Drug resistance and susceptibility testing of Gram negative bacterial isolates from healthy cattle with different β – Lactam resistance Phenotypes from Shandong province China / Teste de resistência a drogas e suscetibilidade de isolados bacterianos Gram negativos de bovinos saudáveis com diferentes fenótipos de resistência a β - lactâmicos da província de Shandong, China

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of common antibiotics against different microorganisms in apparently healthy cattle in Shandong province and its suburb. A total of 220 nasal swab samples were collected and cultured for bacteriological evaluation. All the bacteria isolates after preliminary identification were subjected to antibiogram studies following disc diffusion method. It was found in the study that E. coli is the most commonly associated isolate (21%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%), and Proteus spp (11%). While the antibiogram studies reveled that highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (95%), followed by Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxime (85%) and Tetracycline (95%) of (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp). In the case of pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella the highest resistance was showed by Ampicillin (90%) followed by Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (80%), Cefixime (90%), and Erythromycin (80%). In Shigella spp and Salmonella spp highest resistance was showed by Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Augmentin (60%), and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (50%). It is concluded that in vitro antibiogram studies of bacterial isolates revealed higher resistance for Ampicillin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The high multiple Antibiotics resistance indexes (MARI) observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. MARI value of >0.2 is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia dos antibióticos comuns contra diferentes microrganismos em bovinos aparentemente saudáveis na província de Shandong e seus subúrbios. Um total de 220 amostras de esfregaço nasal foi coletado e cultivado para avaliação bacteriológica. Todos os isolados de bactérias após identificação preliminar foram submetidos a estudos de antibiograma seguindo o método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se no estudo que E. coli é o isolado mais comumente associado (21%), seguido por Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%) e Proteus spp (11%). Enquanto os estudos de antibiograma revelaram que o maior número de isolados bacterianos apresentou resistência à Ampicilina (95%), seguido por Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxima (85%) e Tetraciclina (95%) de (Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp). No caso de Pseudomonas spp. e Salmonella, a maior resistência foi apresentada pela Ampicilina (90%) seguida pela Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (80%), Cefixima (90%) e Eritromicina (80%). Em Shigella spp e Salmonella spp, a maior resistência foi demonstrada por Amoxicilina, Ceftazidima, Augmentina (60%) e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (50%). Conclui-se que estudos de antibiograma in vitro de isolados bacterianos revelaram maior resistência para Ampicilina, Augmentina, Cefuroxima, Cefixima, Tetraciclina, Eritromicina e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico. Os altos índices de resistência a antibióticos múltiplos (MARI) observados em todos os isolados neste estudo variaram de 0,6 a 0,9. O valor MARI de > 0,2 sugere várias bactérias resistentes a antibióticos e indica a presença de bactérias altamente resistentes.

Drug resistance and susceptibility testing of Gram negative bacterial isolates from healthy cattle with different Lactam resistance Phenotypes from Shandong province China

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of common antibiotics against different microorganisms in apparently healthy cattle in Shandong province and its suburb. A total of 220 nasal swab samples were collected and cultured for bacteriological evaluation. All the bacteria isolates after preliminary identification were subjected to antibiogram studies following disc diffusion method. It was found in the study that E. coli is the most commonly associated isolate (21%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%), and Proteus spp (11%). While the antibiogram studies reveled that highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (95%), followed by Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxime (85%) and Tetracycline (95%) of (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp). In the case of pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella the highest resistance was showed by Ampicillin (90%) followed by Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (80%), Cefixime (90%), and Erythromycin (80%). In Shigella spp and Salmonella spp highest resistance was showed by Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Augmentin (60%), and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (50%). It is concluded that in vitro antibiogram studies of bacterial isolates revealed higher resistance for Ampicillin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The high multiple Antibiotics resistance indexes (MARI) observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. MARI value of >0.2 is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia dos antibióticos comuns contra diferentes microrganismos em bovinos aparentemente saudáveis na província de Shandong e seus subúrbios. Um total de 220 amostras de esfregaço nasal foi coletado e cultivado para avaliação bacteriológica. Todos os isolados de bactérias após identificação preliminar foram submetidos a estudos de antibiograma seguindo o método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se no estudo que E. coli é o isolado mais comumente associado (21%), seguido por Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%) e Proteus spp (11%). Enquanto os estudos de antibiograma revelaram que o maior número de isolados bacterianos apresentou resistência à Ampicilina (95%), seguido por Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxima (85%) e Tetraciclina (95%) de (Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp). No caso de Pseudomonas spp. e Salmonella, a maior resistência foi apresentada pela Ampicilina (90%) seguida pela Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (80%), Cefixima (90%) e Eritromicina (80%). Em Shigella spp e Salmonella spp, a maior resistência foi demonstrada por Amoxicilina, Ceftazidima, Augmentina (60%) e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (50%). Conclui-se que estudos de antibiograma in vitro de isolados bacterianos revelaram maior resistência para Ampicilina, Augmentina, Cefuroxima, Cefixima, Tetraciclina, Eritromicina e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico. Os altos índices de resistência a antibióticos múltiplos (MARI) observados em todos os isolados neste estudo variaram de 0,6 a 0,9. O valor MARI de > 0,2 sugere várias bactérias resistentes a antibióticos e indica a presença de bactérias altamente resistentes.

Examination of Bacterial Pathogens an in Intensive Care Unit of a Military Hospital in Alkharj

Aim: The present study was undertaken to identify the most common infectious agents for Intensive Care Unit (ICU)patients in a military hospital in Alkharj –Saudi Arabia.Methodology: This study was conducted in a military hospital in Alkharj –Saudi Arabia. Identification of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was performed with standard microbiological methods.The isolates that are collected from ICU from blood, urine and other samples in the year 2019 are included.Results: Out of 992 bacterial isolates only 6.15% were collected from ICU. The majority of the bacteria that were found in the ICU were Gram-positive bacteria. The most common bacteria that were found in ICU were Staphylococcus aureusfollowed by Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Escherichia coli.Conclusion:We found differences in the prevalence of bacteria in the ICU compared to other studies. The predominant bacteria in ICU were Staphylococcus aureus. The present data could help physicians to know the causative organisms and to administer the most suitable antibiotics for treatment of nosocomial infections in Alkharj area after knowing the susceptibility rate of bacteria to different antibiotics.

A potential role of macrophage phenotypes in the early evaluation of the effects of combined Yersinia Pestis and Brucella bovis vaccine immunization / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective In emergency situations where simultaneous immunization by multiple vaccines are required,how to rapidly evaluate the effect of combined immunization is an urgent issue that needs to be solved.This study aimed to investigate the po-tential role and application value of the phenotypic changes of macrophages in rapid evaluation of the effect of combined Yersinia pestis and Brucella bovis vaccine immunization at early stage.Methods Y.pestis and B.bovis vaccines were injected into mice alone or in combination to establish animal models.The changes of the macrophage phenotypes(M1 or M2 polarization)and the CD8+T cell pheno-types and functions were detected in the early(4 d)and the late(14 d)stage of the immunization,respectively.The effect of the immuno-phenotype of macrophages at early stage on the function of CD8+T cells at late stage was analyzed.Results The co-immunization by Y.pestis and B.bovis vaccines led to the attenuation of the M1-polarization of macrophages at early stage,which were marked by de-creased expression of CD16/32 and increased expression of Detectin-1 on cell surface as well as decreased expression of IL-12 and in-creased expression of IL-4 inside the macrophage,in comparison with single vaccine groups,suggesting an interference between the two vaccines.Meanwhile,the activity of CD8+T cells(including the ratio of CD8+CD69+T,CD8+IFN-γ+T and CD8+GranzymeB+T cells) in combined immunization group showed similar tendency to the attenuated phenotypic M1-polarization of macrophages. Conclusion The phenotype of macrophages at the early stage of the co-immunization by Y.pestis and B.bovis vaccines showed consistency with the phenotype and function of CD8+T cells at late stage.It might give us some hint about the possibility of utilizing the phenotypic changes of macrophages to rapidly evaluate the effect of the co-immunization at early stage.

Péptidos antimicrobianos: potencialidades terapéuticas / Antimicrobial peptides: their therapeutic potential

El aumento en la incidencia de las enfermedades infecciosas en los últimos años se ha favorecido por diferentes causas. Entre estas se destacan las inmunodeficiencias adquiridas (sida, trasplantes de órganos, quimioterapia oncológica), la migración de personas que trae consigo la posibilidad de importar enfermedades hacia poblaciones susceptibles, así como el excesivo empleo de antibióticos. Debido a esta situación se ha incrementado la búsqueda de nuevos candidatos terapéuticos para el desarrollo de terapias más efectivas. En este sentido los péptidos antimicrobianos constituyen una opción promisoria, pues presentan un amplio espectro de actividad frente a varios microorganismos patógenos. Además, se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en la naturaleza, desde organismos unicelulares hasta mamíferos. Algunos péptidos antimicrobianos ya están siendo evaluados en estudios clínicos aunque muchos de ellos no han tenido resultados favorables in vivo debido a su poca estabilidad metabólica y toxicidad, entre otros. Con el fin de optimizar estas propiedades de los péptidos antimicrobianos se han trazado diferentes estrategias como la modificación química de su estructura y la conjugación con nanopartículas magnéticas. Es por eso que este artículo tiene el objetivo de revisar las potenciales aplicaciones terapéuticas de estas moléculas, teniendo en cuenta la información publicada al respecto en MedLine, Web of Science y Scopus en los últimos años

The growing incidence of infectious disease in recent years may be attributed to several causes, among them acquired immunodeficiencies (AIDS, organ transplant, oncological chemotherapy), human migration and the consequent import of diseases into susceptible populations, and the excessive use of antibiotics. This situation has fostered the search for new therapeutic candidates for the development of more effective treatments. Antimicrobial peptides are a promising alternative in this respect, due to their broad spectrum of activity against several pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, they are widely distributed in nature, from unicellular organisms to mammals. Some antimicrobial peptides are already being evaluated in clinical studies, though many of them have not produced any favorable results in vivo due to their low metabolic stability and their toxicity, among other factors. Several strategies have been developed to overcome the above mentioned drawbacks, among them conjugation of microbial peptides with magnetic nanoparticles and chemical modification of their structure. The present study is aimed at reviewing the potential therapeutic applications of these molecules based on information published in MedLine, the Web of Science and Scopus in recent years.

Influence of subclinical infection by agents of tick fever in milking dairy cows / Influencia de la infección subclínica por agentes de la fiebre por garrapatas en vacas lecheras

ABSTRACT Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of subclinical infection by agents of tick fever in dairy cattle on milk parameters, such as production, composition, and quality. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in a private farm with 75 free-stall-housed dairy cows, from which 37 were evaluated. Monthly, individual milk samples were collected for compositional (fat, lactose, protein, and total solids) and quality (somatic cell counts (SCC)) analyses. In addition, blood samples were collected in order to identify cows that were tick fever-negative and positive by PCR for one or more of the following etiological agents: Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale. Results. The results showed increased SCC in positive animals for at least one of the agents when compared to non-infected cows (p<0.05). Milk production was significantly lower in A. marginale positive animals (p<0.05). An increase of about 40% in milk solids content was found in B. bovis positive cows. Also, an increment of approximately 23% in lactose was found on cows positives for B. bigemina. Conclusions. We may conclude that the presence of at least one of these parasites in dairy cattle affects composition or quality of their milk.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la infección subclínica por agentes de la fiebre por garrapatas en el ganado lechero en producción de leche, la composición y calidad. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en una finca privada con 75 vacas lecheras alojadas-libre puesto, y de estas se evaluaron 37. Se recogieron muestras de leche individuales mensuales para determinar la composición (grasa, lactosa, proteína y sólidos totales) y la calidad (recuento de células somáticas (SCC)). Además, se recogieron muestras de sangre para identificar vacas que fueron negativas a fiebre de garrapatas y positivos por PCR para uno o más de los siguientes agentes etiológicos: Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina y Anaplasma marginale. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron un aumento de SCC en los animales positivos, al menos para uno de los agentes cuando se comparó con vacas no infectadas (p<0.05). La producción de leche fue significativamente menor en A. marginale animales positivos (p<0.05). Un aumento de aproximadamente el 40% en el contenido de sólidos de la leche fue encontrado en vacas positivas a B. bovis. También, un incremento de aproximadamente el 23% de la lactosa se encontró en vacas positivas para B. bigemina. Conclusiones. Se puede concluir que la presencia de al menos uno de estos parásitos en el ganado lechero afecta composición o calidad de su leche.

Infectious agents affecting fertility of bulls, and transmission risk through semen: Retrospective analysis of their sanitary status in Colombia / Agentes infecciosos que afectan la fertilidad del toro y su riesgo de trasmisión por el semen: Análisis retrospectivo del estado sanitario en Colombia / Agentes infecciosos que afetam a fertilidade do touro e seu risco de transmissão pelo sêmen: Análise retrospectivo do estado de saúde na Colômbia

The most important infectious diseases that affect fertility of the bull, and their transmission via semen are reviewed in this article. Additionally, a retrospective analysis of the diseases reported in Colombia was also addressed. In general, there is high seropositivity for IBR and BVD, two diseases that can be transmitted by semen due to viral latency and persistence, and lack official control programs in Colombia. It is necessary to move forward with the support of livestock associations and animal health institutions in order to establish true artificial Insemination centers that allow a permanent surveillance of donor´s health status, and the production of pathogen-free semen as a way to control transmission of diseases via semen.

Se revisa en este artículo las principales enfermedades infecciosas que afectan la fertilidad del toro y su trasmisión por semen. Se analiza a la vez, en forma retrospectiva, el estado sanitario de los reproductores a partir de algunos estudios realizados en Colombia. En general, existe una alta seropositividad para IBR y DVB, dos enfermedades que pueden ser trasmitidas por el semen en razón de la latencia y persistencia viral y para las cuales no existe un programa de control oficial. Se plantea la necesidad de avanzar con el apoyo de las asociaciones ganaderas y las instituciones encargadas de la sanidad Animal en el establecimiento de verdaderas centrales de inseminación artificial que permitan un monitoreo permanente del estado de salud de los donantes y la obtención de semen libre de enfermedades como una forma de controlar la trasmisión por esta vía.

Foi feita uma revisão das principais doenças infecciosas que afetam a fertilidade de touros e sua transmissão pelo sêmen. Também foi analisado retrospectivamente o estado sanitário de reprodutores a parir de alguns estudos realizados na Colômbia. Em geral, há uma alta soropositividade para IBR e BVD, duas doenças que podem ser transmitidas pelo sêmen por causa da latência e persistência viral e para os quais não há um programa de controle oficial. Isso indica a necessidade de avançar com o apoio de associações de animais e instituições responsáveis pela saúde animal no desenvolvimento de verdadeiras estações de inseminação artificial que permitem a monitorização contínua da saúde dos doadores e obtenção de sêmen livre de doença como uma forma de controlar a transmissão por esta via.

Inmunoensayos enzimáticos para detectar agentes infecciosos o sus productos: algunos diseños y aplicaciones / Enzymatic immunoassays for the detection of infectious agents or their products: presentation of some designs and applications

Se hizo una valoración del impacto de los ensayos inmunoenzimáticos en la analítica de base inmunoquímica en las últimas 4 décadas, en la detección de agentes infecciosos o los productos asociado a su presencia y(o) actividad patogénica. Además se hace una incursión en algunos diseños y formatos que han tenido estos inmunoensayos desde los métodos electroquímicos de detección, los ensayos para detectar actividad proteolítica de origen microbiano y sus inhibidores como posibles blancos terapéuticos, los inmunoensayos directos de triple anticuerpo para lograr mayor sensibilidad, reveladores alternativos de la actividad enzimática, ensayos para el estudio de la serología viral con un mínimo de determinaciones, así como ensayos de competencia para evaluar la efectividad de candidatos vacunales basados en combinaciones peptídicas seleccionadas. Se concluyó con una rápida visión del futuro inmediato de este tipo de inmunoensayos a la luz de las tecnologías analíticas emergentes de detección.

This paper assessed the impact of the immunoenzymatic assays on the field of the immunochemistry-based analytics for the last 40 years, and on the detection of infectious agents or the products related to their presence and/or pathogenic activity. It also addressed some designs and formats of these immunoassays from electrochemical methods of detection, assays to determine proteolytic microbial activity and their inhibitors as possible therapeutical targets, more sensitive direct triple antibody systems, alternative enzymatic activity detectors, assays for viral serology of minimal determinations to competitive assays for evaluation of vaccinal candidate effectiveness based on selected peptide combinations. Finally, it provided a rapid overview of the near future of this type of immunoassays in the light of the emerging detection analytical technologies.

Los anticuerpos y su papel como herramientas analíticas en los ensayos inmunoenzimáticos / The antibodies and their role as analytic tools in immunoenzymatic assays

En este trabajo se presentó la historia y evolución, desde el descubrimiento, de los anticuerpos, así como la elucidación de su compleja estructura y función que ha servido de base metodológica para crear paradigmas inimaginables en su momento, como la fina especificidad de reconocimiento; también derrumbar otros, aparentemente inamovibles, como la invariabilidad y universalidad del genoma celular. Se revisó la evolución de los sistemas analíticos basados en la reacción antígeno-anticuerpos para llegar al estado actual y problemática de las enfermedades infecciosas y el determinante papel que desempeñan en su control la detección y el monitoreo de agentes infecciosos. La extraordinaria capacidad de los anticuerpos para discriminar estructuras antigénicamente similares, les permite ser parte fundamental de los inmunoensayos como herramientas básicas de lo que es hoy día una disciplina productiva muy bien establecida: la inmunotecnología.

This paper presented the history and evolution of the antibodies since their discovery. It also elucidated their complex structure and function that have served at a given time as methodological basis for creating unimaginable paradigms such as fine recognition specificity, and also for destroying other apparently immutable ones as invariability and universality of the cellular genome. A review was made of the evolution of antigen-antibody reaction-based analytical systems up to the present, the situation of infectious diseases and the determining role that detection and monitoring of infectious agents play in their control. The extraordinary capability of antibodies to discriminate antigenically similar structures allows them to be fundamental tools in immunoassays and also in a well-established discipline at present, that is, immunotechnology.

Prevalencia de mastitis bovina y su etiología infecciosa en sistemas especializados en producción de leche en el altiplano cundiboyacense (Colombia) / Prevalencia de mastites bovina e sua etiologia infeciosa nos sistemas especializados na produção de leite no altiplano cundiboyacense (Colombia) / Prevalence of bovine mastitis and its infectious etiology in specialized milk production systems at cundiboyacense plane (Colombia)

Mediante la prueba del California Mastitis Test (CMT), se evaluaron 11.416 cuartos pertenecientes a 2.854 vacas de 40 fincas especializadas en la producción de leche en el altiplano cundiboyacense, escogidas mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. De los cuartos positivos (reacciones desde trazas hasta casos clínicos) se tomó una muestra de leche para aislar los microorganismos involucrados en la mastitis bovina. El 34.40% (3.931) de los cuartos fueron positivos al CMT. El 49.01% de los aislamientos involucraron microorganismos infecciosos. Staphylococcus aureus, fue aislado en el 29.09% y se convirtió en el principal patógeno encontrado. Streptococcus agalactiae aislado en el 6.84% de las muestras. Las infecciones mixtas representaron el 1.2% y la asociación más frecuente fue la de Staph. aureus y Strep. agalactiae. Los Staphylococcus coagulasa positivos (SCP), diferentes al Staph. aureus se encontraron en el 4.04% de las muestras y en realidad no se tiene mucha información sobre ellos. Los Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos (SCN) fueron aislados en el 11.75%. Strep. uberis fue aislado en el 5.74% y Strep. dysgalactiae en el 2.62%. Corynebacterium bovis fueron aislados en el 8.44% y el Corynebacterium pyogenes en el 5.92%. El Staph. aureus esta siendo propagado por la realización de malas prácticas ganaderas en la implementación de programas de prevención y control de agentes infecciosos y por presentar múltiples factores de virulencia.

Using the Californian Mastitis Test (CMT), 11.416 udder quarts belonging to 2.854 cows from 40 milk production specialized farms of the cundiboyacense plain, selected at random, were evaluated. Of the 3.931 positive quarts (from reaction trace to clinical cases), a milk sample was taken in order to isolate the microorganisms involved in bovine. The 34.44% for the quarter were positive al CMT, the 49.01% involved infectious microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus was the main pathogenic agent with 29.09% of the total isolations. Contrary to the normal indications from the temperate areas where Streptococcus agalactiae has been reported as the main pathogen with more than 50% of prevalence, in this study it was isolated in only 6.84% of the samples. Mix infections represented 1.2% and the most frequent association was between Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae. The coagulase positive Staphylococci (different to Staph. aureus) were found in 4.04% of the sample. The coagulase negative Staphylococci were isolated in 11.75% of the samples. Isolates of Strep. uberis, Strep. dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and Corynebacterium poygenes, were found in 5.74, 2.62, 8.44, and 5.92% of the samples, respectively. The main pathogen found in this study was the S. aureus, an infectious agent that is being propagated by conducting poor farming practices in implementing prevention and control programs.

Com a utilização do teste California Mastitis Test (CMT), foram avaliados 11.416 quartos pertencentes a 2.854 ubres de vacas de 40 fazendas especializadas na produção de leite no altiplano cundiboyacense. Os locais foram selecionados mediante seleção ao ocaso não probabilístico. Dos quartos positivos (reações desde traças ate casos clínicos) foi analisada uma amostra de leite para isolar os microorganismos envolvidos nas mastites bovinas. O 34.40% (3.931) dos quartos foram positivos ao CMT. O 49.01% dos isolados involucraram microorganismos infecciosos. Staphylococcus aureus foi isolado nos 29.09% e apresenta o principal patógeno encontrado. O Streptococcus agalactiae foi isolado nos 6.84% das amostras. As infecciones combinadas apresentaram o 1.2% e a relação mais freqüente foi Staph. aureus e Strep. agalactiae. Os Staphylococcus coagulasa positivos (SCP), diferentes ao Staph. aureus foram determinados no 4.04% das amostras, onde não existe muita informação sobre eles. Os Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos (SCN) foram isolados nos 11.75%. Streptococcus uberis foi isolado nos 5.74% e Strep. dysgalactiae nos 2.62%. Corynebacterium bovis foi isolado nos 8.44% e o Corynebacterium pyogenes nos 5.92%. O Staph. aureus, agente infeccioso esta sendo propagado pela realização de mas práticas na cria de gado com a implementação de programas de prevenção, controle e apresentação de múltiplas fatores de virulência.