Use of the imazapic herbicide applied alone or tank mix with imazapyr as growth regulator of lawns

Successive mowing are the major maintenance costs of lawns. Thus, both the expenditure with mowing and the visual and physiological aspect of the lawn have led to the search for alternatives to mechanical management. Thus, this work aimed to study the effects of different rates of imazapic herbicide applied alone or combined with imazapyr as a growth regulator of Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) and St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum). The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates, and the treatments consisted of six rates of imazapic herbicide (35; 70; 105; 140; 175 and 210 g a.i. ha-1) for both species, three rates of imazapic + imazapyr in tank mix (15.57 + 5.25; 23.625 + 7.875; 32.5 + 10.5 g a.i. ha-1) for Bahiagrass and four rates of imazapic + imazapyr mixture (7.875 + 2.625; 15.57 + 5.25; 23.625 + 7.875; 32.5 + 10.5 g a.i. ha-1) for St. Augustine grass. The effect of the treatments was evaluated by observing visible injury symptoms, canopy height, height and number of inflorescences and total dry matter of clippings. Applications of imazapic alone or combined with imazapyr were effective in reducing plant height, number and height of inflorescences and total amount of dry matter of clippings produced by Bahiagrass plants. Imazapic provided satisfactory control of St. Augustine growth, but its utilization caused an increase in the number of inflorescences present in the lawns.

Interaction between saflufenacil and imazapyr+imazapic in the management of barnyardgrass and weedy rice and selectivity for irrigated rice / Interação entre saflufenacil e imazapyr+imazapic no manejo de capim-arroz e arroz-daninho e a seletividade para cultura do arroz irrigado

ABSTRACT: The use of imidazolinone-tolerant rice cultivars allows selective control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass. However, in many situations, there is a need to add herbicides from other chemical groups to increase the spectrum of weed control. In this sense, saflufenacil has the potential to be used in mixture with imidazolinone herbicides. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction effects of the imazapyr+imazapic and saflufenacil herbicides in weedy rice and barnyardgrass and to investigate their impacts on the yield of the irrigated rice cultivar Puitá INTA CL. To reach these aims, greenhouse and field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons, with herbicide treatments sprayed separately and in mixtures of saflufenacil with imazapyr+imazapic. Results showed that saflufenacil did not interfere with control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass obtained with imazapyr+imazapic. The D50 values of imazapyr+imazapic for weedy rice control were 14.5+5, 9.1+3 and 12.5+4.2 g ha-1of imazapyr+imazapic for combinations with 0, 3.06 and 6.12 g ha-1of saflufenacil, respectively. In the field experiments, all doses of imazapyr+imazapic applied isolated or in mixture with saflufenacil provided control levels barnyardgrass above 90% at 28 days after herbicides application. Furthermore, saflufenacil did not cause damage or loss in the yield of the rice crop when mixed with imazapyr+imazapic. The Puitá INTA CL rice cultivar was tolerant of the tested herbicides, whether applied alone or in mixture, reaching grain yield of 9.987 kg ha-1 when applied 42 g ha-1 of saflufenacil plus 147+49 g ha-1 of imazapyr+imazapic.

RESUMO: A utilização de cultivares de arroz tolerantes às imidazolinonas possibilita um controle seletivo de arroz-daninho. No entanto, em muitas situações existe a necessidade de adição de herbicidas de outros grupos químicos para aumentar o espectro de controle de plantas daninhas. Neste sentido, saflufenacil apresenta potencial para ser utilizado em mistura com herbicidas imidazolinonas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da interação dos herbicidas imazapyr+imazapic e saflufenacil em arroz-daninho e capim-arroz; e averiguar os impactos sobre a produtividade do cultivar de arroz irrigado Puitá INTA CL. Para alcançar esses objetivos, foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação e a campo em duas estações de cultivo, com os tratamentos herbicidas aplicados separadamente e em misturas de saflufenacil com imazapyr+imazapic. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de saflufenacil não interferiu no controle de arroz-daninho e capim-arroz obtido com imazapyr+imazapic. Os valores D50 de imazapyr+imazapic para o controle de arroz-daninho foram 14,5+5; 9,1+3 e 12,5+4,2 g ha-1 de imazapyr+imazapic para combinações com 0; 3,06 e 6,12 g ha-1 de saflufenacil. No experimento de campo todas doses de imazapyr+imazapic, aplicadas isoladas ou em mistura, proveram níveis de controle de capim-arroz superiores a 90% aos 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Além disso, saflufenacil não causou injúrias ou perda de rendimento da cultura do arroz quando misturado com imazapyr+imazapic. O cultivar Puitá INTA CL foi tolerante aos herbicidas testados, sejam aplicados isolados ou em mistura, atingindo uma produtividade de 9.987 Kg ha-1 quando aplicado 42 g ha-1 de saflufenacil mais 147+49 g ha-1 de imazapyr+imazapic.

Habilidade competitiva relativa de arroz irrigado com arroz-vermelho suscetível ou resistente ao herbicida imazapyr + imazapic / Relative competitive ability of irrigated rice with red rice susceptible or resistant to the herbicide imazapyr + imazapic / Relative competitive ability of irrigated rice with red rice susceptible or resistant to the herbicide imazapyr + imazapic

O uso intenso de herbicidas com o mesmo mecanismo de ação tem selecionado espécies de plantas daninhas resistentes como, por exemplo, o arroz-vermelho (Oryza sativa L.) com resistência à mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazapyr + imazapic. A competição de plantas daninhas ocasiona perda de produtividade das culturas, geralmente crescente, quanto mais semelhantes forem suas características morfofisiológicas. Ainda, a capacidade competitiva do biótipo geralmente é alterada pela característica de resistência, e seu conhecimento é fundamental para a compreensão da dinâmica da população resistente. Diante disso, o objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a habilidade competitiva entre biótipos de arroz-vermelho resistente e suscetível ao herbicida imazapyr + imazapic com arroz irrigado, utilizando o método de série de substituição. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos com a cultivar Puitá INTA CL, competindo com o biótipo de arroz-vermelho suscetível ou resistente. As populações de plantas por vaso totalizaram 24, o equivalente a 942 plantas m-2. Para o arroz-vermelho suscetível ou resistente ao herbicida, a competição interespecífica é favorável em relação à competição intraespecífica, enquanto para a cultura do arroz irrigado o competidor independe. A cultivar Puitá INTA CL, em geral, apresenta habilidade competitiva equivalente aos biótipos de arroz-vermelho suscetível ou resistente ao herbicida imazapyr + imazapic, competindo pelos mesmos recursos do ambiente.(AU)

The intensive use of herbicides with the same mechanism of action has selected resistant weeds, among which is the red rice (Oryza sativa L.) after the use of the formulated herbicide mixture of imazapyr and imazapic. The competition of weeds leads to usually increasing yield losses of crops, the more similar the morphological and physiological characteristics between weed and crop. Moreover, the competitive ability of the biotype is generally modified by the resistance characteristic; besides, the knowledge of competitive ability is fundamental to understand the dynamics of the resistant population. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the competitive ability of red rice biotypes that are resistant and susceptible to imazapyr and imazapic herbicide with rice, using the series substitution method. Experiments were conducted with Puitá INTA CL cultivar competing with susceptible or resistant biotypes of red rice. The total plant populations per pot were of 24, similar to 942 plants m-2. For red rice that is resistant or susceptible to herbicide, the interspecific competition is favorable with regard to intraspecific competition, while for the irrigated rice the competitor is independent. Generally, the Puitá INTA CL cultivar presents competitive ability equivalent to red rice biotypes that are susceptible or resistant to imazapyr and imazapic herbicide, competing for the same resources from the environment.(AU)