ABSTRACT
With the 5-year survival rate of just 8%, the prognosis of pancreatic cancer (PC) is poor, and PC is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer deaths by 2030. Most PC patients are not eligible for surgery upon diagnosis owing to the difficulty in early diagnosis; moreover, PC is resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Accordingly, it's time to emphasize a need for more effective therapies. As an alternative, immune modulating strategies have recently achieved success in melanoma. Although the state of immunologic tolerance must be reversed in the tumor microenvironment before this therapeutic approaches gain success. In the last decade, the knowledge of PC immune microenvironment has advanced considerably, which builds the basis for immune modulating strategies. In this review, the evolution of the cancer immunology in PC is discussed, and the strategies employing immune modulation in PC is also reviewed.