies addressing the economic dimension of abortion in this country. This work seeks to move forward in the quantification of the costs of abortion under two scenarios: the current context of illegality and the potential costs if the recommended international protocols were applied in a context of legalization of the practice. The results of the comparison between, on the one hand, the total monetary costs in 2018 (private or out-of-pocket expenditure and costs for the health care system) of the current scenario of illegality and unsafe practice of abortion and, on the other hand, potential scenarios of safe practices, shows that a large amount of resources could be saved if the recommended protocols were implemented. These results proved to be robust after carrying out a series of sensitivity exercises on the main assumptions included in the comparisons.

The biomedicalisation of illegal abortion: the double life of misoprostol in Brazil / A biomedicalização do aborto ilegal: a vida dupla do misoprostol no Brasil

Abstract This paper examines the double life of misoprostol in Brazil, where it is illegally used by women as an abortifacient and legally used in obstetric hospital wards. Based on my doctoral and post-doctoral anthropological research on contraception and abortion in Salvador, Bahia, this paper initially traces the “conversion” of misoprostol from a drug to treat ulcers to a self-administered abortifacient in Latin America, and its later conversion to aneclectic global obstetric tool. It then shows how, while reducing maternal mortality, its use as an illegal abortifacient has reinforced the double reproductive citizenship regime existing in countries with restrictive abortion laws and poor post-abortion care services, where poor women using it illegally are stigmatised, discriminated against and exposed to potentially severe health risks.

Resumo O artigo examina a vida dupla do misoprostol no Brasil, onde ele é usado ilegalmente por mulheres como um facilitador do aborto, e legalmente, em alas de obstetrícia de hospitais. Utilizei minhas pesquisas antropológicas de doutorado e pós-doutorado sobre contracepção e aborto em Salvador, Bahia. Começo retratando a “conversão” do misoprostol, medicamento usado para tratar úlceras, em um facilitador do aborto autoadministrado na América Latina, e sua conversão em uma ferramenta de obstetrícia global. Apesar da redução da mortalidade materna, seu uso como um método abortivo ilegal reforçou a dupla cidadania reprodutiva em países com restrições abortivas e pouca assistência pós-aborto, onde mulheres pobres que usam o método ilegal são estigmatizadas, discriminadas e expostas a potenciais riscos à saúde.

Tensiones entre lo (i)legal y lo (i)legítimo en las prácticas de profesionales de la salud frente a mujeres en situación de aborto / Tensions between the (il)legal and the (il)legitimate in professional health practices regarding women who seek abortion

RESUMEN La implementación de una estrategia sanitaria de atención pre y post aborto adoptada a partir del año 2004 en Uruguay, en un escenario legal restrictivo previo a su despenalización en 2012, abrió una ventana de oportunidad para vincular a las mujeres en situación de embarazo no deseado y aborto con los servicios de salud con el objetivo de disminuir su práctica insegura. En este contexto, este artículo busca indagar cuáles son y cómo operan las tensiones generadas por el cambio de un enfoque materno-infantil hacia otro centrado en la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales, se analizan las prácticas de los/as profesionales y sus esquemas de percepción y apreciaciones, en la atención a mujeres en situación de embarazo no deseado y aborto en los servicios del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS) en Montevideo. Los resultados obtenidos brindan insumos para analizar algunas de las barreras y dificultades que se pueden observar actualmente en la implementación de la nueva ley.

ABSTRACT The implementation of a pre- and post-abortion health care strategy, adopted in 2004 in Uruguay within a restrictive legal context prior to the decriminalization of abortion in 2012, opened a window of opportunity to link women facing unwanted pregnancies and abortion to health services in order to prevent unsafe abortion practices. This article looks into the tensions generated by the change of focus from maternal-child health to health and sexual and reproductive rights, and how those tensions operate. Using semi-structured interviews and focus groups, the practices and perception and assessment frameworks of professionals in their care of women facing unwanted pregnancy and abortion in the National Integrated Health System in Montevideo are analyzed. The results offer insights into some of the barriers and difficulties that can currently be observed in the implementation of the new law.

Impact of fetal diagnosis of congenital heart disease on parents / 소아과

PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess how a fetal diagnosis of congenital heart disease affects parents, as regards pregnancy management and care of infants after birth. METHODS: Database search to find out abnormal fetal echocardiography performed at Seoul National University Children's Hospital from July 1988 to June 2003 revealed 370 examinations. After excluding both arrhythmias without structural cardiac disease and multiple pregnancies, 299 pregnancies remained and this data formed the basis of this analysis. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records with special attention to pregnancy outcomes and also tried to find out factors influencing parental decisions on whether to continue or terminate pregnancy. RESULTS: In this study, the mean gestation age at diagnosis was 28+/-6.0 weeks. The mean age of mothers was 30+/-3.9 years old. Younger gestational ages at diagnosis(P=0.000), more severe grades of fetal heart disease(P=0.002) and younger mothers(P=0.014) correlated with terminations of pregnanies. But the grades of fetal status, the grades of associated anomaly, whether in-vitro-fertilization was carried out or not and numbers of previous children were not significant. CONCLUSION: This study found that the earlier gestational ages at diagnosis, younger maternal age and higher grades of fetal heart disease tended to lead parent to select abortions. Fetal echocardiographies were performed too late. Moreover Koreans have a biased view that malformation is a something incurable and a tragedy not only to oneself, but also to a family. So parents select terminations of pregnancy, even in curable cases. This is very unethical.