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Sufficient and organized sleep is a key factor during the developmental process of infancy while disrupted sleep schedule and diseases might lead to sleeping disorders in infants. Breastfeeding is considered to be the most beneficial way to meet the nutritional needs of infants for optimal growth and development. The α-lactalbumin-tryptophan-melatonin axis, nucleotides, and other factors are breast milk components that may affect infant sleep. Meanwhile, diet, feeding schedule, tobacco smoking, alcohol intake, and caffeine consumption will affect the circadian rhythms which might lead to the fluctuations of sleep-influencing factors in breast milk. This study reviews literature of previous studies on this topic to summarize information that can be considered for both breastfeeding practice and future basic research on the establishment of organized sleep patterns in infants.
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OBJECTIVES@#To explore the sleep status and risk factors for sleep problems in infants and young children in Jilin Province.@*METHODS@#A total of 1 080 healthy infants and young children aged 0-3 years from eight prefecture-level cities and one autonomous prefecture in Jilin Province were selected as subjects. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the general information of the subjects, and the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire was used to understand the sleep status of the subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for sleep problems.@*RESULTS@#The total detection rate of sleep problems in the infants and young children was 38.24% (413/1 080). The total sleep time in the 4-11 month, 12-24 month, and 25-36 month age groups was higher than the recommended total sleep time (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that full-term birth, higher educational level of the main caregiver, and higher daytime activity intensity were protective factors for sleep problems in the infants and young children (P<0.05), while lower frequency of vitamin D supplementation, frequent night feeding, and maternal snoring were risk factors for sleep problems (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The total sleep time of infants and young children over 4 months old in Jilin Province is higher than the recommended total sleep time, but the prevalence rate of sleep problems is higher. The occurrence of sleep problems is related to various factors. Strengthening follow-up on preterm infants, providing education on infant sleep knowledge to primary caregivers, and regularly supplementing with vitamin D can be beneficial in reducing sleep problems in infants and young children.
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Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Cross-Sectional Studies , Infant, Premature , Risk Factors , Sleep , Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Introdução: na Introdução: Na saúde infantil, o sono desempenha um papel significativo, especialmente na maturação física e cognitiva e nas capacidades de lidar com estresse, regular emoções e socializar.Objetivo: analisar hábitos do sono infantil ao longo do primeiro ano de vida e fatores associados aos despertares noturnos segundo percepções maternas.Método: estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, com acompanhamento de 144 mães e crianças no primeiro mês, terceiro/quarto mês e 12º/13º mês de idade, de um município de médio porte do interior paulista, Brasil. Hábitos de sono foram analisados com medidas de tendência central e dispersão e testes de associação válido Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher, nível de significância α=0,05.Resultados: o local predominante onde as crianças dormem é o mesmo quarto e mesma cama dos cuidadores parentais. A maior parte das crianças dorme em decúbito lateral e dorsal. Tempo médio de sono foi 12,5h no primeiro mês, 11,5h no terceiro/quarto mês e 11,5h no 12º/13º mês. Tempo médio do sono noturno aumentou e sono diurno diminuiu. Do primeiro mês para o 12° mês de vida, não houve mudanças nos despertares noturnos. Percepção do sono como problema aumentou de 4% para 9% entre as participantes.Conclusão: três momentos no primeiro ano de vida trazem características dos hábitos do sono infantil, sobre local onde as crianças dormem, posição de dormir, tempo médio de sono e despertares noturnos, sugerindo a importância de informações obtidas longitudinalmente. Despertares noturnos mostraram-se associados à ocorrência do desmame e à percepção materna de considerar o sono da criança um problema.
Introduction: in children's health, sleep plays a significant role, especially in physical and cognitive maturation and in the abilities to deal with stress, regulate emotions and socialize.Objective: to analyze children's sleep habits during the first year of life and factors associated with nighttime awakenings according to maternal perceptions.Methods: a longitudinal, prospective study, with follow-up of 144 mothers and their children in the first month, third/fourth month and 12th/13th month of age, in a medium-sized city in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Sleep habits were analyzed using measures of central tendency and dispersion and valid association tests Chi-square and Fisher's exact, significance level α=0.05.Results: the predominant place where children sleep is the same room and bed as the parental caregivers. Most children sleep in the lateral and dorsal decubitus position. Mean sleep time was 12:30h in the first month, 11:30h in the third/fourth month and 11:24h in the 12th month. Mean nighttime sleep time increased and daytime sleep decreased. From the first month to the 12th month of life, there were no changes in nocturnal awakenings. Perception of sleep as a problem increased from 4% to 9% among participants.Conclusion: three moments in the first year of life show characteristics of children's sleep habits, about where children sleep, sleeping position, average sleep time and nocturnal awakenings, suggesting the importance of information obtained longitudinally. Nocturnal awakenings were associated with the occurrence of weaning and the maternal perception about child sleep as a problem.
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OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the current status of sleep initiation patterns, influencing factors for sleep initiation patterns, and the influence of sleep initiation patterns on sleep quality in infants and young children.@*METHODS@#A total of 521 infants and young children, aged 0-35 months, who underwent physical examination at the outpatient service of the Department of Growth and Development in Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University were enrolled as subjects. A self-designed questionnaire and Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire were used to collect the information on family background, parenting behaviors, and sleep quality in the past one week. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influencing factors for sleep initiation patterns. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of sleep initiation patterns on the number of nighttime awakenings.@*RESULTS@#Among the 521 infants and young children, 258 (49.5%) were breastfed/bottle fed to initiate sleep, 62 (11.9%) were rocked/held to initiate sleep, 39 (7.5%) slept independently, and 162 (31.1%) initiated sleep accompanied by parents. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the children with breastfeeding and a younger age were more likely to be breastfed/bottle fed to initiate sleep (P<0.05) and that the children with a younger age were also more likely to be rocked/held to initiate sleep (P<0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that sleep initiation with breastfeeding/bottle feeding significantly increased the number of nighttime awakenings (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Most infants and young children initiate sleep by being breastfed/bottle fed, rocked/held, or accompanied. The sleep initiation pattern is associated with the age of children and whether they are still breastfeeding. Sleep initiation with breastfeeding/bottle feeding can increase the number of nighttime awakenings. io.
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Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Breast Feeding , Cognition , Parents , Sleep , Sleep QualityABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives This study proposed a version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire for infants under 12 months (CSHQ-I). Methods The sample was comprised of 299 infants, aged between 2 weeks and 12 months. Results Exploratory factor analysis revealed four subscales: Bedtime Resistance, Sleep Anxiety, Positive Sleep Habits, and Daytime Sleepiness. The CSHQ-I total scale presented good test-retest reliability and internal consistency. The CSHQ-I also showed good concurrent validity, with significant associations found between the CSHQ-I total scale and subscales and a measure of infant sleep-wake behaviors. Conclusions The present study suggested the CSHQ-I as a reliable instrument to assess sleep problems in infants during the first year of life.
Resumo Objetivos Este estudo propôs uma versão do Questionário de Hábitos de Sono das Crianças para bebés com menos de 12 meses (CSHQ-I). Métodos Amostra composta de 299 bebés, entre duas semanas e 12 meses. Resultados A análise fatorial exploratória revelou quatros subescalas: resistência a ir para a cama, ansiedade do sono, hábitos de sono positivos e sonolência diurna. A escala completa do CSHQ-I apresentou boa confiabilidade teste-reteste e consistência interna. O CSHQ-I também mostrou boa validade concorrente, com associações significativas encontradas entre a escala completa e subescalas do CSHQ-I e uma medida de comportamentos de sono-vigília dos bebés. Conclusões O presente estudo sugeriu o CSHQ-I como um instrumento confiável para avaliar os problemas de sono em bebés durante o primeiro ano de vida.
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Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Rats , Sleep/physiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Psychometrics , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Socioeconomic Factors , Reproducibility of Results , Longitudinal Studies , Maternal AgeABSTRACT
<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>This study aimed to examine how improving infant sleep impacted the emotional well-being of mothers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The participants were 80 mothers of infants aged 6-12 months; they attended a primary care medical clinic in Adelaide, Australia, for assistance with infant sleep problems. Behavioural intervention consisted of a 45-minute consultation, where verbal and written information describing sleep physiology and strategies to improve infant sleep was provided. Mothers were followed up 2-6 weeks later. Mothers rated their confidence (C), pleasure (P) and frustration (F) on a scale from 0 to 10, and completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 at each consultation. The number of night-time awakenings and time taken to see an improvement in infant sleep were also reported.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was a significant increase in the C and P scores, and a significant decrease in the F scores (all p < 0.001). The mean total CPF score increased significantly from 14 to 25 (maximum score = 30). There was also a significant decrease in depression, anxiety and stress in the mothers (all p < 0.001). The mean number of maximum night awakenings also decreased significantly, from 4.9 to 0.5 (p < 0.001). The mean time taken to see improved infant sleep, as reported by the mothers, was 2.8 nights.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A single consultation using a behavioural strategy to improve infant sleep was effective in improving infant sleep and in increasing maternal emotional well-being. In particular, the scores for 'pleasure in being a mother' increased dramatically.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Infant , Middle Aged , Australia , Depression, Postpartum , Psychology , Infant Care , Methods , Mother-Child Relations , Mothers , Psychology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Sleep Wake DisordersABSTRACT
La incidencia de muerte súbita del lactante disminuyó con las primeras campañas de prevención, desde 1992. En la actualidad, aumentaron las muertes infantiles por sofocación, asfixia o atrapamiento, algunas relacionadas con el uso de nidos, posicionadores o almohadillas laterales para la cuna. Los medios de comunicación y los fabricantes debieran respetar las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro, pero la fabricación, publicidad y venta de objetos que pueden afectar la seguridad de los niños carece de fiscalización. Se enfatiza la importancia de los profesionales de la salud en la difusión de las recomendaciones actuales para prevenir la muerte infantil durante el sueño.
The rate of sudden infant death decreased after the publication of the first guidelines regarding infant sleep position and safe environment in 1992. From 2005 onwards, infant deaths by suffocation, choking or entrapment have increased. Some of them were associated with wedges, positioning devices, and bumper pads. Media and manufacturers should follow safe sleep guidelines in their messaging and advertising, but there is a lack of control over this. We emphasize the important role of health professionals in disseminating the recommendation for a safe infant sleep environment.