Thirty-year trends in incidence and age-distribution of prostate cancer in Kingston and St Andrew, Jamaica, 1978-2007 / Treinta años de tendencias en la incidencia y distribución por edad del cáncer de próstata e en Kingston y Saint Andrew, Jamaica, 1978-2007

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the trends in incidence and age-distribution of prostate cancer in Kingston and St Andrew (KSA), Jamaica, over the 30-year period 1978-2007. METHODS: From published Jamaica Cancer Registry (JCR) data, we extracted age-standardized rates of prostate cancer for the six 5-year reporting periods that comprised the 30-year study span, and from the archived files ofthe JCR, the patient ages at diagnosis for all prostate cancer cases recorded over the 30-year period were extracted. The results were compared with data from other black populations. RESULTS: The incidence of prostate cancer in KSA, Jamaica, is lower than that in black men in the United States and United Kingdom. The KSA incidence showed a progressive increase since the 1983-1987 reporting period, and the greatest 5-year percentage increases were seen over the period 1983 to 1997. Men in the 60-74-year age group were the commonest contributors to prostate cancer total in all 5-year periods examined, and between 1988 and 2007, there were increases in the proportionate contributions from the 25-59 and 60-74-year age groups, and a decrease in contribution from men aged 75 years and older. CONCLUSION: The incidence of prostate cancer in KSA, Jamaica, has been progressively increasing since 1983, and there has been a concomitant increase in the proportionate contribution from younger men. Continued increase is likely over the next several years, but KSA currently appears to be a relatively low-risk region for prostate cancer, compared to black populations in developed Western countries.

OBJETIVO: Investigar las tendencias en la incidencia y distribución por edad del cáncer de próstata en Kingston y Saint Andrew (KSA), Jamaica, por un período de 30 años, 1978-2007. MÉTODO: De la publicación de Registro de Cáncer de Jamaica (JCR), se extrajeron datos de tasas estandarizadas por edad del cáncer de próstata durante los seis períodos quinquenales que comprenden el espacio de 30 años del estudio, y de los archivos del JCR, se registraron las edades de los pacientes en el momento del diagnóstico en todos los casos de cáncer de próstata, por espacio de 30 años. Los resultados se compararon con los datos de otras poblaciones negras. RESULTADOS: La incidencia del cáncer de próstata en KSA, Jamaica, es menor que la existente entre la población masculina negra de Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. La incidencia en KSA mostró un aumento progresivo a partir del período reportado de 1983-1987, y los más grandes aumentos de porcentaje en 5 años, fueron vistos en el periodo de 1983 a 1997. Los hombres en el grupo etario de 60-74 años fueron quienes más comúnmente contribuyeron a engrosar el total de total de cáncer de próstata en todos los periodos quinquenales examinados, y entre 1988 y 2007, se produjeron aumentos en las contribuciones proporcionales de los grupos etáreos de 25-59 y 60-74 años, así como una disminución en la contribución de los hombres de 75 años o más. CONCLUSIÓN: La incidencia de cáncer de próstata en KSA, Jamaica, ha estado aumentando progresivamente desde 1983, y ha habido un aumento concomitante en la contribución proporcional de los hombres más jóvenes. Es probable que en el curso de los próximos años continúe un aumento progresivo, pero KSA parece ser una región relativamente de bajo riesgo en lo que se refiere al cáncer de próstata, en comparación con las poblaciones negras de los países occidentales desarrollados.

Rising incidence of breast cancer in Brunei Darussalam

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and the incidence rates are reported to be increasing. This study looks at breast cancer in Brunei Darussalam in particular the incidence rates, the demographic and types of breast cancers over a 27-year-period (1984 to 2010). Materials and Methods: The Cancer Registry maintained by the State Department of Pathology was retrospectively reviewed. Over this period there were a total of 874 cases of breast cancer diagnosed, nine of which were men (1.1%) and these were excluded from analysis. The crude incidence rates, Age Standardised Rates (ASR) and the age specific incidence rates were calculated based on population projections. Age was unavailable from 1984 and 1985 and these two years were excluded from ASR analyses. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 48.7 ± 11.7 years old. The ethnic distribution showed predominantly Malays (69.1%) followed by Chinese (20.1), ‘Others’ (9.1%) and Indigenous group (1.5%). The types of cancers were predominantly ductal (84.9%), followed by lobular (5.5%), Malignant Phyllodes tumour (4.4%), ‘Others’ (4.6%) and papillary (0.7%). Breast accounted for 17.6 to 26.6% of all female cancers from 2001 to 2010. 22.3% of breast cancers occurred in the young patient group (less than 40 years old). The crude rates increased from 11.0 per 100,000 women (1984-1986) to 40.7 per 100,000 women (2008-2010) and the ASR increased from 14.7 per 100,000 (1987-1989) to 43.9 per 100,000 women (2008-2010). The ASR for the Chinese increased markedly from 1992-1995 peaking in 2002-2004 followed by a declining trend whereas the trend is increasing in the Malays. Conclusions: Our study showed that the overall incidence of breast cancers in Brunei Darussalam is increasing. Chinese had higher incidence rates than the Malays. The age adjusted incidence rate is approaching the rates reported by the more developed Southeast Asian nations. Importantly, young breast cancer accounts for a fifth of the patients.

Investigation into the Constitution Types of the Tinnitus Patients——A Report of 496 Cases / 中医杂志

Objective To explore the constitutional characteristics and risk in tinnitus patients. Methods The inclusion criteria were established on the basis of requests of constitution research. Those patients from the tinnitus clinic of Yueyang Hospital of Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine with the tinnitus as the chief complaint were included in accordance with the "Scale of TCM Constitution" to analyze the constituent ratio of various constitution types. Results There were 147 cases of gentleness type (29.64%),349 cases of biased constitution (70.36%),including 77 cases of yang-deficiency type (15.52%),37 cases of qi-deficiency type (7.46%),12 cases of yin-deficiency type (2.42%),11 cases of phlegm-damp type (2.22%),4 cases of special diathesis type (0.81%),156 cases of other type based on qi-deficiency type (31.45%),and 52 cases of other type based on yang-deficiency type (10.48%). The incidence of tinnitus was positively correlated with the patients' age. The patients mainly distributed in over 55 years of age. Gentleness type,qi-deficiency type,yang-deficiency type,other type based on qi-deficiency type,and other type based on yang-deficiency type were mainly distributed in course of disease in 0~3 months and 1~5 years. In the distribution of chronic-acute onset,all cases were chronic. Conclusion Qi-deficiency constitution and yang-deficiency constitution are the main constitutional types and risk factors for tinnitus. It is significant to improve qi-deficiency constitution and yang-deficiency constitution for treating and preventing tinnitus.