Manejo de la hemorragia posparto en una paciente con útero bicorne con la sutura B-Lynch. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Management of postpartum hemorrhage in a patient with bicornuate uterus using the B-Lynch suture. Case report and review of the literature

Objetivos: Describir un caso de manejo con sutura de B-Lynch en una mujer con útero bicorne que presenta hemorragia posparto (HPP), y realizar una revisión de la literatura acerca de las estrategias de control quirúrgico de la HPP en pacientes con malformaciones müllerianas, los resultados maternos en términos de control de la hemorragia, así como las complicaciones tempranas y tardías. Materiales y métodos: Se reporta el caso de una paciente con útero bicorne, atendida en un hopsital de referencia regional, que, posterior a parto por cesárea, presenta hemorragia posparto, la cual es controlada con éxito empleando la sutura de B-Lynch. Se realizó una búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, Embase, Medline, Google Scholar y LILACS. Se emplearon los términos MeSh: "Uterine Atony", "Postpartum Hemorrhage", "Immediate Postpartum Hemorrhage", "Bicornuate Uterus", "Mullerian Anomalies", "Mullerian Ducts Abnormalities", "Uterine Compression Suture". Se incluyeron reportes y series de casos que hubieran incluido pacientes con malformaciones müllerianas con HPP que no respondieran al manejo farmacológico inicial, con uso de procedimientos quirúrgicos conservadores para el control de la hemorragia. Se hace análisis narrativo de los hallazgos respecto a las características de los estudios, técnicas utilizadas y complicaciones. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 5 estudios, 4 de tipo reporte de caso y 1 serie de casos, que corresponden a 12 mujeres con malformación uterina que desarrollaron HPP, en las cuales se empleó manejo quirúrgico (suturas de compresión uterina), y con dispositivo (tipo balón intrauterino) para el control de la hemorragia, logrando controlar el sangrado en 11 casos, solo una (8,3 %) requirió histerectomía. No se reportan complicaciones a largo plazo. Conclusiones: El manejo de la HPP en mujeres con malformaciones uterinas müllerianas cuenta con una literatura limitada a reportes de casos, con uso tanto de suturas compresivas como dispositivos médicos tipo balones intrauterinos. La sutura compresiva tipo B-Lynch parece ser una buena alternativa en el control de la HPP en estas mujeres con el fin de preservar la fertilidad, con baja tasa de complicaciones. Se requiere continuar documentando este tipo de casos con el fin de consolidar evidencia de la utilidad de esta técnica en el control del sangrado uterino posparto en esta población.

Objectives: To describe the use of the B-Lynch suture in a case of postpartum hemorrhage of a woman with bicornuate uterus, and to carry out a review of the literature on PPH control strategies in patients with müllerian anomalies, maternal outcomes in terms of hemorrhage control, as well as early and late complications. Material and methods: Case report of a patient with bicornuate uterus who presented to a regional referral hospital with postpartum hemorrhage following a cesarean section, which was successfully controlled using the B-Lynch suture. A search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Medline, Google Scholar and LILACS databases. The MeSh terms used were: "Uterine Atony," "Postpartum Hemorrhage," "Immediate Postpartum Hemorrhage," "Bicornuate Uterus," "Müllerian Anomalies," "Müllerian Duct Abnormalities". Case reports and case series of patients with müllerian malformations and PPH not responding to initial pharmacological management in whom conservative surgical procedures were used to control bleeding were included. A narrative analysis of the findings was carried out based on study characteristics, techniques used and complications. Results: Five studies were selected, 4 case reports and 1 case series which included 12 women with uterine malformations who developed PPH and in whom surgical management (uterine compression sutures) or devices (intrauterine balloon) were used for hemorrhage control. Bleeding was successfully controlled in 11 cases, with hysterectomy required only in one case (8.3 %). No long-term complications were reported. Conclusions: The literature on PPH management in women with müllerian uterine malformations is limited to case reports in which either compression sutures or medical devices such as intrauterine balloons were used. The B-Lynch-type compression suture appears to be a good option for controlling PPH in these women in order to preserve fertility, with a low rate of complications. Further documentation of these types of cases is needed in order to build the evidence regarding the usefulness of this technique for controlling postpartum uterine bleeding in this population.

Factores asociados a atonía uterina

La hemorragia postparto (HPP) es la patología de mayor transcendencia con respecto a mortalidad materna, siendo esta una de las principales preocupaciones de la salud pública. La atonía uterina es la principal causa de HPP. Objetivo : Determinar los factores asociados al desarrollo de atonía uterina. Métodos : Estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles de 4,148 pacientes puérperas inmediatas atendidas en el servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo, Perú, entre los años 2009 y 2019; 1,037 pacientes presentaron atonía uterina y 3,111 fueron los controles. Resultados : Al realizar el análisis bivariado, las variables que presentaron significancia estadística como factores asociados para el desarrollo de atonía uterina fueron el parto por cesárea [OR 1,98 (IC 95%: 1,71 a 2,29)], proceder de la sierra [OR 1,38 (IC 95%: 1,12 a 1,70)], el embarazo múltiple [OR 4,48 (IC 95%: 3,43 a 5,83)], parto disfuncional [OR 1,82 (IC 95%: 1,44 a 2,31)] y feto macrosómico [OR 1,37 (IC 95%: 1,08 a 1,73)]. Por otro lado, se mostraron como factores no asociados con significancia estadística el haber sido primípara [OR 0,79 (IC 95%: 0.65 a 0,94)] y el ser multípara [OR 0,82 (IC 95%: 0,69 a 0,97)]. Conclusiones : Los factores asociados al desarrollo de atonía uterina fueron la cesárea como vía de culminación del parto, el ser procedente de la sierra, y haber tenido un feto macrosómico, polihidramnios y embarazos múltiples.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the most important pathology in terms of maternal mortality, being one of the main public health concerns. Uterine atony is the main cause of PPH. Objective : To determine the factors associated with the development of uterine atony. Methods : Observational analytical case-control study of 4,148 immediate postpartum patients attended at the Obstetrics Department of the Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo, Peru, between 2009 and 2019; 1,037 patients presented uterine atony and 3,111 were controls. Results : When performing the bivariate analysis, the variables that presented statistical significance as associated factors for the development of uterine atony were cesarean delivery [OR 1.98 (95% CI: 1.71-2.29)], being from the highlands [OR 1.38 (95% CI: 1.12-1.70)], multiple pregnancy [OR 4.48 (95% CI: 3.43-5.83)], dysfunctional delivery [OR 1.82 (95% CI: 1.44-2.31)] and macrosomic fetus [OR 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08-1.73)]. On the other hand, having been primiparous [OR 0.79 (95% CI: 0.65-0.94)] and being multiparous [OR 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69-0.97)] were shown as factors not associated with statistical significance. Conclusions : Factors associated with the development of uterine atony were cesarean section as the route of delivery, being from the highlands, and having had a macrosomic fetus, polyhydramnios and multiple pregnancies.

Reproductive diseases in captive Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) / Doenças reprodutivas em cutias em cativeiro (Dasyprocta leporina)

Reproductive diseases have been well documented in domestic livestock such as sheep, goat, cattle and pigs. However, there is very little information on these diseases in the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). The agouti is used for its meat in South America and the Caribbean. More recently, intensive farming of this animal is being practiced in the Neotropics. There is dearth of information on dystocia and vaginal prolapses in the agouti. This document reports on three cases of reproductive diseases in captive reared agoutis in Trinidad and Tobago. The first case was a female agouti weighing approximately 3 kg that was in the last stage of pregnancy, which was found dead in its cage. The vulva of the mother had the protruding hind-limbs of the fetus. Necroscopic evaluation of carcass revealed little fat tissue and the mother had two fetuses in the right horn of the uterus. Each fetus weighed approximately 200 g. The fetuses were well formed with fur, teeth and eyes. The placenta was attached to each fetus. The pathological findings suggested that dystocia resulted from secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death of the adult female agouti. The second case was that of an adult female agouti weighing 2.5 kg. This female had given birth to an offspring three weeks prior and was observed to have had a vaginal prolapse. Surgery was performed and the prolapsed vagina was placed back into the pelvic cavity. Further to this intervention, the vagina prolapsed twice. Subsequent to the re-insertion of the vaginal tissue the agouti was euthanized. The third case was also that of a dystocia. However, the fetuses weighed 235 g and 165 g respectively and were in normalpresentation, posture and positioning. The fetus however was unable to pass via the vagina and was trapped in the pelvic cavity. This caused secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death. The causes of reproductive diseases in these cases are unknown but the feeding [...].

As doenças reprodutivas têm sido bem documentadas em rebanhos domésticos, como ovinos, caprinos, bovinos e suínos. Porém, há muito pouca informação sobre essas doenças na cutia (Dasyprocta leporina). A cutia é usada como carne na América do Sul e no Caribe. Mais recentemente, a criação intensiva desse animal está sendo praticada na região neotropical. Há escassez de informações sobre distocia e prolapsos vaginais na cutia. Este documento relata três casos de doenças reprodutivas em cutias criadas em cativeiro em Trinidad e Tobago. O primeiro caso foi de uma cutia de aproximadamente 3 kg que estava na última fase de gestação, encontrada morta em sua gaiola. A vulva da mãe tinha as patas traseiras salientes do feto. A avaliação necroscópica da carcaça revelou pouco tecido adiposo e a mãe tinha dois fetos no corno direito do útero. Cada feto pesava aproximadamente 200 g. Os fetos eram bem formados com pelos, dentes e olhos. A placenta foi presa a cada feto. Os achados patológicos sugeriram que a distocia resultou de inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte da cutia adulta. O segundo caso foi ode uma cutia adulta pesando 2,5 kg. Essa fêmea deu à luz uma cria três semanas antes e foi observado que tinha prolapso vaginal. A cirurgia foi realizada e a vagina prolapsada foi colocada de volta na cavidade pélvica. Após essa intervenção, a vagina prolapsou duas vezes. Após a reinserção do tecido vaginal, a cutia foi eutanasiada. O terceiro caso também foi de distocia. No entanto, os fetos pesavam 235 g e 165 g e estavam em apresentação, postura e posicionamento normais. O feto, entretanto, não conseguiu passar pela vagina e ficou preso na cavidade pélvica. Isso causou inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte. As causas das doenças reprodutivas nesses casos são desconhecidas, mas o manejo da alimentação e o espaço concedido à cutia no final da gestação podem ser fatores contribuintes.

Reproductive diseases in captive Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina)

Abstract Reproductive diseases have been well documented in domestic livestock such as sheep, goat, cattle and pigs. However, there is very little information on these diseases in the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). The agouti is used for its meat in South America and the Caribbean. More recently, intensive farming of this animal is being practiced in the Neotropics. There is dearth of information on dystocia and vaginal prolapses in the agouti. This document reports on three cases of reproductive diseases in captive reared agoutis in Trinidad and Tobago. The first case was a female agouti weighing approximately 3 kg that was in the last stage of pregnancy, which was found dead in its cage. The vulva of the mother had the protruding hind-limbs of the fetus. Necroscopic evaluation of carcass revealed little fat tissue and the mother had two fetuses in the right horn of the uterus. Each fetus weighed approximately 200 g. The fetuses were well formed with fur, teeth and eyes. The placenta was attached to each fetus. The pathological findings suggested that dystocia resulted from secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death of the adult female agouti. The second case was that of an adult female agouti weighing 2.5 kg. This female had given birth to an offspring three weeks prior and was observed to have had a vaginal prolapse. Surgery was performed and the prolapsed vagina was placed back into the pelvic cavity. Further to this intervention, the vagina prolapsed twice. Subsequent to the re-insertion of the vaginal tissue the agouti was euthanized. The third case was also that of a dystocia. However, the fetuses weighed 235 g and 165 g respectively and were in normal presentation, posture and positioning. The fetus however was unable to pass via the vagina and was trapped in the pelvic cavity. This caused secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death. The causes of reproductive diseases in these cases are unknown but the feeding management and space allowance given to the agouti in late gestation may be contributing factors.

Resumo As doenças reprodutivas têm sido bem documentadas em rebanhos domésticos, como ovinos, caprinos, bovinos e suínos. Porém, há muito pouca informação sobre essas doenças na cutia (Dasyprocta leporina). A cutia é usada como carne na América do Sul e no Caribe. Mais recentemente, a criação intensiva desse animal está sendo praticada na região neotropical., Há escassez de informações sobre distocia e prolapsos vaginais na cutia. Este documento relata três casos de doenças reprodutivas em cutias criadas em cativeiro em Trinidad e Tobago. O primeiro caso foi de uma cutia de aproximadamente 3 kg que estava na última fase de gestação, encontrada morta em sua gaiola. A vulva da mãe tinha as patas traseiras salientes do feto. A avaliação necroscópica da carcaça revelou pouco tecido adiposo e a mãe tinha dois fetos no corno direito do útero. Cada feto pesava aproximadamente 200 g. Os fetos eram bem formados com pelos, dentes e olhos. A placenta foi presa a cada feto. Os achados patológicos sugeriram que a distocia resultou de inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte da cutia adulta. O segundo caso foi o de uma cutia adulta pesando 2,5 kg. Essa fêmea deu à luz uma cria três semanas antes e foi observado que tinha prolapso vaginal., A cirurgia foi realizada e a vagina prolapsada foi colocada de volta na cavidade pélvica. Após essa intervenção, a vagina prolapsou duas vezes. Após a reinserção do tecido vaginal, a cutia foi eutanasiada. O terceiro caso também foi de distocia. No entanto, os fetos pesavam 235 g e 165 g e estavam em apresentação, postura e posicionamento normais. O feto, entretanto, não conseguiu passar pela vagina e ficou preso na cavidade pélvica. Isso causou inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte. As causas das doenças reprodutivas nesses casos são desconhecidas, mas o manejo da alimentação e o espaço concedido à cutia no final da gestação podem ser fatores contribuintes.

Reproductive diseases in captive Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) / Doenças reprodutivas em cutias em cativeiro (Dasyprocta leporina)

Reproductive diseases have been well documented in domestic livestock such as sheep, goat, cattle and pigs. However, there is very little information on these diseases in the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). The agouti is used for its meat in South America and the Caribbean. More recently, intensive farming of this animal is being practiced in the Neotropics. There is dearth of information on dystocia and vaginal prolapses in the agouti. This document reports on three cases of reproductive diseases in captive reared agoutis in Trinidad and Tobago. The first case was a female agouti weighing approximately 3 kg that was in the last stage of pregnancy, which was found dead in its cage. The vulva of the mother had the protruding hind-limbs of the fetus. Necroscopic evaluation of carcass revealed little fat tissue and the mother had two fetuses in the right horn of the uterus. Each fetus weighed approximately 200 g. The fetuses were well formed with fur, teeth and eyes. The placenta was attached to each fetus. The pathological findings suggested that dystocia resulted from secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death of the adult female agouti. The second case was that of an adult female agouti weighing 2.5 kg. This female had given birth to an offspring three weeks prior and was observed to have had a vaginal prolapse. Surgery was performed and the prolapsed vagina was placed back into the pelvic cavity. Further to this intervention, the vagina prolapsed twice. Subsequent to the re-insertion of the vaginal tissue the agouti was euthanized. The third case was also that of a dystocia. However, the fetuses weighed 235 g and 165 g respectively and were in normal presentation, posture and positioning. The fetus however was unable to pass via the vagina and was trapped in the pelvic cavity. This caused secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death. The causes of reproductive diseases in these cases are unknown but the feeding management and space allowance given to the agouti in late gestation may be contributing factors.

As doenças reprodutivas têm sido bem documentadas em rebanhos domésticos, como ovinos, caprinos, bovinos e suínos. Porém, há muito pouca informação sobre essas doenças na cutia (Dasyprocta leporina). A cutia é usada como carne na América do Sul e no Caribe. Mais recentemente, a criação intensiva desse animal está sendo praticada na região neotropical., Há escassez de informações sobre distocia e prolapsos vaginais na cutia. Este documento relata três casos de doenças reprodutivas em cutias criadas em cativeiro em Trinidad e Tobago. O primeiro caso foi de uma cutia de aproximadamente 3 kg que estava na última fase de gestação, encontrada morta em sua gaiola. A vulva da mãe tinha as patas traseiras salientes do feto. A avaliação necroscópica da carcaça revelou pouco tecido adiposo e a mãe tinha dois fetos no corno direito do útero. Cada feto pesava aproximadamente 200 g. Os fetos eram bem formados com pelos, dentes e olhos. A placenta foi presa a cada feto. Os achados patológicos sugeriram que a distocia resultou de inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte da cutia adulta. O segundo caso foi o de uma cutia adulta pesando 2,5 kg. Essa fêmea deu à luz uma cria três semanas antes e foi observado que tinha prolapso vaginal., A cirurgia foi realizada e a vagina prolapsada foi colocada de volta na cavidade pélvica. Após essa intervenção, a vagina prolapsou duas vezes. Após a reinserção do tecido vaginal, a cutia foi eutanasiada. O terceiro caso também foi de distocia. No entanto, os fetos pesavam 235 g e 165 g e estavam em apresentação, postura e posicionamento normais. O feto, entretanto, não conseguiu passar pela vagina e ficou preso na cavidade pélvica. Isso causou inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte. As causas das doenças reprodutivas nesses casos são desconhecidas, mas o manejo da alimentação e o espaço concedido à cutia no final da gestação podem ser fatores contribuintes.

Indicadores clínico epidemiológicos y materno-fetales de atonía uterina en puérperas post cesárea primaria en una clínica privada de agosto 2017 ­ agosto 2018 / Materno-fetal clinical epidemiological and indicators of uterine atony in puerarpas post primary cesárea in a private clinic of august 2017 - august 2018

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre indicadores clínico ­ epidemiológicos materno - fetales y la presencia de atonía uterina en puérperas post cesárea primaria en la clínica privada durante el período de Agosto 2017 ­ Agosto 2018. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y cuantitativo, tipo casos y controles. La variable dependiente fue la atonía uterina, y las variables independientes fueron edad materna, gestación múltiple, polihidramnios, gestación, paridad, anemia materna, enfermedades concomitantes, peso fetal, presentación fetal e indicación de cesárea. La población estuvo conformada por 106 casos y 212 controles (ratio 2:1). Para la estadística inferencial se utilizó el análisis bivariado para hallar los Odds Ratio, intervalos de confianza al 95%. Se consideró a los valores p<0,05 como estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: De los 318 pacientes del estudio, la media de la edad fue de 30,87 ± 0,298 años, de los controles fue de 28 ± 0,423 años mientras que de los casos 33 ± 0,168 años. Las variables asociadas en el análisis bivariado a atonía uterina fueron la edad mayor de 30 años, gestación múltiple, polihidramnios, bajo peso al nacer y macrosomía. Mientras que en análisis multivariado fueron polihidramnios (OR: 5,973 IC95%: 2,443-14,603) y macrosomía (OR: 6,280 IC95%: 2,307-17,095). Conclusión: Se concluye que, se encontró asociación de atonía uterina con los indicadores de polihidramnios y macrosomía fetal.

Objective: To determine the association between maternal - fetal clinical - epidemiological indicators and the presence of uterine atony in post - caesarean primary puerperae at the Good Hope clinic during the period of August 2017 - August 2018. Methods: An observational, analytical, retrospective and quantitative study, type of cases and controls was carried out. The dependent variable was uterine atony, and the independent variables were maternal age, multiple gestation, polyhydramnios, pregnancy, parity, maternal anemia, concomitant diseases, fetal weight, fetal presentation and indication of cesarean section. The population consisted of 106 cases and 212 controls (ratio 2: 1). For the inferential statistics, the bivariate analysis was used to find the Odds Ratio, 95% confidence intervals. The values p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 318 patients in the study, the mean age was 30.87 ± 0.298 years. Associated variables to uterine atony in the bivariate analysis were age over 30 years, multiple gestation, polyhydramnios, low birth weight and macrosomia. In multivariate analysis were polyhydramnios (ORa: 5,973, 95% CI: 2,443-14,603) and macrosomia (ORa: 6.280, 95% CI: 2.307-17.095). Conclusion: It is concluded that, association of uterine atony with polyhydramnios indicators and fetal macrosomia was found.

Sutura de B-Lynch en hemorragia postparto por inercia uterina: experiencia Hospital Dr. Luis Tisné Brousse 2013-2016 / B-Lynch suture in postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine inertia: Hospital Experience Dr. Luis Tisné Brousse 2013-2016

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La Hemorragia Postparto (HPP) es uno de los grandes desafíos para el equipo multidisciplinario y sigue siendo una de las principales causas de muerte materna en el mundo, pese a los adelantos en su manejo. Se define como la hemorragia que produce compromise hemodinámico de la paciente e involucra entre el 1 al 5% de todos los partos. Dentro de las técnicas quirúrgicas conservadoras, existen las suturas compresivas, tales como la sutura de B-Lynch. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la efectividad de la sutura de B-Lynch como manejo quirúrgico conservador de hemorragia postparto por inercia uterina, a través de la necesidad de reintervención o de recurrir a la histerectomía obstétrica como manejo quirúrgico final. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo observacional, a través de revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes sometidas a técnica B-Lynch entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2016, en el Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Dr. Luis Tisné Brousse. RESULTADOS: En 48 pacientes, la efectividad de la sutura de B-Lynch como técnica única o asociada a ligadura arterias uterinas o hipogástricas fue de 91,7%. Requirieron reintervención 8,3%, no se reportaron muertes fetales ni maternas y se obtuvo sólo un recién nacido con Apgar inferior a 7 a los 5 minutos. CONCLUSIONES: La sutura de B-Lynch es una técnica segura, de rápido acceso y con Buenos resultados, por lo que recomendamos su uso en la HPP por inercia uterina que no responde a manejo médico y con deseos de preservación uterina.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Postpartum haemorrhage (HPP) is one of the major challenges for the multidisciplinary team and remains one of the leading causes of maternal death in the world despite advances in its management. It is defined as hemorrhage that produces hemodynamic compromise of the patient and involves between 1 and 5% of all deliveries. Within conservative surgical techniques, there are compressive sutures, such as the B-Lynch suture. Our goal is to determine the effectiveness of B-Lynch suture as a conservative surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage by uterine inertia, through the need for reoperation or to resort to obstetric hysterectomy as final surgical management. METHODS: Retrospective observational study, through review of clinical files of patients submitted to B-Lynch technique between January 2013 and December 2016, at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of the Dr. Luis Tisné Brousse Hospital. RESULTS: In 48 patients, the effectiveness of the B-Lynch suture as a single technique or associated with ligature uterine or hypogastric arteries was 91.7%. 8.3% were reoperated, fetal or maternal deaths were not reported, and only one Apgar score was less than 7 at 5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: The B-Lynch suture is a safe technique, of fast access and good results, so we recommend its use in PPH by uterine inertia that does not respond to medical management and with desires of uterine preservation.

Urgencias en obstetricia / Emergencies in obstetrics

Tradicionalmente, el embarazo es considerado un evento fisiológico. Sin embargo, cerca de un 20 por ciento de las embarazadas desarrolla patologías obstétricas que se asocian a mortalidad materna y perinatal. A nivel mundial, cada año medio millón de mujeres fallece durante el embarazo y parto debido a estas complicaciones. Desafortunadamente, un número significativo de las urgencias obstétricas ocurre en pacientes sin factores de riesgo, por lo que la prevención, identificación precoz e intervención a tiempo de estos eventos juegan un rol fundamental para contrarrestar un resultado perinatal adverso. En el presente capítulo hemos seleccionado las emergencias que concentran la mayor morbimortalidad de nuestra especialidad. Si bien algunas han quedado fuera, creemos que los temas aquí presentados representan las urgencias obstétricas más importantes que enfrentamos a diario, para las cuales debemos estar preparados con el fin de realizar un manejo óptimo del embarazo y parto para la obtención de un resultado perinatal favorable.

Traditionally, pregnancy is considered a physiologic condition. However, close to 20 percent of pregnant women develop obstetrical diseases that are associated to maternal and perinatal mortality. World wide, every year half a million of women die during pregnancy, labor and delivery due to these complications. Unfortunately, a significant number of obstetrical emergencies occur among patients without risk factors, so that prevention, early identification and timely intervention play a key role to overcome an adverse pregnancy outcome. In the present chapter, we have selected the emergencies that concentrate most of the morbidity and mortality of our field. Although some have not been included, we believe that the obstetrical emergencies presented here in represent the most important ones that we face daily, and for which we should be prepared in order to execute the best possible obstetrical care either during pregnancy or at the time of delivery to obtain a favourable perinatal outcome.

Histerectomía posparto: experiencia de Clínica Las Condes / Postpartum hysterectomy: Clínica Las Condes experience

Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia clínica de pacientes sometidas a histerectomía posparto (HPP). Método: Estudio retrospectivo de la HPP efectuadas en Clínica Las Condes entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2009. Resultados: Hubo 15.356 partos con 34 casos de HPP (incidencia de 2,2 histerectomías/1000 partos). La edad materna promedio fue de 36 años; 97 por ciento eran multíparas. La edad gestacional promedio al parto fue 36,1 semanas (rango: 27-40). Causas principales: acretismo placentario (61,8 por ciento), inercia uterina (20,6 por ciento) y rotura uterina (8,8 por ciento). En el 29,4 por ciento se realizó además la ligadura de arterias hipogástricas. Histerectomía total en el 85,3 por ciento. El 91,2 por ciento presentó complicaciones, la más frecuente correspondió a lesión vesical asociada a acretismo placentario (26,5 por ciento). En el postoperatorio inmediato hubo 29 casos de anemia, 10 casos de coagulación intravascular diseminada, 2 casos de hemoperitoneo (reoperadas) y 2 pacientes con choque hipovolémico. Hubo 1 caso de trombosis pelviana, 1 caso de trombosis de vena ovárica y 1 caso de fasceitis necrotizante. Tardíamente hubo 3 casos de depresión, 1 tromboembolismo pulmonar, 1 fístula vésico-vaginal y 1 proceso inflamatorio pelviano. No hubo muertes maternas. Transfusión de sangre y/o hemoderivados en 76,5 por ciento. Hubo 1 mortinato y 2 mortineonatos con un 8,5 por ciento (3/35) de muerte perinatal. Conclusiones: La HPP es una intervención de urgencia que se plantea frente a una hemorragia severa, secundaria a diversas patologías, durante o posterior al parto, asociada frecuentemente con cesárea anterior e inercia uterina.

Objetive: To analyze the clinical experience of peripartum hysterectomy (PH). Method: Retrospective review of women who required PH at Las Condes Clinic since January 2000 to December 2009. Results: In the study period 15,356 patients were delivered with 34 cases of PH (incidence: 2.2/1000 deliveries). The mean age was 36 years old, 97 percent were multiparous. The mean gestational age at delivery was 36.1 weeks (range: 27-40). Causes: placenta accreta (61.8 percent), uterine atony (20.6 percent) and uterine rupture (8.8 percent). In 29.4 percent a bilateral hypogastric ligation was added to the hysterectomy. Total hysterectomy was performed in 85.3 percent of cases. There was at least one complication in 91.2 percent women. The intraopertive bladder injury associated with placenta accreta was the most frequent complication (26.5 percent). Postoperative complications: 29 cases of anemia, 10 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, 2 hemoperitoneum that required surgical reexploration, 2 cases of hypovolemic shock, 1 case of pelvic thrombosis, 1 case of ovarian vein thrombosis and 1 case of necrotizing fasceitis. Late complications included depression, pulmonary embolism, bladder-vagina fistula and pelvic inflammatory disease. 76.5 percent required transfusion. There were no cases of maternal death with 8.5 percent of perinatal death. Conclusions: PH it is performed in patients with severe bleeding during or after labor and delivery, frequently is associated with serious maternal morbidity. Previous cesarean section with abnormal placental implantation and uterine atony were the most frequent indications.

Sutura de B-Lynch: experiencia en el desarrollo de una nueva técnica quirúrgica / B-Lynch suture for postpartum hemorrhage: a new surgical technique

Antecedentes: La hemorragia postparto (HPP) continúa siendo una de las patologías más prevalentes en la morbimortalidad materna en todo el mundo, especialmente en los países subdesarrollados. Distintos protocolos de manejo y técnicas se han desarrollado en los últimos años para su control. La sutura de B-Lynch surge como una herramienta útil y reproducible. Objetivo: Demostrar los beneficios de la técnica para el control de la HPP. Método: Serie de 5 casos en los que se realizó la sutura de B-Lynch en el Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología del Hospital Carlos Van Buren. Se identifican 5 casos en los que se realizó la técnica. Resultados: En los 5 casos se logró exitosamente controlar la HPP y preservar el útero. Una de las pacientes logró un embarazo posterior exitoso. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados permiten afirmar que la técnica de B-Lynch es segura, útil y reproducible en el manejo de la HPP.

Background: The postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) continues to be a prevalent problem affecting maternal morbimortality all over the world, particularly in non-developed countries. Different protocols of management and new techniques have been developed through these last years to control and treat PPH. The B-Lynch suture appears to be a useful and reproductible tool. Objectives: To show the benefits of the technique in the management of PPH. Method: A retrospective review of five cases in which B-Lynch suture was made, with the postoperatory controls and histeroscopics evaluations. Results: In all cases, successfully PPH was controlled and the uterus preserved. In one patient a successfully pregnancy and delivery was achieved. Conclusion: The B-Lynch suture is secure, useful and reproducible technique in the management of PPH.