Factores de riesgo relacionados con la positividad al mosquito Aedes aegypti en viviendas del área de salud del Policlínico Municipal / Risk factors related to the positivity to Aedes aegypti mosquito in houses of the Municipal Polyclinic health area

Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles representados por 155 y 310 viviendas, respectivamente, para identificar factores de riesgo relacionados con la positividad al mosquito Aedes aegypti en el radio de acción del Policlínico Municipal de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2012. Entre esos factores de riesgo constituyeron los principales: depósitos bajos no protegidos, patios no saneados, salideros, tanque elevado y otros, acerca de los cuales se obtuvieron el odds ratio, la razón atribuible poblacional y la fracción etiológica. Se concluyó que tales factores perpetuaron la presencia de focos del vector en esos hogares de la mencionada área de salud

A case and control study represented by 155 and 310 houses, respectively, to identify risk factors related to the positivity to Aedes aegypti mosquito in the area of the Municipal Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out during 2012. Among the risk factors there were: unprotected low deposits, dirty yards, likings, high deposits and others, about which the odds ratio, the populational attributable reason and the etiologic fraction were obtained. It was concluded that such factors perpetuated the presence of the vector focuses in those homes of the aforementioned health area

New scenarios of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in the Orinoco region of Colombia

Rhodnius prolixus, a blood-sucking triatomine with domiciliary anthropophilic habits, is the main vector of Chagas disease. The current paradigm of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in Columbia includes a sylvatic and domiciliary cycle co-existing with domestic and sylvatic populations of reservoirs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the population densities and relative abundance of triatomines and mammals that may be involved in the sylvatic cycle of Chagas disease to clarify the epidemiological scenario in an endemic area in the province of Casanare. Insect vectors on Attalea butyracea palms were captured using both manual searches and bait traps. The capture of mammals was performed using Sherman and Tomahawk traps. We report an infestation index of 88.5% in 148 palms and an index of T. cruzi natural infection of 60.2% in 269 dissected insects and 11.9% in 160 captured mammals. High population densities of triatomines were observed in the sylvatic environment and there was a high relative abundance of reservoirs in the area, suggesting a stable enzootic cycle. We found no evidence of insect domiciliation. Taken together, these observations suggest that eco-epidemiological factors shape the transmission dynamics of T. cruzi, creating diverse scenarios of disease transmission.

Reliable screening technique for evaluation of wild crucifers against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.).

Wild crucifers namely Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica fruticulosa, B. rugosa, B. spinescens, B. tournefortii, Camelina sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Crambe abysinnica, Cronopus didymus, Diplotaxis assurgens, D. gomez-campoi, D. muralis, D. siettiana, D. tenuisiliqua, Enatharocarpus lyratus, Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba along with five cultivated Brassica species including B. rapa (BSH-1), B. juncea (Rohini), B. napus (GSC-6), B. carinata (DLSC-2) and Eruca sativa (T-27) were screened against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) with a standardized technique under definite level of aphid pressure developed using specially designed cages. Observations have revealed that B. fruticulosa, B. spinescens, Camelina sativa, Crambe abysinnica and Lepidium sativum were resistant to mustard aphid L. erysimi with aphid infestation index (AII) ≤1. Capsella bursa-pastoris was highly susceptible to bean aphid, Aphis fabae during its vegetative stage (with 100% mortality). Other genotypes were found in the range of ‘susceptible’ to ‘highly susceptible’ with AII ranging 3-5.

Determinación de índice de infestación por Demodex spp, en pacientes con blefaritis crónica y en pacientes sin otra patología ocular / Measurement of the index of infection by Demodex spp in patients with chronic blepharitis and in patients without other ocular diseases

Infestation by Demodex spp. in the palpebral edge follicles in humans is common. However, these mites are not routinely diagnosed in patients with or without ocular pathologies in Chile and their relevance is unclear. One of the eye diseases most related to infestation by Demodex spp. is blepharitis, a chronic inflammation of the eyelid margin with intermittent exacerbations, which is very common in ophthalmic practice. Its management is prolonged treatment, which is often ineffective, leading to relapses and frustration of patient and treating physician. Blepharitis can be typed by its etiology into various types, one of them is caused by Demodex folliculorum and another species, D. brevis. Objective: The overall objective was to detect the presence and estimate the rate of infestation of Demodex spp. in healthy subjects and in patients with ocular pathology such as blepharitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, chalazion, and stye. Patients and Methods: Samples of tabs from both lower eyelids of ophthalmologically healthy patients (23) and patients with ocular pathologies (9) were mounted in immersion oil as described in literature, then visualized with a 10x objective and confirmed with 40x objective. Results. Detection rates of eggs, nymphs or adults of Demodex spp. in patients with and without ophthalmological problems were above and below 0.5 mites per tab, respectively. D.folliculorum was the species most frequently found. Discussion: The results are consistent with the international literature on both the rate of infestation as the predominant species. Conclusion: This paper is the first study in Chile on this subject and represents a significant contribution to ophthalmic clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with this disease.

La infestación por Demodex spp. en los folículos del borde palpebral en humanos es frecuente; no obstante, en Chile no se diagnostica de rutina la presencia de estos ácaros en pacientes sin o con patologías oculares por lo cual no se conocen aspectos de esta parasitosis. Una de las patologías oculares que más se relaciona con infestación por Demodex spp. es la blefaritis, enfermedad muy común en la práctica oftalmológica, que cursa con inflamación crónica del borde palpebral, con exacerbaciones intermitentes de los síntomas. Su manejo suele llevar mucho tiempo frecuentemente ineficaz, con múltiples recaídas que terminan desmoralizando al paciente y, al médico que las trata. De acuerdo a la etiología, se caracterizan varios tipos de blefaritis y una de ellas es asociada a Demodexfolliculorum, existiendo también la especie D. brevis. Objetivo: Detectar la presencia y calcular el índice de infestación de Demodex spp. en pacientes sanos y en pacientes con alguna patología ocular como blefaritis crónica, conjuntivitis bacteriana, chalazión y orzuelo. Pacientes y Métodos: Se tomaron muestras de pestañas desde el párpado inferior de ambos ojos en pacientes oftalmológicamente sanos23 y pacientes con patologías oculares9 las que fueron montadas en aceite de inmersión según técnica descrita en la literatura, visualizadas con objetivo 10x y confirmadas con objetivo 40x. Resultados: Se encontró la presencia de huevos, ninfas y ejemplares adultos de D. folliculorum y D. brevis, tanto en pacientes normales como en pacientes oftalmológicos siendo el índice de infestación menor a 0,5 ácaros por pestaña en los pacientes sanos y mayor o igual a 0,5 en pacientes oftalmológicos. La especie más frecuentemente encontrada fue D. folliculorum. Discusión: Los resultados encontrados coinciden con la literatura internacional tanto en el índice de infestación como en la especie predominante. Conclusión: Este trabajo constituye el primero realizado en Chile en esta temática, de acuerdo a la literatura revisada, lo cual constituye un gran aporte al diagnóstico clínico oftalmológico con implicancias en el tratamiento de estos pacientes.

El vector Aedes aegypti durante la epidemia de dengue en Ciego de Ávila / The vector Aedes aegypti during the epidemic of dengue in Ciego de Avila provincede

Se realizó una investigación observacional descriptiva para caracterizar entomológicamente la epidemia de dengue ocurrida en la provincia de Ciego de Ávila en el año 2006; el universo estuvo representado por el total de focos larvarios y de adultos de Aedes aegypti detectados durante el evento epidemiológico donde se evaluaron indicadores que caracterizaron la epidemia como: el índice de infestación por Aedes aegypti se mantuvo por encima del estándar de alto riesgo durante la epidemia a expensa de los municipios que experimentaron mayor incidencia de dengue (Ciego de Ávila, Morón, Venezuela y Baraguá). Los estadios larvarios detectados y la técnica Detinova en adultos hembras demostró lo inoportuno en la detección de los focos del vector.

A descriptive observacional investigation was carried out to characterize entomologically the epidemic of dengue that happened in the province of Ciego de Avila in 2006; the universe of study was represented by the total of larval source of infection and adults of Aedes aegypti detected during the epidemiological event where indicators were evaluated to characterized the epidemic as: the index of infestation by Aedes aegypti stayed over the standard of high risk during the epidemic at the expense of the municipalities that experienced a major dengue incidence (Ciego de Avila, Morón, Venezuela and Baraguá). The larval stages detected and the Detinova technique in female adults demonstrated how inopportune detection of the vector source of infection was.

Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritoidea) infestation in citrus in the State of São Paulo, Brazil / Infestação de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritoidea) em citros no estado de São Paulo

No período de fevereiro de 1998 a maio de 2000, frutos de diferentes variedades e híbridos de citros foram coletados para determinar os níveis de infestação e o complexo de espécies de Tephritoidea/ parasitóides, nas condições do estado de São Paulo. O total de 12.239 frutos (1.416,93 kg) foi coletado em 25 municípios. Do total das amostras foram recuperados 5.252 pupários e 3.039 adultos de Tephritoidea. Aproximadamente 78,1% dos adultos foram Tephritidae [77,1% de Anastrepha sp. e 1,0% de Ceratitiscapitata (Wied.)], e 21,9%, Lonchaeidae (Neosilba spp.). Todas as fêmeas de Anastrepha foram identificadas como A. fraterculus (Wied.). Adultos de Braconidae, Diapriidae e Eucoilinae emergiram dasamostras de citros. Os índices médios de infestação foram 0,4 pupário/fruto e 3,7 pupários/ kg de frutos. As laranjas doces foram as variedades cítricas mais susceptíveis ao ataque de espécies de Tephritoidea, em número de pupários/fruto. Em amostras isoladas, ‘Tangerina Cravo’ (Citrus reticulata) e ‘Laranja Azeda’ (Citrus aurantium) apresentaram os maiores índices de infestação por fruto (3,4 e 2,4 pupários, respectivamente). Algumas amostras de ‘Kunquat’ (Fortunella sp.) e ‘Tangerina Cravo’ alcançaram níveis altos de infestação (64,0 e 37,9 pupários/kg de frutos, respectivamente). As laranjas doces são as variedades mais suscetíveis à infestação de Tephritoidea no estado de São Paulo. O parasitóide D. areolatus (Opiinae) foi o braconídeo mais freqüente durante o levantamento.

From February 1998 to May 2000, fruits of different citrus varieties and hybrids were collected in order to assess the fruit fly infestation levels and tephritoid/parasitoid complex in the state of São Paulo. A total of 12,239 fruits (1,416.93 kg) was collected in 25 municipalities. From all the samples 5,252 puparia and 3,039 adults of Tephritoidea were recovered. About 78.1% of all adults collected were Tephritidae [77.1% de Anastrepha sp. and 1.0% de Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)] and 21.9% were Lonchaeidae (Neosilba spp.). All females of Anastrepha were identified as A. fraterculus (Wied.). Adults of Braconidae, Diapriidae and Eucoilinae emerged from the citrus samples. Mean infestation indices were 0.4 puparium/ fruit and 3.70 puparia/kg of fruits. Sweet oranges were the most susceptible to Tephritoidea infestations when the number of puparia/fruit was considered. In isolated samples, ‘Cravo mandarin’ (Citrus reticulata) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium) showed the highest infestation indices (3.4 and 2.4 puparia/fruit, respectively). Some samples of ‘Kunquat’’ (Fortunella sp.) and ‘Cravo’ mandarin reached high levels of infestation (64.0 and 37.9 puparia/kg of fruits, respectively). The sweet oranges were the most susceptible to Tephritoidea infestations in the state of São Paulo. The parasitoid Opiinae D. areolatus was the most abundant braconid species.