ABSTRACT
AbstractWe examined 42 maned wolf scats in an unprotected and disturbed area of Cerrado in southeastern Brazil. We identified six helminth endoparasite taxa, being Phylum Acantocephala and Family Trichuridae the most prevalent. The high prevalence of the Family Ancylostomatidae indicates a possible transmission via domestic dogs, which are abundant in the study area. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the endoparasite species found are not different from those observed in protected or least disturbed areas, suggesting a high resilience of maned wolf and their parasites to human impacts, or a common scenario of disease transmission from domestic dogs to wild canid whether in protected or unprotected areas of southeastern Brazil.
ResumoForam examinadas 42 fezes de lobo-guará em uma área desprotegida e perturbada do Cerrado no sudeste do Brasil. Nós identificamos seis táxons de helmintos endoparasitas, sendo o Filo Acantocephala e a Família Trichuridae os mais prevalentes. A alta prevalência da Família Ancylostomatidae indica uma possível transmissão por cães domésticos, que são abundantes na área de estudo. No entanto, nossos resultados indicam que as espécies de endoparasitas encontradas não são diferentes daquelas observadas em áreas protegidas ou menos perturbadas, o que sugere uma alta resiliência do lobo-guará e seus parasitas aos impactos humanos ou um cenário comum de transmissão de doenças de cães domésticos para um canídeo selvagem, seja em áreas protegidas ou desprotegidas do sudeste do Brasil.
Subject(s)
Animals , Canidae , Ecosystem , Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary , Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology , Helminths/physiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/parasitology , Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitologyABSTRACT
Arraial do Cabo is where upwelling occurs more intensively on the Brazilian coast. Although it is a protection area it suffers anthropogenic pressure such as harbor activities and sporadic sewage emissions. Short-time studies showed a high variability of bacterial production (BP) in this region but none of them evaluated BP during long periods in a large spatial scale including stations under different natural (upwelling and cold fronts) and anthropogenic pressures. During 2006, we sampled surface waters 10 times (5 in upwelling and 5 in subsidence periods) in 8 stations and we measured BP, temperature as well as the concentrations of inorganic nutrients, pigments and particulate organic matter (POM). BP was up to 400 times higher when sewage emissions were observed visually and it had a positive correlation with ammonia concentrations. Therefore, in 2007, we did two samples (each during upwelling and subsidence periods) during sewage emissions in five stations under different anthropogenic pressure and we also measured particles abundance by flow cytometry. The 12 samples in the most impacted area confirmed that BP was highest when ammonia was higher than 2 μM, also reporting the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a and suspended particles. However, considering all measured variables, upwelling was the main disturbing factor but the pressure of fronts should not be neglected since it had consequences in the auto-heterotrophic coupling, increasing the concentrations of non fluorescent particles and POM. Stations clustered in function of natural and anthropogenic pressures degrees and both determined the temporal-spatial variability.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/growth & development , Heterotrophic Processes , Seawater/microbiology , Brazil , Spatio-Temporal AnalysisABSTRACT
Os Testudines (répteis caracterizados pela presença de uma carapaça) são uns dos principais componentes das redes tróficas dos rios, apesar disto, ainda é rara a observação dos cágados se alimentando em condições naturais. De maio a outubro de 2011 foi capturado um total de 110 espécimes de (cágado-de-barbicha) [Phrynops geoffroanus, Schweigger, 1812] do rio Uberabinha Minas Gerais, em três áreas distintas e também as presas em potenciais (peixes, macroinvertebrados e invertebrados terrestres). A coleta dos itens ingeridos foi realizada por meio de lavagem estomacal e para a coleta das presas em potencial foi utilizado armadilha tipo pitfall, rede D e armadilha tipo covo. Os itens da dieta foram fixados, identificados, separados em categorias e tiveram seus volumes aferidos. Para verificar se as diferentes áreas interferiram na dieta realizou- -se uma ANOVA Fatorial. Uma das áreas (área 3) não foi incluída nos testes estatísticos pela grande discrepância entre o número de fêmeas e machos capturados. Considerando a dieta como um todo, não houve diferença significativa entre as áreas 1 e 2 (F=3,342, p=0,068), mas ao se analisar separadamente cada categorias de itens alimentares, os espécimes da área 1 consumiram mais vertebrados aquáticos e menos itens de origem antrópica quando comparados com os espécimes da área 2 (F=65,419, p<0,01). Com relação ao sexo, não houve diferença estatística na área 1 (F=0,561, p= 0,454), mas houve na área 2 (F= 9,410, p=0,02), sendo que as fêmeas consumiram maior volume de itens de origem antrópica do que os machos (F= 34,276, p<0,001). A dieta diversificada e a adaptação a ambientes impactados demonstram que P. geoffroanus é uma espécie com grande plasticidade.
The Testudines (reptiles characterized by the presence of a shell) are a major component of trophic networks in rivers. Nonetheless, it is still rare to see turtles feeding in natural conditions. From May to October 2011, a total of 110 specimens of P. geoffroanus were captured in River Uberabinha, in three distinct areas, as well as capturing their potential prey (fish, macro-invertebrates and terrestrial invertebrates). The collection of ingested items was performed by stomach flushing, and the collection of potential prey was made with pitfall traps, D nets and Covo trap. The dietary items were fixed, marked, separated into categories, and their volumes were measured. In order to verify if the different areas affect the diet, ANOVA factorial was performed. One of the areas (area 2) was not included in the statistical tests due to the large discrepancy between the number of females and males captured. Considering the diet as a whole, there were no significant differences between areas 1 and 2 (F=3.342, p=0.068), but when they were analyzed separately for each food item categories, the specimens from area 1 consumed more aquatic vertebrates and fewer items from anthropogenic origin when compared to specimens from area 2 (F=65.419, p<0.01). Regarding gender, no statistical differences were found in area 1 (F=0.561, p= 0.454), but statistical difference was found in area 2 (F= 9.410, p=0.02), being that females consumed a greater volume of items from anthropogenic origin than males (F= 34.276, p<0.001). The diversified diet and adaptation to impacted environments demonstrate that P. geoffroanus is a species with high plasticity.
Los Testudines (reptiles caracterizados por la presencia de un caparazón) son algunos de los principales componentes de las redes tróficas de los ríos, a pesar de esto, todavía es rara la observación de las tortugas alimentándose en condiciones naturales. De mayo a octubre de 2011 fueron capturados un total de 110 especímenes de tortuga de barbilla (Phrynopsgeoffroanus, Schweigger, 1812) del río Uberabinha Minas Gerais, en tres áreas distintas y también las presas potenciales (peces, macroinvertebrados e invertebrados terrestres). La colecta de los ítems ingeridos se ha realizado por medio de lavaje estomacal y para la colecta de las presas potenciales se ha utilizado una trampa tipo pitfall, red D y trampa tipo embudo. Los ítems de la dieta fueron fijados, identificados, separados en categorías y tuvieron sus volúmenes medidos. Para verificar si las diferentes áreas interfirieron en la dieta se realizó un ANOVA Factorial. Una de las áreas (área 3) no fue incluida en los testes estadísticos debido gran discrepancia entre el número de hembras y de machos capturados. Considerando la dieta como un todo, no hubo diferencia significativa entre las áreas 1 y 2 (F=3,342, p=0,068), pero al analizar separadamente cada categoría de ítems alimenticios, los especímenes del área 1 consumieron más vertebrados acuáticos y menos ítems de origen antrópica comparados con los especímenes del área 2 (F=65,419, p<0,01). Con relación al sexo, no hubo diferencia estadística en el área 1 (F=0,561, p= 0,454), pero hubo en el área 2 (F= 9,410, p=0,02), siendo que las hembras consumieron mayor volumen de ítems de origen antrópica que los machos (F= 34,276, p<0,001). La dieta diversificada y la adaptación a ambientes impactados demuestran que P. geoffroanus es una especie con gran plasticidad.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diet/veterinary , Animal Feed/analysis , Turtles/classification , Fresh WaterABSTRACT
A new species of Simuliidae, Simulium (Chirostilbia) brunnescens, was discovered at Chapada dos Guimarães, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and nearby municipalities (Paranatinga, Rosário do Oeste and Nobres). This species is described here based on the adults, pupae and larvae. This species is closely related to Simulium (C.) subpallidum Lutz, but could be differentiated in all stages: females, leg colour pattern and frontal dilatation size; males, gonostyle shape; pupae, number of gill filaments; larvae, body size and colour, postgenal cleft, ratio between antenna and stalk of labral fan.