Psychological and institutional factors that predispose to the appearance of corrupt behavior in public and private entities

The purpose of the article is to identify individual factors affecting and the factors of the institutions associated with the occurrence of corrupt conduct. Corruption has been studied in several disciplines; its causes vary from structural issues in the political and economic spheres to decline of individual morality and cultural differences (Julián & Bonavía, 2017). According to Bautista (2015), there have been attempts to fight corruption from outside the individual level. External controls, audits and monitoring systems have been created to this end. However, few initiatives aim to rectify the issue at the individual level of education, perceptions, beliefs and values. When ethical values are promoted, they enhance integrity and dignity in individual behavior, generating honest behavior, oriented toward fulfillment of duty. Conversely, when values are weakened or absent, anti-values and corrupt practices appear immediately. This is a qualitative study, and information was collected through interviews. It adopted a systematic design, characterized by open, axial, and selective coding. Eleven interviews were conducted with legal professionals specializing in the investigation of financial crimes, who have identified the factors involved in corruption and fraud. The information was analyzed using the ATLAS TI 6.5 software. The results showed that lack of control was the most important factor that led to corruption in entities, and in second place is the power of senior executives. On the other hand, ambition, greed, and acceptance of corrupt conduct were the most common factors in the individual sphere. Identifying the factors associated with corruption is relevant for proposing preventive measures.

El propósito del artículo es identificar los factores individuales e institucionales asociados con la ocurrencia de conductas corruptas. La corrupción ha sido estudiada en varias disciplinas; sus causas van desde problemas estructurales en el ámbito político y económico hasta el declive de la moralidad individual y las diferencias culturales (Julián & Bonavía, 2017). Según Bautista (2015), ha habido intentos de combatir la corrupción desde fuera del ámbito individual. Para ello se han creado controles externos, auditorías y sistemas de seguimiento. Sin embargo, pocas iniciativas apuntan a rectificar el problema a nivel individual (educación, percepciones, creencias y valores). Cuando se promueven los valores éticos, se potencia la integridad y dignidad en el comportamiento individual. Por el contrario, cuando los valores están debilitados o ausentes, los antivalores y las prácticas corruptas aparecen de inmediato. Este es un estudio cualitativo, la información se recolectó a través de entrevistas, adoptando un diseño sistemático, caracterizado por una codificación abierta, axial y selectiva. Se realizaron once entrevistas a profesionales del derecho especialistas delitos financieros, quienes han identificaron los factores que intervienen en la corrupción. La información se analizó mediante el software ATLAS TI 6.5. Los resultados mostraron que la falta de control es el factor más relevante que conduce a la corrupción en las entidades, y en segundo lugar se encuentra el poder de los altos ejecutivos. Por otro lado, la ambición, la codicia y la aceptación de conductas corruptas fueron los factores más comunes en el ámbito individual. Identificar los factores asociados con la corrupción permite proponer medidas preventivas.

Influencing factors and population attributable risk percent of low back pain in automobile assemblers / 中国职业医学

Objective: To investigate the influencing factors and population attributable risk percent (PAR%) of low back pain in automobile assemblers. Methods: A total of 634 assemblers from 11 automobile manufacturers in Shiyan City, Hubei Province were chosen as research subjects using judgment sampling method. The prevalence of low back pain in the past one year was investigated using Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire. PAR% was used to analyze the contribution of influencing factors to low back pain. Results: The annual prevalence of low back pain was 68.8%. The results of multivariate logistics regression showed that length of service>15 years, high school or secondary college education or above, standing most of the time, sitting most of the time, the proportion of cumulative time of poor posture in work shift time ≥1/8, and bending for insufficient height of working space were the risk factors for low back pain (all P<0.05). The PAR% of the proportion of cumulative time of poor posture in work shift time ≥1/8 was 43.0%, 37.8% for standing most of the time, and 12.8% for bending for insufficient height of working space. Conclusion: The annual prevalence of low back pain was higher in automobile assemblers. The influencing factors included individual factors and occupational factors. The proportion of cumulative time of poor posture in work shift time ≥1/8, standing most of the time and bending for insufficient height of working space should be taken as the priority intervention factors to reduce the prevalence of low back pain among assemblers in this enterprise.

Study on influencing factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in neck-shoulder-back of manufacturing workers / 中国职业医学

{L-End}Objective To investigate the influencing factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) that affect neck-shoulder-back among manufacturing workers. {L-End}Methods A total of 8 250 front-line workers from 27 manufacturing enterprises in Henan Province and Hubei Province were selected as the research subjects using cluster sampling method. The Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of neck-shoulder-back (include neck, shoulder, upper back, and lower back) WMSDs in the past year. The log-binomial model, principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of WMSDs in the neck-shoulder-back. {L-End}Results The prevalence of WMSDs was 77.2%. The prevalence of neck-shoulder-back WMSDs was 50.9%. The prevalence ratios of WMSDs were relatively higher among the neck, shoulder, and upper back (all P<0.05). The results of PCA improved logistic regression analysis showed that the influencing factors of neck-shoulder-back WMSDs were individual factors, biomechanical factors, psychosocial factors and environmental factors. In terms of individual factors, the risk of neck-shoulder-back WMSDs was higher in females than in males (P<0.05). With the increase of age, length of service, and education level, the risk of neck-shoulder-back WMSDs increased among manufacturing workers (all P<0.05). The risk of neck-shoulder-back WMSDs of workers in textile, clothing, shoes and hats manufacturing industry was relatively lower than that in the other nine industries (all P<0.05). In terms of the biomechanical factors, spending a lot of effort to operate tools/machines, sitting for a long time at work,bending greatly bending and turning at the same time, neck leaning forward or maintaining this posture for a long time, neck twisting or maintaining this posture for a long time and uncomfortable position resulting in difficulty exerting exertion were all risk factors of neck-shoulder-back WMSDs among manufacturing workers (all P<0.05) Bending slightly for a long time was a protective factor for neck-shoulder-back WMSDs among manufacturing workers (P<0.05). In terms of the psychosocial factors, doing the same work every day, self-determination in resting time between works staff shortage, and frequent overtime work were risk factors for neck-shoulder-back WMSDs among manufacturing workers (all P<0.05). Adequate resting time was a protective factor for neck-shoulder-back WMSDs among manufacturing workers (P<0.01). In terms of environmental factors, working under cold or fluctuating temperature, having nothings to lean on, and soles slipping or falling at work were all risk factors for neck-shoulder-back WMSDs among manufacturing workers (all P<0.05). {L-End}Conclusion Manufacturing workers are prone to suffer from neck-shoulder-back WMSDs. The influencing factors include individual factors, biomechanical factors (force load and static load), psychosocial factors and environmental factors.

Analyzing the influencing factors of neck and low back work-related musculoskeletal disorders in acupuncturists / 中国职业医学

@#Objective - （ ） To analyze the current situation of work related musculoskeletal disorders WMSDs in neck and low ， Methods back of acupuncturists and to explore its influencing factors. A total of 272 acupuncturists from 21 hospitals above grade B level in Guangdong Province were selected as study subjects using convenient sampling method. The revised Chinese ， version of Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of WMSDs in the past one year and Results the influencing factors of WMSDs in the high incidence areas such as neck and low back were analyzed. The annual （ ）， （ ） prevalence of WMSDs among acupuncturists was 94.9%. The prevalence of WMSDs in the neck 81.6% low back 81.6% （ ） ， and shoulder 63.2% was the highest and the prevalence of WMSDs in both the neck and low back was 73.5%. The prevalence - - （ vs ，P ） of multi site WMSDs was higher than that of single site WMSDs 86.0% 8.8% <0.01 . Multivariate logistic regression ， - ， ， analysis showed that acupuncturists who were female long time sitting work repeated operations within one minute and work （ P ） changing every day were common risk factors for neck or low back WMSDs or both neck and low back all <0.05 . Keeping the ， ， same posture for a long time driving to work and personnel shortage were risk factors for low back WMSDs in acupuncturists （ P ） （P ）Conclusion all <0.05 . Uncomfortable working posture was a risk factor for WMSDs in both neck and low back <0.05 . - ， - Acupuncturists are the high risk population of WMSDs and the neck and low back are the high risk sites of WMSDs. The influencing factors of WMSDs in acupuncturists include individual factors and occupational factors such as poor ergonomics and work organization.

Factores vinculados al bullying en escolares de Córdoba, Argentina / Factors linked to bullying in schoolchildren in Cordoba, Argentina

Resumen Antecedentes: el bullying es un problema complejo por lo que las investigaciones sugieren poner el foco en las características individuales de los adolescentes, así como explorar aquellos contextos que inciden en su desarrollo, como el familiar y escolar, adoptando una visión ecológica. Objetivo: indagar los factores individuales (comportamientos prosociales/antisociales) y las características de los contextos familiares y escolares vinculados a la conducta de bullying en adolescentes escolarizados de escuelas públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Córdoba. Método: se administró una batería de test para medir las variables en estudio a 3500 adolescentes entre 11 y 20 años. Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Resultados: se detectan dos dimensiones que explican un 36.47% de la variabilidad de los datos, como ejes estructurales del espacio de las representaciones, que identifican los patrones sobre los que se discriminan los roles implicados en el bullying. Se verifica que las víctimas comparten más características con los no implicados y los agresores con el grupo denominado víctimas-agresores, constatando que los roles ante el acoso no son excluyentes. Conclusión: la identificación de los diferentes factores se constituye en un insumo valioso para el diseño de intervenciones orientadas a la prevención.

Abstract Background: Bullying is a complex problem and research suggests focusing on adolescents' individual characteristics, as well as exploring those contexts that affect their development, such as family and school contexts, by adopting an ecological vision. Objective: To inquire into the individual factors (prosocial/antisocial behaviors) and the characteristics of family and school contexts related to bullying behavior in adolescents attending public and private schools in the city of Córdoba. Method: A test battery was administered to 3,500 adolescents between 11 and 20 years old to measure the study variables. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed. Results: Two dimensions which explain 36.47% of data variability were observed as structural axes of the representations that identify the patterns in which the roles involved in bullying are distinguished. There is evidence that the victims share more characteristics with those not involved in bullying and the aggressors with the group called victims-aggressors, confirming that the roles in bullying are not exclusive. Conclusion: The identification of different factors constitutes a valuable input for designing the interventions aimed at prevention.

Síntomas Osteomusculares y factores Individuales presentes En Los trabajadores de la bodega De En Una empresa de La Industria textil En Barranquilla / Osteomuscular Symptomsand Individual Factors Present in the Workers of the Warehouse of a Textile Industry Company in Barranquilla

Introducción: El síntoma osteomuscular se puedepresentar en cualquier momento de la vida ya que son algo inmanente al ser humano; sin embargo,estas molestias pueden aumentarse y permanecer pormás tiempo en el individuo debido a múltiples factores individuales. Objetivo: Determinar los síntomas osteomusculares y factores individuales presentes en los trabajadores de la bodega de unaempresa de industria textil en Barranquilla en el periodo comprendido de febrero a diciembre, 2017.Metodología: El método que se utilizo fue deductivo, con una población de 21 trabajadores en el año 2017. Se recolectaron datos socio-demográficos (sexo, edad y tiempo en el cargo) y factores individuales (IMC). Los síntomas osteomusculares fueron evaluados por mediode una encuestade síntomas y factores individuales. Resultados:Se observó que el 47,6% de la población presenta sobrepesoy el 19% restante se encuentra en obesidad tipo 1, Se destaca que el 66,66% de los trabajadores encuestados, tienen problemas con su peso. la población estudio se identificó que las edades prevalentes están 85,7% representa por edad adulta, mayores de 26 años y el 14,3% son jóvenes menores a 26 años. Conclusión: A partir de lo mencionado y evidenciado anteriormente escrito se encontróque la frecuencia de los síntomas es baja y prevalece la respuesta casi nunca o nunca. Síntomas específicos como Dolor de cabeza, cuello, muñeca izquierda, abdomen, lumbar y pierna derecha, son los que más variabilidad presentan en cuanto a su frecuencia.En general los trabajadores refieren que lleven un estilo de vida saludable, no fuman, ni consumen bebidas alcohólicas, duermen más de 6 horas diarias y no tienen antecedentes de cáncer. Se observó en particular que el 57,14% consume café diariamente, mientras que el 42,86% no consume café. El 19,05% manifiesta llevar hábitos de vida sedentarios

Introduction: Osteomuscularsymptoms can occur at any time in life since they are something immanent to the human being; however, these discomforts can be increased and remain longer in the individual due to multiple individual factors.Objective:To determine the osteomuscular symptoms and individual factors present in the workers of the winery of a textile industry company in Barranquilla in the period from February to December, 2017. Methodology:The method I used was deductive, with a population of 21 workers in 2017. Socio-demographic data (sex, age and time in office) and individual factors (BMI) were collected. Osteomuscular symptoms were evaluated by means of a survey of syphilis and individual factors.Results:It was observed that 47.6% of the population is overweight and the remaining 19% is in type 1 obesity. It is noted that 66.66% of the workers surveyed have problems with their weight. The study population identified that the prevailing ages are 85.7% represented by adult age, older than 26 years and 14.3% are younger than 26 years.Conclusions:From the aforementioned and evidenced previously written it was found that the frequency of symptoms is low and the answer prevails almost never or never. Specific symptoms such as headache, neck, left wrist, abdomen, lumbar and right leg are the most variable in their frequency. In general, workers report that they lead a healthy lifestyle, do not smoke, or consume alcoholic beverages, sleep more than 6 hours a day, and do not have a history of cancer. It was observed in particular that 57.14% consume coffee daily, while 42.86% do not consume coffee. 19.05% manifest sedentary lifestyle habits

Analysis on the atypical clinical accidents of acupuncture based on the individual factors in patients / 中国针灸

The hidden risk of acupuncture has become the factor of the high incidence of adverse reaction of acupuncture in clinical practice. The retrospective analysis and the typical cases analysis are especially important for the prevention from the hidden risk of acupuncture. In the paper, the relevant literatures were reviewed, the basic diseases were listed such as diabetes, hypertension and digestive gastric ulcer that were neglected by the physicians, and the adverse reactions induced by the therapeutic history and the body constitutions were analyzed. It was stated in the paper that because of the individual factors of patient, the risks of the atypical clinical accidents of acupuncture were extremely serious and easily neglected by the clinical acupuncture physicians. It is very necessary to remind the clinical acupuncture physicians to understand the basic diseases, basic treatment as well as the peculiarity of body constitution of the patients besides their chief complaints. Moreover, acupuncture should be applied very carefully after identifying the pulse condition and the contraindication so as to ensure the patient's safety and obtain the optimal efficacy.

Influence of nursing students' personal factors on the teaching effect of nurse patient communica-tion experience / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the effect of nursing students' factors on the teaching effect of nurse patient communication experience . Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 208 nursing students who received nurse-patient communication experience teaching. Research content included nursing students' subjective factors and objective factors, and non-technical expertise. The training effect factors affecting the personal factors questionnaire, self-made demographic characteristics questionnaire andnursing soft skills assessment scale were adopted to make evaluation and SPSS 17.0 was used to make correlation analysis to the obtained data. Result For respondents, the factors such as one-child in general demographic characteristics and social work experience had correlation with the teaching effect (r=0.270, 0.725; P=0.000, 0.010). Nursing students' non-professional and technical capacity, personal characteristics and the teaching effect were correlated with the teaching effect, among which the nursing students' interper-sonal relationship, organization and management skills, self-efficacy, learning power had the correlation coefficients with the teaching effect of 1.000, 0.725, 0.192 and 0.470, P<0.05, respectively. Conclusion In the teaching process, it has positive effect on the teaching effect to create the practice condition, increase the favorable factors, and guide the self awareness of nursing students.

Individual and Socioenvironmental Factors Affecting Test Anxiety in Adolescents / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to investigate the relationship between test anxiety and individual, socioenvironmental factors in adolescents. Also, this study assessed whether two components, worry and emotionality, of test anxiety were distinctly distinguished or not, and whether test anxiety was specific state anxiety limited to test situation or a part of general trait anxiety. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 880 middle and high school students in Seoul. To evaluate test anxiety level, we used Spielberg's Test Anxiety Inventory. For the evaluation of individual psychological factors, Rosenberg's self-esteem scale, Maudsley's Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Lee's the Korean version of Fear-Anxiety Survey Schedule for Children, and Ellis' Demand for Approval scale were applied. RESULTS: The results were as follows. 1) Test anxiety level was higher in girls, first grade middle school students, offspring's of high school graduate mother, and high economic class but there was no significant difference in school characteristics and residence location. 2) Test anxiety was correlated negatively with self-esteem, I.Q. and correlated positively with obsessive-compulsiveness, demand for approveness, especially general fear-anxiety(r=0.47). So although test anxiety occurs in test situation, test anxiety is a part of general trait anxiety affected by individual psychologic factors. 3) The better school achievement subjects showed the lower worry component of test anxiety. 4) Two components, worry and emotionality, of test anxiety were not distinctly distinguished in this study. CONCLUSION: In summary, first, Worry and Emotionality of test anxiety were not markedly different from according to adolescent's psychological factor, sociodemographic factor but performance achievement was significantly correlated with Worry of test anxiety. Second, although test anxiety was occurred in specific situations as test, test anxiety was affected individual psychological factor so defined by a series of anxiety disorder. Third, only Worry of test anxiety was correlated with performance achievement and Wory and Emotionality were correlated with psychological factor. Forth, mother's education level was significantly correlated with test anxiety, this means that mother has the wish to compensate the her inferiority through her offspring and mother strongly affect to adolescent's psychological state.