ABSTRACT
The use of immunomodulators represented by thalidomide and its derivatives in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has made a breakthrough. Cereblon has been identified as a direct target for immunomodulators and plays a significant role in antiproliferation, proapoptotic effects, antiangiogenic activities, enhancement of the activity of T cells and NK cells and intervention of cell surface adhesion molecules between myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells. In recent years, majority of the MM patients treated with immunomodulators develop drug resistance. Both upstream and downstream factor expression of cereblon and epigenetic modification may be related to immunomodulatory drugs resistance in MM. This review discusses the mechanism of immunomodulatory drug resistance in MM.
ABSTRACT
Autoimmune encephalitis is a kind of inflammatory disease of central nervous system caused by abnormal immune response of body immune system to neuronal antigen,and is generally considered to be reversible encephalitis caused by noninfectious factors.Its characteristic manifestations include acute and subacute onset of cognitive dysfunction,epilepsy and mental disorder.With the discovery of related antibodies,summaries of clinical syndrome and application of new functional imaging instruments,the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis is increasingly standardized.The priority treatment of autoimmune encephalitis is immunomodulatory therapy,including glucocorticoid,immunoglobulin,plasma exchange and immunosuppressant.The other treatments could be the related tumor resection,electroshock therapy,etc.The symptoms in most patients can get substantial relief with active treatment.The present paper would focus on the research progress in treatment of autoimmune encephalitis.
ABSTRACT
Pomalidomide,which represents a new generation of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD),has brought a major shift in therapeutic paradigm in treating relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM).Considering its encouraging effectiveness,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved its usage to treat patients who fail to respond to at least two prior therapies,including lenalidomide and bortezomib,and whose disease progressed within 60 days of the last treatment.This review summarizes the mechanisms of action and clinical activity of pomalidomide in treating RRMM.
ABSTRACT
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease, with genetic and environmental backgrounds. Successful management of atopic dermatitis requires a multipronged approach. Management should compromise of a disease-adapted treatment which combines adjuvant basic therapy, symptomatic relief and, if needed, anti-inflammatory treatment and the identification and avoidance of trigger factors. Topical calcineurin inhibitors are also considered to be good alternatives for the long-term control of severe atopic dermatitis. Also, new therapies such as immunomodulatory drugs, biologics, anti-IgE therapy, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are considered to be effective in treatment of atopic dermatitis.