Clinico-Epidemiologic features and outcome of Infectious and Immune-mediated Pediatric Encephalitis

Introduction@#The etiology of encephalitis involves an enormous range and can be classified as infectious or immune-mediated. There are several factors influencing its prognosis and has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study aims to evaluate the clinico-epidemiologic characteristics and outcomes of infectious and immune-mediated encephalitis among pediatric patients.@*Methodology@#Retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study that included patients aged 6 months to 17 years old with encephalitis in a tertiary hospital between January 2010 to December 2020@*Results@#A total of 23 cases were reviewed and 60.87% were infectious while that of immune-mediated was 39.13%. Among those with identified infectious cause, Mycoplasma pneumonia was the most common (28.57%). Infectious encephalitis was more common among younger males (35.71%) while immune-mediated affected female adolescents more (55.56%). The most common neurologic manifestation was altered mental status and/or behavioral changes. Treatment such as antibiotics (78.26%), anticonvulsant therapy (78.26%), and steroids (43.48%) were given. All immune-mediated cases received steroids. More than half of patients had complete recovery (56.52%). @*Conclusion@#Pediatric encephalitis should be considered among patients with neurologic dysfunction with or without systemic involvement. Behavioral changes in an apparently well child should prompt clinicians to consider anti-NMDAR encephalitis, especially if viral studies are negative and with no other known cause. Viruses remain to be the most common etiology, but other possible causes should be highly considered such as anti-NMDAR and Mycoplasma. A normal CSF analysis, imaging and/or encephalography (EEG) may not totally exclude encephalitis. Prognosis is relatively good hence an early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate management is important.

Anti-GABA-B Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis / 대한간질학회지

Autoimmune encephalitis is a group of disorders that predominantly affects the limbic system, with or without an associated neoplasm. Recently GABAB receptor antibody has been identified in a subset of encephalitides. We report a case of anti-GABAB receptor antibody encephalitis in a 64-year-old woman, who presented with transient, recurrent abnormal behavior and complex partial seizures. She had a history of breast cancer, which was in complete remission and her workup, including blood, imaging and routine cerebrospinal fluid studies was unremarkable. Indirect immunofluorescence assays with patient's serum revealed the presence of autoantibodies against GABAB receptor. She showed significant improvement after initiating immunotherapy. This case illustrates the importance of autoantibody testing in the diagnosis of encephalitis.

Anti-GABA-B Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis

Autoimmune encephalitis is a group of disorders that predominantly affects the limbic system, with or without an associated neoplasm. Recently GABAB receptor antibody has been identified in a subset of encephalitides. We report a case of anti-GABAB receptor antibody encephalitis in a 64-year-old woman, who presented with transient, recurrent abnormal behavior and complex partial seizures. She had a history of breast cancer, which was in complete remission and her workup, including blood, imaging and routine cerebrospinal fluid studies was unremarkable. Indirect immunofluorescence assays with patient's serum revealed the presence of autoantibodies against GABAB receptor. She showed significant improvement after initiating immunotherapy. This case illustrates the importance of autoantibody testing in the diagnosis of encephalitis.