On the identities of Neotropical Stegana species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). III. Four Costa Rican species described by J. R. Malloch

ABSTRACT The identities of the following four New World species of Stegana from Costa Rica, Stegana atrimana Malloch, 1924, Stegana nigrita Malloch, 1924, Stegana schildi Malloch, 1924, and Stegana tempifera Malloch, 1924, are clarified, and their redescriptions are provided. According to the original descriptions, the holotypes of the four species, deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), were males. However, upon dissection of their terminalia, we realized that all but one (S. tempifera) are females. Therefore, redescriptions of their external morphology (and/or terminalia) are mainly based on male paratypes, except for S. schildi, which is based on a male non-type specimen from Panama bearing Malloch's handwritten identification label. Photomicrographs of the habitus and terminalia, in addition to china ink drawings of the aedeagi and associated sclerites, are included.

Textual Research on Illustrations of Medicinal Materials Named After Geographical Names of Jiangsu Province in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica （Ben Cao Tu Jing）， compiled in 1061， is regarded as the crystallization of the second national survey of Chinese medicinal resources in the history of China after the Newly Revised Materia Medica （Xin Xiu Ben Cao）， which serves as a precious source for exploring the Chinese medicinal resources in the Song Dynasty. The Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica （Ben Cao Tu Jing） covers 50 illustrations for Chinese medicinal materials named after geographical names of Jiangsu Province， 39 of which have been verified in today's Jiangsu Province. To be specific， Chinese medicinal materials in 32 illustrations can be traced back to their species， those in four illustrations to genera， and those in three illustrations to family. The remaining 12 illustrations remain to be further verified. The origins of most Chinese medicinal materials in the illustrations can be traced， which is attributed to their exquisiteness and lifelikeness as well as the detailed descriptions of the characters of the original plants and animals. In the textual research of these illustrations， we have noticed that there are inconsistencies between pictures and texts， and different illustrations may be derived from the same origin. This is believed to be related to SU Song's principle of collation that "for all Chinese medicinal materials presented as examples， if their shapes and categories recorded are not consistent with those in the literature， they will be retained. If there is any connection with the literature， they will be annotated according to literature to make their origins clear". As revealed by the distribution of Chinese medical materials in Jiangsu Province reported in the Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica （Ben Cao Tu Jing）， the utilization and development of Jiangsu medicinal materials during the Northern Song Dynasty were mainly concentrated in the low-altitude valleys and coastal areas. It could be seen from the illustrations of Chinese medicinal materials named after geographical names of today's Jiangsu Province that the production areas with a large number of illustrations were relatively developed in politics， economy， and transportation at that time， which enabled the medicinal resources to be fully utilized.

On the identities of Neotropical Stegana species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). II. Stegana acutangula (Hendel) and Stegana triseta (Duda), with descriptions of three new closely related species

ABSTRACT Stegana (Orthostegana) acutangula (Hendel) from Bolivia and Stegana (Steganina) triseta (Duda) from Costa Rica are redescribed based on type specimens, and their identities clarified. A single syntype male of the first species (type species of the subgenus Orthostegana) is designated as a lectotype and one male out of the four Costa Rican syntypes (3 males, 1 female) of the latter species was selected as a lectotype of the Steganina subgenus. The other three (2 males, 1 female) specimens were designated as paralectotypes. All four males were dissected and their terminalia were photomicrographed. The two male Stegana triseta paralectotypes proved to belong to two unknown species closely related to Stegana acutangula, described here as Stegana dudai sp. nov. and Stegana turrialba sp. nov., and another male specimen, collected at Parque Nacional Yasuní, provinces of Napo/Orellana, Ecuador, is described as Stegana yasuni sp. nov. Additionally, we have included photomicrographs of the habitus of the type specimens as well as of some nontype specimens from Peru and Costa Rica. Based on the descriptions herein we not only clarified the status of these five species but also propose including all of them in the subgenus Orthostegana.

Analysis of medicine paintings of fruit, vegetable and rice sections of Ben Cao Tu Jing / 中国中药杂志

Ben Cao Tu Jing is the earliest version of block-printed edition for herbals so far, with 933 medicinal paintings. In this paper, it analyzed the medicine paintings in the Fruit, Vegetable and Rice Sections of Ben Cao Tu Jing, as well as discussed the types of medicine paintings and relevant information when they were drawn. There are a total of 76 paintings in the fruits, vegetables and rice sections of Ben Cao Tu Jing, which can be divided into four types: broken branch paintings, ground paintings, rootless plant paintings and the whole plant with root paintings. The first three paintings were similar to the paintings of Tang and Song, and the paintings of the whole plant with root can be called the type of medicine paintings with Chinese characteristics created by Ben Cao Tu Jing. These four types of paintings had a profound impact on the later illustrations of medicinal materials, such as Lv Chan Yan Ben Cao, Jiu Huang Ben Cao, Ben Cao Pin Hui Jing Yao, Zhi Wen Ben Cao, Zhi Wu Ming Shi Tu Kao. The two types that had the greatest impact on later generations are the broken branch paintings and the whole plant with roots paintings, which had been inherited and developed in contemporary Chinese pharmacy books such as Zhong Yao Cai Pin Zhong Lun Shu and Zhong Hua Ben Cao. The paintings of the fruits, vegetables and rice sections are highly realistic and artistic, not only carrying the role of conveying medicinal knowledge, but also having unique aesthetic value. It can be inferred that the fruits, vegetables and rice sections had the participation of professional painters at least. In addition, through the highly consistent drawing styles of several sets of paintings, it is concluded that the paintings without place names were likely to be drawn uniformly by the editing team, and the local paintings may have been revised and improved by the editing team lately.

On the identities of Rhinoleucophenga pallida Hendel and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew) (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with description of a new sibling species from Brazil

Abstract Rhinoleucophenga pallidaHendel, 1917 (type species of the genus) is redescribed based on its female holotype and a male from a nearby locality, and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew, 1872) on its two syntypes, which are designated as the male lectotype and a female paralectotype. Both are valid species. A proposal is made to establish the genus Pseudophortica Sturtevant, 1918 (type species R. obesa), a junior synonym of Rhinoleucophenga, to subgenus rank and include all species of Rhinoleucophenga described or redescribed from males except R. pallida, which is unique in having a remarkable pedunculate surstylus, among other differences. The North American R. obesa is compared to its closest sibling, the South American species Rhinoleucophenga gigantea (Thomson, 1869). The occurrence of R. obesa in Brazil is also questioned, as suggested long ago by Marshall R. Wheeler. The specimens from Brazil previously identified as such most probably belong to the new species described in the present paper as Rhinoleucophenga (Pseudophortica) cantareira sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Estadual da Cantareira, City of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil). Numerous photomicrographs of their habitus and male terminalia taken with a Smartphone's rear camera and digitally stacked to create images with greater depth of focus are provided.

Immatures of Epilachna Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Epilachninae)

Description of the pupa and redescription of the larva of Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius), collected for the first time on Brugmansia suaveoleus (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. and J. Presl (Solanaceae) (trombeteiro), in the state of São Paulo (Brazil), is presented. The diagnoses of the described pupae of E. clandestina (Mulsant), E. paenulata (Germar) and E. spreta (Mulsant), based on specimens examined, and that of E. cacica Guérin, based on the literature, are presented. A comparison among the known larvae and pupae of this genus is also presented. This is the first description of immatures of E. vigintioctopunctata from the Western Hemisphere.

Estereótipos de gênero nas imagens dos livros didáticos de educação física do Brasil / Estereotipos de género en las imágenes de los libros didácticos de educación física de Brasil / Gender stereotypes in images of physical education textbooks in Brazil

Este estudo analisa se existem estereótipos de gênero nas imagens de livros didáticos da Educação Física brasileira. Foram analisadas 929 fotografias de livros publicados entre 2006 e 2012 e destinados a estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio. Para a análise de conteúdo se utilizou uma adaptação ad hoc de um instrumento empregado em investigações precedentes. Os resultados mostram um ligeiro predomínio da representação de homens frente à de mulheres e muitas imagens de grupos mistos de homens e mulheres. As imagens reproduzem parcialmente os padrões hegemônicos que vinculam o tipo de prática corporal com o gênero. Os homens se associam com os esportes enquanto as mulheres se vinculam às atividades de fitness e condicionamento físico. O âmbito competitivo e os esportes de elite são accessíveis tanto para homens como para mulheres e não existe vinculação do uso do espaço esportivo em função do gênero.

This study examines whether or not Brazilian Physical Education textbooks contain images of gender stereotypes. It looked at 929 photographs of textbooks published between 2006 and 2012 to be used by Basic and Secondary Education students. Content analysis was conducted through an ad hoc adaptation of an instrument used in previous studies. Results show a slight predominance of the male representation over female, and many images of mixed groups. Images partially reproduce hegemonic patterns linking physical activity with gender. Men are associated to sports while women are linked to fitness activities. The competitive environment and elite sports are accessible to both men and women and there is no relation between gender and the use the sports space.

Este estudio analiza si existen estereotipos de género en las imágenes de los libros didácticos de Educación Física brasileños. Se analizaron 929 fotografías de libros publicados entre 2006 y 2012 destinados a estudiantes de Enseñanza Fundamental y Media. Para el análisis de contenido se utilizó una adaptación ad hoc de un instrumento empleado en investigaciones precedentes. Los resultados muestran un ligero predominio de la representación de hombres frente a la de mujeres y muchas imágenes de grupos mixtos de ambos sexos. Las imágenes reproducen parcialmente los patrones hegemónicos que vinculan el tipo de actividad física con el género. Los hombres son asociados a los deportes, mientras que las mujeres son vinculadas a las actividades de fitness y preparación física. El ámbito competitivo y los deportes de élite son accesibles tanto para hombres como para mujeres y no existe vinculación del uso del espacio deportivo en función del género.

Um novo olhar sobre a elaboração de materiais didáticos para educação em saúde / A new look on the preparation of teaching materials for health education

O presente artigo tem como objetivo lançar um olhar crítico sobre o processo de elaboração de um conjunto de materiais didáticos em Educação em Saúde, produzido a partir do ano de 2007 na Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, para uso em um programa que visava o combate a parasitoses intestinais. Os materiais foram analisados de forma a se avaliar as potencialidades e as deficiências encontradas. Como resultado, obtevese a necessária reelaboração deles, com o objetivo de que sejam utilizados como meios educativos que respeitem identidades e contribuam para a construção de saberes em relação à saúde. Espera-se que as propostas de reelaboração e correção, juntamente com as características positivas analisadas, possam colaborar com a produção de novos materiais e contribuir para a melhoria da oferta de produtos que medeiem o processo de construção de conhecimentos na área da saúde.

This article aims to cast a critical eye on the preparation process used for a set of teaching materials in health education, which was produced from 2007 at the Federal University of São João del Rei for use in a program aimed at combating intestinal parasites. The materials were analyzed in order to address the strengths and weaknesses that were found. As a result, such materials were reworked for use as educational media that respect identities and contribute to building knowledge on health. It is expected that the proposals that were made for material redesign and correction, along with the positive characteristics that were analyzed, may contribute to the production of new materials and contribute to improving the supply of products that mediate the process of building knowledge in health.

The experience and significance of picture re-drawn for physiology of planning textbook / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The second edition physiology published by People's Health Publishing House has been re-drawn and added many illustrations. The illustrations of the new version have improved significantly in the clarity,aesthetics,science,information-rich,etc.It will help to improve the quality of teaching.Some experiences can be got by drawing: First, it is necessary to fully understand the physiological knowledge.Second,one of reference materials should be selected as a template to make creative working.Third,some basic principles should be followed,such as reasonable layout,appropriate grayscale,rich content,simple composition,etc.