ABSTRACT
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an important immunoregulatory enzyme, which can degrade the level of the mammalian essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP), catalyze the initiation and rate-limiting steps through the kynurenine pathway, and produce a variety of metabolites to participate in the immune response. On the one hand, IDO plays an immunosuppressive role in microenvironment and thus leads to infection and immune escape of tumor cells; on the other hand, IDO also exerts an inhibitory effect on the pathogens such as bacteria and parasites and thus protects the body from the harm of pathogens to a certain extent. Therefore, IDO is considered an important medium with the role of a double-edged sword in the development and progression of various liver diseases. This article reviews the latest research advances in IDO in viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and hepatic echinococcosis.
ABSTRACT
Liver macrophages are in a dynamic equilibrium of immune tolerance and immune response after continuous antigen stimulation. The immune response of liver macrophages to external antigen is closely associated with the immune homeostasis of the liver. This article reviews the association between the programmed necrosis pathway and the apoptotic pathway and elaborates on the important role of the activity of IKK complex in the interactive regulation of the programmed necrosis and apoptotic pathways. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of programmed necrosis in the response of liver macrophages to extrahepatic antigens.
ABSTRACT
Significativos recursos materiales, financieros y humanos se dedican a la investigación de la biología del cáncer. La validación de biomarcadores, el desarrollo de novedosos métodos para el diagnóstico y la terapia, la implementación de programas de pesquisa a nivel poblacional y la promoción de estilos de vida saludables han impactado positivamente en la prevención y control de este grupo de enfermedades. Sin embargo, el cáncer sigue siendo un problema de salud mundial, entre otros factores, por la compleja relación que se establece entre el sistema inmune del hospedero y las células neoplásicas. Está demostrado que los mecanismos efectores que posee el sistema inmune permiten detectar y eliminar las células transformadas. Sin embargo, estos mismos mecanismos promueven la evolución somática de los tumores, al seleccionar variantes celulares resistentes a la acción de la inmunidad. Esta interacción ocurre fundamentalmente en el microambiente tumoral y ha sido conceptualizada como inmunoedición tumoral. Lo anterior sustenta la racionalidad de la inmunoterapia, la que buscar reforzar la inmunidad antitumoral, a la vez que bloquea los mecanismos de evasión a la inmunovigilancia. Con este trabajo de revisión iniciamos una serie de tres artículos que, en este orden, recorrerán las bases moleculares y celulares de la respuesta inmune antitumoral, presentarán los fundamentos de la biología tumoral y, finalmente, abordarán las implicaciones de la compleja relación entre el sistema inmune y las neoplasias para la inmunoterapia en cáncer
Substantial material, financial and human resources are dedicated to research on tumor biology. The validation of biomarkers, the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the implementation of early detection programs in communities, and the promotion of healthy lifestyles have positively impacted on the prevention and control of this group of diseases. However, cancer remains a global health problem, due to the complex relationship between the host immune system and the cancer cells. It is a fact that the immune system´s effector mechanisms enable the detection and elimination of cancer cells. However, these immune mechanisms also promote the somatic evolution of tumors by selecting cellular clones resistant to immunity. This complex relationship conceptualized as cancer immunoediting develops mainly at the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy approaches are designed to reinforce antitumor immunity, while blocking immune escape mechanisms. This review starts a series of three articles that are going to review the molecular and cellular bases of the antitumor immune response, present the bases of tumor biology and, finally, address the implications of the complex relationship between the immune system and neoplasias for cancer immunotherapy
ABSTRACT
La Psiconeuroinmunoendocrinología estudia la interacción entre los procesos psíquicos y los sistemas nervioso, endocrino e inmune y, de forma integradora, las interrelaciones del proceso salud-enfermedad. Diversas investigaciones muestran la estrecha relación entre el surgimiento y desarrollo de enfermedades somáticas con determinadas alteraciones psicológicas, entre ellas el estrés, la ansiedad y depresión. El objetivo de este trabajo es sistematizar los elementos teóricos que sustentan la interrelación entre la psiquis, el sistema nervioso, endocrino e inmune en el proceso salud - enfermedad y exponer las evidencias clínicas que sustentan su validez.
The Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology studies the interaction between psychic processes and the Nervous, Endocrine and Immune systems and, in an integrative way, the health-disease process interrelationships. Several researches show the close relation between the somatic diseases emergence and development with certain psychological alterations, among them stress, anxiety and depression. This work is aimed at systematizing the theoretical elements which demonstrate the interrelation between the psyche, the Nervous System, Endocrine and Immune System in the health - illness process and to present the clinical evidences which support its validity.
ABSTRACT
A 25-year-old Caucasian female with multiple genital warts involving the vulvar area was treated with imiquimod 5% cream. During follow-up the patient developed areas of hypopigmentation at the site of application of imiquimod cream and areas of hypomelanosis around multiple preexisting nevi of the trunk. At 18 months follow-up genital depigmentation persisted and halo nevi of the trunk were still present. Different mechanisms of imiquimod-induced depigmentation have been reported. Halo nevi are considered expression of an autoimmune response. In the case presented here, it might be conceivable that both vitiligo-like depigmentation at the site of application and halo of hypomelanosis around melanocytic nevi have been induced by the same immunologic mechanism elicited by topical application of imiquimod.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects , Aminoquinolines/adverse effects , Condylomata Acuminata/drug therapy , Nevus, Halo/chemically induced , Vitiligo/chemically induced , Vulvar Diseases/drug therapy , Administration, Cutaneous , Nevus, Halo/immunology , Skin/drug effects , Skin/pathology , Treatment Outcome , Vitiligo/immunologyABSTRACT
Liver macrophages are in a dynamic equilibrium of immune tolerance and immune response after continuous antigen stimulation. The immune response of liver macrophages to external antigen is closely associated with the immune homeostasis of the liver. This article reviews the association between the programmed necrosis pathway and the apoptotic pathway and elaborates on the important role of the activity of IKK complex in the interactive regulation of the programmed necrosis and apoptotic pathways. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of programmed necrosis in the response of liver macrophages to extrahepatic antigens.