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1.
ABCD (São Paulo, Online) ; 35: e1651, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1383206

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease of global impact that has led to an increase in comorbidities and mortality in several countries. Immunoexpression of the incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (3-36) (PYY3-36) can be used as a scorer in the gastrointestinal tract to analyze L-cell activity in response to T2DM treatment. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the presence, location, and secretion of L cells in the small intestine of patients undergoing the form of bariatric surgery denominated adaptive gastroenteromentectomy with partial bipartition. METHODS: Immunohistochemical assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blot analysis were performed on samples of intestinal mucosa from patients with T2DM in both the preoperative and postoperative periods. RESULTS: All results were consistent and indicated basal expression and secretion of GLP-1 and PYY3-36 incretins by L cells. A greater density of cells was demonstrated in the most distal portions of the small intestine. No significant difference was found between GLP-1 and PYY3-36 expression levels in the preoperative and postoperative periods because of prolonged fasting during which the samples were collected. CONCLUSION: The greater number of L cells in activity implies better peptide signaling, response, and functioning of the neuroendocrine system.


RESUMO - RACIONAL: O diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença de impacto mundial que tem levado ao aumento de comorbidades e mortalidade em vários países. A imunoexpressão dos hormônios incretínicos glp-1 e pyy3-36, pode ser usada como marcador no trato gastrointestinal para analisar a atividade da célula L em resposta ao tratamento do DM2. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença, localização e secreção de células L no intestino delgado de pacientes submetidos à forma de cirurgia bariátrica denominada gastroenteromentectomia adaptativa com bipartição parcial. MÉTODOS: Ensaios imunohistoquímicos, reação quantitativa em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) e análise de manchas ocidentais foram realizados em amostras de mucosa intestinal de pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 nos períodos pré- e pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Todos os resultados foram consistentes e indicaram expressão basal e secreção de peptídeos glucagon-1 (GLP-1) e peptídeos YY (PYY3-36) incretinas por células L. Uma maior densidade de células foi demonstrada nas porções mais distais do intestino delgado. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os níveis de expressão GLP-1 e PYY3-36 nos períodos pré-operatório e pós-operatório, provavelmente devido ao estado de jejum prolongado durante o qual as amostras foram coletadas CONCLUSÃO: O maior número de células L em atividade implica melhor sinalização de peptídeo, resposta e funcionamento do sistema neuroendócrino.

2.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 66(3): 385-392, jul.-set. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-976970

ABSTRACT

Resumen La diabetes es una enfermedad con importante prevalencia en todo el mundo. Se calcula que cerca de 415 millones de personas la padecen en la actualidad y que para el año 2040 esta cifra aumentará poco más del 50%. Debido a esto, se estima que gran parte de los ingresos por urgencias serán de pacientes diabéticos o sujetos a los cuales esta patología se les diagnosticará en dicha hospitalización; esta situación hace necesario conocer los lineamientos y las recomendaciones de las guías para el manejo intrahospitalario de los pacientes con hiperglucemia. El pilar fundamental del manejo hospitalario de diabetes es la monitorización intensiva, junto con la educación al paciente y la administración de insulina. El control glicémico es clave debido a que disminuye complicaciones intrahospitalarias. Cabe resaltar que el control estricto puede llevar a hipoglucemias, por lo que los episodios deben ser debidamente documentados y su causa corregida de inmediato.


Abstract Diabetes is a disease with significant prevalence worldwide. According to the latest estimates, about 415 million people suffer from this condition and this figure will almost double by 2040. For this reason, a large part of emergency admissions will be related to diabetic patients or subjects who will be diagnosed with this pathology while hospitalized. Hospital-related hyperglycemia due to stress, medications and parenteral nutrition are also a common finding. In consequence, it is imperative for health care providers to become familiar with inpatient hyperglycemia management. Intensive glucose monitoring, patient education and insulin administration are essential for treating this condition. Glycemic control is fundamental as it decreases nosocomial complications. It should be noted that strict control may lead to hypoglycemia, so episodes should be properly documented and their cause corrected immediately.

3.
Arq. gastroenterol ; 55(1): 72-77, Apr.-Mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888236

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1/GLP-2) are gut hormones that may directly affect the glucose homeostasis and their activity seems to be significantly affected by chronic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1/GLP-2), C-reactive protein (CRP), and the postprandial glucose and insulin levels among individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and healthy controls. METHODS: An exploratory cross-sectional study, which involved individuals awaiting for bariatric/metabolic surgery and healthy controls. Postprandial levels of GLP-1, GLP-2, glucose, and insulin were obtained after a standard meal tolerance test. Inflammation was assessed by means of CRP. RESULTS: There were 30 individuals enrolled in the study, divided into three groups: non-diabetic with morbid obesity (NDO; n=11 individuals), diabetic with mild obesity (T2D; n=12 individuals), and healthy controls (C; n=7 individuals). The mean CRP levels were significantly higher in the NDO group (6.6±4.7 mg/dL) than in the T2D (3.3±2.2 mg/dL) and C groups (2.5±3.2 mg/dL) (P=0.038). The GLP-1 levels following standard meal tolerance test and the area under the curve of GLP-1 did not differ among the three groups. The GLP-2 levels were significantly lower in the NDO and T2D than in the C group following standard meal tolerance test at all the times evaluated. The area under the curve of the GLP-2 was significantly lower in the NDO and T2D groups than in the C group (P=0.05 and P=0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: GLP-2 levels were impaired in the individuals with obesity and diabetes. This mechanism seems to be enrolled in preventing the worsening of the glucose homeostasis in these individuals.


RESUMO CONTEXTO: Os peptídeos semelhantes ao glucagon 1 e 2 (GLP-1/GLP-2) são hormônios gastrointestinais que podem afetar diretamente a homeostase glicêmica; a atividade de ambos parece ser significativamente afetada pela inflamação crônica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os níveis pós-prandiais dos peptídeos semelhantes ao glucagon 1 e 2 (GLP-1/GLP-2), proteína C reativa (PCR) e as curvas pós-prandiais de glucose e insulina entre indivíduos com obesidade, diabetes tipo 2 e controles saudáveis. MÉTODOS: Estudo piloto transversal, que envolveu indivíduos aguardando a realização de cirurgia bariátrica/metabólica e controles saudáveis. Os níveis de GLP-1, GLP-2, glucose e insulina foram obtidos após um teste de refeição padrão. A inflamação foi avaliada através dos níveis de PCR. RESULTADOS: Houve 30 indivíduos avaliados no estudo, divididos em três grupos: obesos mórbidos sem diabetes (NDO; n=11 pacientes), diabéticos com obesidade leve (T2D; n=12 pacientes) e controles (C; n=7 pacientes). Os níveis médios de PCR foram significativamente maiores no grupo NDO (6,6±4,7 mg/dL) do que nos grupos T2D (3,3±2,2 mg/dL) e C (2,5±3,2 mg/ dL) (P=0,038). Os níveis de GLP-1 após o teste de refeição padrão e a área sob a curva do GLP-1 não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. Os níveis de GLP-2 foram significativamente mais baixos nos grupos NDO e T2D do que no grupo C em todos os tempos avaliados. A área sob a curva do GLP-2 foi significativamente menor nos grupos NDO e T2D do que no grupo C (P=0,05 and P=0,01, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Os níveis de GLP-2 encontram-se alterados em indivíduos com obesidade e diabetes. Este mecanismo parece estar envolvido na prevenção da piora da homeostase glicêmica nestes indivíduos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Blood Glucose/analysis , Obesity, Morbid/blood , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood , Glucagon-Like Peptide 2/blood , Insulin/blood , Body Mass Index , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Postprandial Period , Middle Aged
4.
Rev. colomb. cir ; 33(4): 406-420, 20180000. fig
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-967537

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes. La diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 es el principal reto de salud pública que enfrentamos actualmente, constituye la primera causa de discapacidad y es o está asociada a las principales causas de muerte en nuestro país. En Ciudad de México, se reportó que más del 79 % de los pacientes diabéticos no tienen cifras óptimas de HbA1c (<6,5 %), mientras que el 47 % presentan descontrol importante (HbA1c >9 %). La cirugía metabólica es el mejor tratamiento en términos de remisión, sin embargo, los mecanismos involucrados no son los tradicionalmente considerados. Objetivo. Ofrecer actualización acerca de los mecanismos involucrados en la remisión de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 después de la cirugía metabólica. Metodos. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica utilizando las palabras clave en términos MeSH; hasta el 1° de junio del 2018, se encontraron 83 artículos de referencia considerados como pertinentes. Resultados. La remisión de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 lograda por procedimientos quirúrgicos, depende de complejas interacciones entre la microbiota, los ácidos biliares y el epitelio intestinal, más que de procesos malabsortivos o restrictivos. La bipartición de tránsito intestinal es una opción quirúrgica basada en los principios fisiológicos responsables en la remisión de la diabetes, y es la más sencilla y segura para el manejo de la diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones. La cirugía metabólica ofrece mejores tasas de remisión y control de complicaciones de la diabetes tipo 2 al modificar la secreción de enterohormonas, la concentración e interacciones de los ácidos biliares y al modificar la microbiota


Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is a major public health challenge that we face today; it is the first cause of disability and is associated with the main causes of death in our country. In Mexico City, it was reported that more than 79% of diabetic patients did not have optimal levels of HbA1c (<6.5%), while 47% are not properly controlled (HbA1c> 9%). Metabolic surgery is the best treatment option for DM2, yet the presumed involved mechanisms are not traditionally considered. Objective: To provide an update on the mechanisms involved in the remission of DM2 following metabolic surgery. Methods: Narrative review of the literature, using MeSH terms, until June 1, 2018, encountering 83 articles considered pertinent. Methods: Narrative review of the literature, using MeSH terms, until June 1, 2018, encountering 83 articles considered pertinent. Results: DM2 remission after surgery depends on complex interactions between the microbiota, biliary acids and the intestinal epithelium, more so than of malabsortion or restrictive processes. Bipartition of the intestinal transit constitutes a surgical option based on the physiologic principles responsible of the remission of diabetes, and it is a simple and most secure procedure for the management of diabetes. Mechanisms include restoration/ enhancement of incretin secretion; as well as an improvement of bile acid concentration and microbiome manipulation, rather than the commonly accepted restriction and malabsorption. Intestinal transit bipartition is a novel and simple procedure that complies with the actual involved mechanisms, with comparable results in terms of safety and efficacy with the more complex and demanding techniques, such as the gastric bypass. Conclusions: Metabolic surgery is the best treatment for DM2 in terms of remission and prevention of complications, modifying the secretion of enterohormones, the concentration of biliary acids, and the modification of the microbiota


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Gastrointestinal Transit , Incretins
5.
Rev. cuba. med ; 55(3)jul.-set. 2016.
Article in Spanish | CUMED, LILACS | ID: biblio-1508292

ABSTRACT

La diabetes mellitus sigue siendo una enfermedad temible. El uso adecuado de la farmacoterapia para el control metabólico, ayudaría a disminuir la incidencia de complicaciones. Actualmente se dispone de variados grupos farmacológicos para el control temporal de las cifras de glucemias de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, entre ellos están los inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa 4 caracterizados por estimular el aumento de la concentración del péptido similar a glucagón tipo 1 GLP-1 y la secreción de insulina en la célula beta del islote pancreático. La eficacia, en términos de hemoglobina glucosilada, ha mostrado ser inferior a la de la insulina, pero sin el potencial del peligro de hipoglucemia, así como el efecto neutro o la disminución del peso corporal. Se realizó esta revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de actualizar los conocimientos sobre el papel de las sustancias con acción incretinas en el control metabólico de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y específicamente la acción de los IDPP4, ya que es creciente el problema de dicha enfermedad y se requiere, cada vez más, una mejor información de los fármacos a utilizar, aunque en el futuro los datos obtenidos concluirán su efectividad(AU)


Diabetes mellitus remains a fearsome disease. Proper use of pharmacotherapy for metabolic control, would help reduce the incidence of complications. Currently there are various pharmacological groups for temporary control of blood glycemia of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. One of them is dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor characterized by stimulating increased concentration like peptide glucagon type 1 GLP -1 and insulin secretion in pancreatic islet beta cell. The effectiveness in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin has shown to be less than that of insulin, but without the potential danger of hypoglycaemia and the neutral effect or decrease in body weight. These facts prompt this literature review which was conducted to update the knowledge on the role of substances with incretin action in the metabolic control of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, specifically the action of IDPP4, as this disease is an growing problem requiring better information on drug use(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Incretins
6.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 63(2): 259-270, abr.-jun. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-749540

ABSTRACT

Esta revisión de los inhibidores de dipeptidil peptidasa-IV busca motivar el uso racional de tal grupo farmacológico en la práctica diaria. Este grupo es una nueva opción terapéutica en monoterapia o terapia combinada para el tratamiento de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. En Colombia, se encuentran disponibles: sitagliptina, vildagliptina, saxagliptina y linagliptina. Si bien todas las gliptinas tienen el mismo mecanismo de acción-aumentan la vida media del péptido similar al glucagón-, esta revisión presenta las diferencias entre sus propiedades farmacológicas, eventos adversos y perfil de seguridad. Estos medicamentos son de segunda o tercera línea para el tratamiento oral de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, o primera línea en los pacientes intolerantes a la metformina. Además, algunas de las ventajas que tienen son que: generan menor riesgo de hipoglucemia, tienen efecto neutro sobre el peso, son seguros en adultos mayores, disminuyen la variabilidad de la glucemia y, adicionalmente, se pueden utilizar en la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada, con o sin terapia de reemplazo renal, y en la insuficiencia hepática.


This review of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors seeks to encourage the rational use of these drugs in daily practice; this group is a new therapeutic option in monotherapy or combination therapy for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin and linagliptin are available in Colombia. While all gliptins have the same mechanism of action-they increase the average life of glucagon-like peptide-, this review presents the differences among their pharmacological properties, adverse events and safety profile. These drugs are second or third-line for the oral treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, or first-line in patients intolerant to metformin. They also have some advantages like lower risk of hypoglycemia, neutral effect on weight, safety for the elderly, reduction of glycaemia variability; additionally, they can be used in advanced chronic kidney disease, with or without renal replacement therapy, and in liver failure.

7.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 63(2): 271-278, abr.-jun. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-749541

ABSTRACT

El adecuado control de la diabetes mellitus tiene una gran importancia desde muchos puntos de vista. En los últimos años, se ha destacado el impacto que tienen los niveles de la glucemia postprandial sobre el manejo y las complicaciones de esta enfermedad. Controlar la hiperglucemia postprandial y, por lo tanto, su participación en el deterioro clínico de los pacientes con diabetes puede conseguirse retardando el vaciamiento gástrico y estimulando el efecto incretina, los cuales se pueden promover utilizando los análogos del péptido similar al glucagón tipo 1 (GLP-1). En este artículo se revisa el concepto del efecto incretina y la utilidad de los análogos GLP-1 en el control de la glicemia en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.


Proper control of diabetes mellitus is very important from many points of view. In recent years, the impact of postprandial blood glucose levels on the treatment and complications of this disease has been highlighted. Controlling postprandial hyperglycemia-and, therefore, its participation in the clinical deterioration of patients with diabetes-can be achieved by delaying gastric emptying and stimulating the incretin effect, which can be promoted using the analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). In this article, the concept of the incretin effect and usefulness of GLP-1 analogues for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is reviewed.

8.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 58(4): 369-376, 06/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-711627

ABSTRACT

Objective: To evaluate the effect of sitagliptin on somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical diabetic neuropathy. Materials and methods: Interventional, prospective, and open study. Patients with less than six months from the diagnosis were included. Examinations of SEPs and laboratory tests at fasting and after food stimulation were performed before and after three months of treatment with sitagliptin (100 mg/day). Results: There was a reduction in the mean levels of HbA1c (P < 0.0001), fasting glucose (P = 0.001), total cholesterol (P = 0.019), and ALT (P = 0.022). An increase in active GLP-1 was found at the end of the study (P = 0.0025). Several SEPs showed statistically significant differences when analyzed before and after treatment with sitagliptin. Conclusion: The results give a glimpse of the possible use of sitagliptin in the treatment of some neurodegenerative conditions of the peripheral nervous system, in addition to its already established role in glycemic control. .


Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da sitagliptina nos potenciais evocados somatossensoriais (PESS) e controle metabólico de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 2, sem neuropatia diabética. Materiais e métodos: Estudo de intervenção, prospectivo e aberto. Os pacientes com menos de seis meses de diagnóstico foram incluídos. Exames dos PESS e testes laboratoriais em jejum e após a estimulação com alimentos foram realizados antes e depois de três meses de tratamento com sitagliptina (100 mg/dia). Resultados: Houve redução nos níveis médios de HbA1c (P < 0,0001), glicemia de jejum (P = 0,001), colesterol total (P = 0,019) e ALT (P = 0,022). Verificou-se aumento de GLP-1 ativo (P = 0,0025). Vários PESS mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando os valores foram analisados antes e após o tratamento com sitagliptina. Conclusão: Os resultados vislumbram a possível utilização de sitagliptina no tratamento de algumas condições neurodegenerativas do sistema nervoso periférico, em adição ao seu papel no controle glicêmico. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , /drug therapy , Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory/drug effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Pyrazines/therapeutic use , Triazoles/therapeutic use , Activation, Metabolic , Area Under Curve , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cholesterol/blood , /metabolism , /physiopathology , Food, Formulated , Fasting/metabolism , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Prospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Triglycerides/blood , gamma-Glutamyltransferase/blood
9.
Campinas; s.n; jul. 2013. 127 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-706199

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Estimar o impacto do envelhecimento e do diabetes na sensibilidade à insulina, função da célula beta, adipocitocinas e produção de incretina Métodos: Foram realizados clamps hiperglicêmicos, testes de arginina e testes de refeição padrão em 50 pacientes não obesos para medir a sensibilidade à insulina e secreção de insulina, assim como os níveis plasmáticos do glucagon, GLP-1 e GIP. Os pacientes com diabetes e do grupo controle saudáveis foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: meia idade com diabetes tipo 2 (MI-DM2), idosos com diabetes tipo 2 (I-DM2), meia idade ou idosos com tolerância normal à glicose (MI-TNG, I-TNG). Resultados: A sensibilidade à insulina (SI), determinada pelo modelo de avaliação da homeostase, taxa de infusão de glicose e pela sensibilidade à insulina a glicose oral, foi reduzida no grupo de idosos e nos grupos com DM2, comparados com o grupo de meia idade com tolerância normal à glicose, mas foi similar no grupo MI-DM2 e grupo I-DM2. O índice insulinogênico, a primeira e segunda fase de secreção de insulina e o índice de disposição, com exceção da resposta da insulina à arginina, foram reduzidos com o envelhecimento e nos grupos com DM2. A produção pós-prandial média de glucagon no tempo total de 0 - 180 minutos foram maiores no grupo de DM2 comparado ao grupo de TNG, sendo que na primeira hora da produção de glugagon o grupo de I-DM2 apresentou uma média mais elevado em relação ao grupo de MI-DM2. Embora a produção de GLP-1 tenha sido reduzida no grupo I-DM2, nenhuma diferença entre os grupos foi observada em relação à produção de GIP. Conclusão: O diabetes e o envelhecimento desencadearam uma redução da sensibilidade à insulina em pacientes não obesos. A produção de insulina foi reduzida com o envelhecimento e exacerbada pela condição do diabetes. As deficiências associadas ao envelhecimento se sobrepõe a fisiopatologia do diabetes, particularmente relacionada à produção de GLP-1...


Objective: To estimate the impact of aging and diabetes on insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, adipocytokines, and incretin production. Methods: Hyperglycemic clamps, arginine tests and meal tolerance tests were performed in 50 non-obese subjects to measure insulin sensitivity (IS) and insulin secretion as well as plasma levels of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP. Patients with diabetes and healthy control subjects were divided into the following groups: middle-aged type 2 diabetes (MA-DM), elderly Type 2 diabetes (E-DM) and middle-aged or elderly subjects with normal glucose tolerance (MA-NGT or E-NGT). Results: IS (insulin sensitivity), as determined by the homeostasis model assessment glucose infusion rate and oral glucose insulin sensitivity, was reduced in the aged and DM groups compared with MA-NGT, but similar in MA-DM and E-DM groups. Insulinogenic index, first and second phase of insulin secretion and the disposition indices, except insulin response to arginine, were reduced in the elderly and DM groups. The average postprandial glucagon production on the interval of 0-180 min was higher in DM groups compared to NGT groups, furthermore noticed that in the first hour of glucagon secretion, group E-DM had a higher average value compared to group MA-DM. Whereas the GLP-1 production was reduced in A-DM, no differences between groups were observed in GIP production. Conclusions: In non-obese subjects, diabetes and aging impair insulin sensitivity. Insulin production is reduced by aging, and diabetes exacerbates this condition. Aging associated defects superimposed diabetic physiopathology, particularly regarding GLP-1 production. On the other hand, the glucose-independent secretion of insulin was preserved. The knowledge of the complex relationship between aging and diabetes could support the development of physiopathological and pharmacological based therapies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aging , /physiopathology , Incretins , Islets of Langerhans , Insulin Resistance , Glucose Clamp Technique/methods
10.
Rev. bras. anal. clin ; 44(1): 5-9, 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-668336

ABSTRACT

O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença crônica de etiologia multifatorial, na qual o pâncreas deixa de produzir insulina ou as células param de responder à insulina que é produzida, fazendo com que a glicose sanguínea não seja absorvida pelas célulasdo organismo. Atualmente, o DM2 é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública, tendo como principal fator de risco a obesidade. Devido aos dados preocupantes e o número de pessoas acometidas crescerem a cada ano, a busca por terapias mais eficientes no controle da doença, como a cirurgia bariátrica, se torna de suma mportância. A perda de peso é parcialmente responsável pela melhora dos pacientessubmetidos a cirurgias por presentarem melhora no quadro glicêmico antes mesmo da redução de peso. A explicação para isto está nas incretinas, hormônios gastrointestinais associados à liberação de insulina, dependente da ingestão de nutrientes. O glucagon like peptídeo 1 é o mais importante das incretinas por suprimir a liberaçãode glucagon, desacelerar o esvaziamento gástrico, melhorar a sensibilidade à insulina, além de reduzir o consumo de alimentos. Após novas descobertas da relação das incretinas, a cirurgia bariátrica se mostra como o caminho mais curto na busca por umacura efetiva do DM2


Subject(s)
Humans , Bariatric Surgery , /surgery , /therapy , Glucagon , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 , Incretins , Obesity/surgery , Obesity/prevention & control , Weight Loss
11.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 47(3): 39-54, jul.-set. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-641977

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años se reconoce un nuevo mecanismo involucrado en la fisiopatología de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: el déficit de producción y/o acción de las incretinas. Las incretinas son enterohormonas que estimulan la secreción de insulina en respuesta a la ingesta de nutrientes. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP1) y Polipéptido insulinotrópico glucosa dependiente (GIP) son las principales incretinas descubiertas hasta hoy. Ambas presentan también efecto trófico sobre las células beta de los islotes pancreáticos. GLP-1 presenta otras acciones como son la inhibición de la secreción de glucagón, enlentecimiento del vaciamiento gástrico e inhibición del apetito. Ambas incretinas son rápidamente clivadas por la enzima dipeptidil peptidasa 4 (DPP-4). Nuevas drogas como los incretinomiméticos, análogos y los inhibidores de DPP-4 se presentan como una terapéutica prometedora para los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Conflicto de intereses: Dr. León Litwak - Miembro del Board Latinoamericano de Eli Lilly y Sanofi Aventis - Miembro del Board Nacional de los laboratorios Novo Nordisk, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Aventis, Boheringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers, Astra Zeneca - Investigador principal de protocolos pertenecientes a Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Takeda, PPDF, Pfizer, Merck Sharp and Dôhme, Amger, Roche, Minimed, Quintiles - Conferencista de los laboratorios mencionados.


Two main pathophysiological mechanisms are currently involved in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), insulin resistance and impairment of beta cell function. However, in recent years a new mechanism was reported: a significant decrease in incretins production and/or action. Incretins are gastrointestinal hormones whose main action is stimulating insulin secretion in response to nutrients. The best known incretins are glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Gastric insulinotropic peptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP not only increase insulin secretion, but also decrease glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying and reduce apetite, generating weight loss. Both incretins are rapidly clived by the enzyme dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPP4). In order to emulate incretins action, several drugs were developed: GLP-1 receptor agonists, GLP-1 mimetics, and DPP4 inhibitors. All of them seem to became a very promising tool for the treatment of T2DM. Financial Interests: Dr. León Litwak - Member of the Latin American Board of Eli Lilly and Sanofi Aventis - Member of the National Board of the following laboratories: Novo Nordisk, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKlein Sanofi, Aventis, Boheringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers, Astra Zeneca - Principal Investigator of Protocols from: Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKlein, Takeda, PPDF, Pfizer, Merck Sharp and Dôhme, Amgen, Roche, Minimed, Quintiles - Lecturer for the former laboratories.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Incretins/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/agonists , Incretins/metabolism
12.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 47(1): 36-51, ene.-abr. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-641966

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años se reconoce un nuevo mecanismo involucrado en la fisiopatología de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: el déficit de producción y/o acción de las incretinas. Las incretinas son enterohormonas que estimulan la secreción de insulina en respuesta a la ingesta de nutrientes. Glucagon like péptido-1 (GLP1) y Polipéptido insulinotrópico glucosa dependiente (GIP) son las principales incretinas descubiertas hasta hoy. Ambas presentan también efecto trófico sobre las células beta de los islotes pancreáticos. GLP-1 presenta otras acciones como son la inhibición de la secreción de glucagón, enlentecimiento del vaciamiento gástrico e inhibición del apetito. Ambas incretinas son rápidamente clivadas por la enzima dipeptidil peptidasa 4 (DPP-4). Nuevas drogas como los incretinomiméticos, análogos y los inhibidores de DPP-4 se presentan como una terapéutica prometedora para los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2.


Two main patophysiological mechanisms are currently involved in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), insulin resistance and impairment of beta cell function. However in the last years a new mechanism was reported: a significant decrease in incretins production and or action. Incretins are gut hormones whose main action is stimulating insulin secretion in response to nutrients. The more known incretins are glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Gastric insulinothropic peptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP not only increase insulin secretion, nor decrease glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying and reduce apetite generating weight lose. Both incretins are rapidly clived by the enzyme dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPP4). In order to emulate incretins action, several drugs where developed: agonists of GLP-1 receptors, GLP-1 mimetics, and inhibitors of the DPP4. All of them seems to became a very promise tool for the treatment of T2DM.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Incretins/physiology , Incretins/therapeutic use , Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/physiology , Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/metabolism , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/physiology , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism , Incretins/metabolism
13.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2010. 123 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-665408

ABSTRACT

A intervenção farmacológica pode minimizar ou até mesmo reverter o remodelamento adverso em órgãos num modelo de síndrome metabólica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos das monoterapias e associações medicamentosas sobre a morfologia do tecido adiposo, remodelamento hepático e pancreático em camundongos C57b1/6 alimentados com dieta very high-fat. Camundongos C57b1/6 machos foram alimentados com dieta very high-fat (HF, 60% de lipídios) ou dieta padrão (SC, 10% de lipídios) por 10 semanas, quando foram iniciados os tratamentos: HF-T (HF + Telmisartana, 5.2mg/Kg/dia), HF-S (HF + Sitagliptina, 1.08g/Kg/dia), HF-M (HF + Metformina, 310.0mg/Kg/dia) e as associações medicamentosas HF-TM, HF-TS e HF-SM. Os grupos tratados também tiveram livre acesso à dieta high fat e os tratamentos duraram 6 semanas. Técnicas morfométricas, estereológicas, imunohistoquímicas, ELISA, western blotting e microscopia eletrônica foram utilizadas. A dieta high-fat causou sobrepeso, intolerância oral à glucose, hiperinsulinemia, hipertrofia de ilhotas e adipócitos, grau 2 de esteatose hepatica (<33%) redução da expressão de PPAR-alfa e de GLUT-2, concomitante com aumento da expressão de SREBP-1 no grupo HF (P<0.0001). Por outro lado, todos os tratamentos resultaram resultaram em perda de peso significativa, reversão da resistência à insulina, hipertrofia de ilhotas e adipócitos e alívio da esteatose hepática. Somente os grupos HF-T e HF-TS apresentaram massa corporal similar ao grupo SC ao final do experimento, sendo que o último também apresentou reversão da esteatose hepática. O aumento da expressão do PPAR-alfa paralelamente ao decréscimo da expressão do SREBP-1 explica os achados favoráveis para o fígado. A normalização do tamanho do adipócito foi consistente com os níveis maiores de adiponectina e com a redução dos níveis de TNT-alfa (P<0.0001) nos grupos tratados. Todos os tratamentos foram eficazes para controlar a síndrome metabólica. Os melhores resultados ...


Pharmacological intervention can minimize or even reverse remodeling due to metabolic syndrome. This work sought to evaluate the effects of monotherapies and combinations of drugs on insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue morphology, pancreatic and hepatic remodeling in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a very high-fat diet (HF, 60% lipids) or standard chow (SC, 10% lipids) over 10 weeks, after which drug treatments began: HF-T (HF + Telmisartan, 5.2mg/Kg/day), HF-S (HF + Sitagliptin, 1.08g/Kg/day), HF-M (HF + Metformin, 310.0mg/Kg/day) and the drug combinations HF-TM, HF-TS and HF-SM. Treated groups also had free access to HF diet and treatments lasted 6 weeks. Morphometry, stereological tools, immunostaining, ELISA, Western blotting and electron microscopy were used. The HF diet yielded an overweight phenotype, oral glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertrophied islets and adipocytes, stage 2 steatosis (<33%) and reduced liver PPAR-alpha and GLUT-2, concomitant with enhanced SREBP-1 expression, in the HF group (P<0.0001). Conversely, all drug treatments resulted in significant weight loss, reversed insulin resistance, islet and adipocyte hypertrophy and alleviated hepatic steatosis. Only HF-T and HF-TS presented body weights similar to SC mice at the end of the experiment and the latter treatment reversed hepatic steatosis. Increased PPAR-alpha immunostaining parallel to higher GLUT-2 and reduced SREBP-1 expression explain the favourable hepatic outcomes. Restoration of adipocyte size was consistent with higher adiponectin levels and lower TNF-alpha levels (P<0.0001) in treated groups. In conclusion, all treatments were effective in controlling metabolic syndrome. The best results were achieved using telmisartan and sitagliptin as monotherapies or as a dual treatment, combining partial PPAR-gamma agonism and PPAR-alpha activation in the liver with extended incretin action


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Mice , Fatty Liver/drug therapy , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Incretins/pharmacology , Incretins/therapeutic use , Pancreas , Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology , Adipose Tissue , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors , Metformin/pharmacology , Obesity/drug therapy , Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy
14.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 142(6): 483-491, nov.-dic. 2006. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-568944

ABSTRACT

El exenatide es el primer agonista sintético del receptor de GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) aprobado para el tratamiento de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. La multiplicidad de efectos que produce sobre el metabolismo de la glucosa, el apetito y el peso corporal, así como su capacidad potencial para mantener la masa de células β, lo convierten en una alternativa terapéutica atractiva. El presente artículo pretende revisar la información existente sobre la farmacocinética, farmacodinamia, efectividad y seguridad del exenatide en humanos, derivada de los primeros estudios de fase I y II y de los ensayos clínicos controlados que condujeron a la aprobación de su uso clínico como terapia de combinación con sulfonilureas y metformina.


Exenatide is the first synthetic agonist of the GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) receptor approved for clinical use in patients with type 2 diabetes. The multiplicity of its effects over glucose metabolism, appetite, body weight and its potential capacity to preserve the ?cell mass, makes it an attractive therapeutic alternative. This article attempts to review the current literature on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of exenatide in humans, derived from the early phase I and II studies, and from the clinical controlled trials that led to its approval for clinical use as a combination therapy with sulphonylureas and metformin.


Subject(s)
Humans , /drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Venoms/pharmacology , Peptides/pharmacology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Venoms/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Peptides/therapeutic use
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