Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic / 中国当代儿科杂志

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a complex syndrome characterized by multi-organ involvement that has emerged in the context of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak. The clinical presentation of MIS-C is similar to Kawasaki disease but predominantly presents with fever and gastrointestinal symptoms, and severe cases can involve toxic shock and cardiac dysfunction. Epidemiological findings indicate that the majority of MIS-C patients test positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of MIS-C remain unclear, though immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered a major contributing factor. Current treatment approaches for MIS-C primarily involve intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and symptomatic supportive care. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of MIS-C.

Inmunización con vacunas ARN mensajero contra la COVID-19 en pacientes adolescentes con antecedente de síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico: serie de casos / Immunization with messenger RNA vaccines against COVID-19 in adolescents with a history of multisystem inflammatory

Los niños cursan mayormente la infección por el virus SARS-CoV-2 en forma leve. Sin embargo, de forma muy infrecuente algunos pueden desarrollar una patología con marcada gravedad denominada síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños relacionado temporalmente con COVID-19 (SIM-C). Dado su reciente surgimiento, aún hay aspectos de su fisiopatología que se desconocen. La posibilidad de recidiva en caso de reinfección o ante la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 son nuevos interrogantes a los que nos enfrentamos. Reportamos una serie de casos de 4 pacientes adolescentes que cursaron SIM-C y meses después han sido vacunados contra SARS-CoV-2 con plataformas ARN mensajero (ARNm) sin presentar recurrencia de la enfermedad ni efectos adversos cardiológicos

In most cases, children with SARS-CoV-2 have a mild infection. However, very rarely, some children may develop a severe disease called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children temporally associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C). Given its recent emergence, some aspects of its pathophysiology are still unknown. The possibility of recurrence in case of reinfection or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are new questions we are facing. Here we report a case series of 4 adolescent patients who developed MIS-C and, months later, received the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with messenger RNA (mRNA) platforms without disease recurrence or cardiac adverse events.

Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pos-COVID como abdomen agudo quirúrgico en pediatría / Multisystem inflammatory syndrome post-COVID as acute abdominal pain in pediatrics

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un adolescente masculino, de 15 años, que ingresa por Guardia por dolor abdominal y fiebre de una semana de evolución con RT PCR negativa bajo el diagnóstico presuntivo de apendicitis aguda, que se descarta tras estudios complementarios, y se realiza diagnóstico de síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a infección por COVID-19.

ABSTRACT We report the case of a 15-year-old adolescent male patient who was admitted to the emergency department due to abdominal pain and fever that started one week before, with negative RT-PCR. The suspected diagnosis was acute appendicitis that was ruled out with complementary tests. The final diagnosis was multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19.

Association among COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and oral health status

Abstract The pathophysiology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and associated oral symptoms have not been clarified yet. The aim of the present study was to compare the oral health status of children with MIS-C-associated Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID-19. A total of 54 children with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 23 with MIS-C-associated COVID-19 and 31 with asymptomatic, mild, and moderate COVID-19 were recruited for the present cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic variables, medical examinations, oral hygiene habits, and extraoral and intraoral findings (DMFT/dmft index, OHI scores, and oral mucosal changes) were recorded. The t-test for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney U test were used (p < 0.05). MIS-C was found to be associated with chapped lips (all patients) and oral mucosal changes, including erythema, white lesion, strawberry tongue, and swelling of the gingiva as compared to the COVID-19 group (frequency of more than one mucosal change: 100% vs. 35%) (p < 0.001). Children with MIS-C presented higher DMFT/dmft scores (DMFT/dmft 5.52 ± 3.16 for the MIS-C group vs. 2.26 ± 1.80 for the COVID-19 group) (p < 0.01). Elevated OHI scores were also associated with MIS-C (mean ± SD: 3.06 ± 1.02 (MIS-C) vs. 2.41 ± 0.97 (COVID-19) (p < 0.05). Oral manifestations, mainly strawberry and erythematous tongue, were characteristic features of MIS-C. Prevalence of oral/dental symptoms was elevated in children with MIS-C when compared to COVID-19. Therefore, dental professionals should be aware of the oral manifestations associated with MIS-C, which may have high mortality and morbidity rates.

Biomarcadores para el diagnóstico del síndrome de reconstitución inmune / Biomarkers for the diagnosis of immune reconstitution syndrome

Introducción: el síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmune es una complicación clínica dada en algunas personas infectadas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) luego de empezar la terapia antirretroviral; se destaca por la producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias, que se han estudiado como posibles biomarcadores que puedan orientar para el diagnóstico y pronóstico de esta condición clínica. Objetivo: llevar a cabo una revisión actualizada de los avances en los biomarcadores para el diagnóstico de SIRI, resaltando la importancia de las moléculas inflamatorias y los exosomas, tanto en su patogénesis como un posible Gold estándar para la confirmación de este estado inflamatorio. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos, como Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus y Medline, partiendo de los siguientes términos MeSH: síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución, enfermedades del sistema inmune, biomarcadores, fármacos antiVIH, plasma. Conclusión: cada vez existen más avances en la identificación de moléculas que pueden servir como biomarcadores de SIRI, buscando un oportuno diagnóstico, monitoreo de la progresión clínica, mejor respuesta al tratamiento y más hallazgos sobre la fisiopatología, pero persiste la necesidad de encontrar un Gold estándar que proporcione criterios para su sospecha y confirmación.

Introduction: The inflammatory syndrome of immune reconstitution (IRIS) is a clinical complication given in some people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), after they begin antiretroviral therapy (ART), which stands out for the production of abundant proinflammatory cytokines, which have been studied as possible biomarkers that can guide the diagnosis and prognosis of this clinical condition. Objective: Review the advances in biomarkers for the diagnosis of IRIS,and the importance of inflammatory molecules and exosomes, so their pathogenesis and as a possible Gold standard for confirmation of this inflammatory. Methodology: A bibliographic review was carried out in databases, such as Science Direct, Pubmed, Scopus and Medline based on the following MeSH terms: Inflammatory reconstitution syndrome, Immune system diseases, Biomarkers, Anti-HIV drugs, Plasma. Conclusion: There are more and more advances in the identification of various molecules that can serve as biomarkers of IRIS, seeking timely diagnosis, monitoring of clinical progression, better response to treatment and more findings on the pathophysiology of IRIS, but the urgent need to find a gold standard that provides criteria for its suspicion and confirmation persists.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19: the experience at a pediatric reference hospital in Colombia / Síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica em criança associada à COVID-19: experiência em um hospital pediátrico de referência na Colômbia

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and the different phenotypes of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19 and to evaluate the risk conditions that favored a greater severity of the disease during a 12-month period at a pediatric reference hospital in Colombia. Methods: A 12-month retrospective observational study of children under the age of 18 years who met criteria for MIS-C. Results: A total of 28 children presented MIS-C criteria. The median age was 7 years. Other than fever (100%) (onset 4 days prior to admission), the most frequent clinical features were gastrointestinal (86%) and mucocutaneous (61%). Notably, 14 (50%) children had Kawasaki-like symptoms. The most frequent echocardiographic abnormalities were pericardial effusion (64%), valvular involvement (68%), ventricular dysfunction (39%), and coronary artery abnormalities (29%). In addition, 75% had lymphopenia. All had at least one abnormal coagulation test. Most received intravenous immunoglobulin (89%), glucocorticoids (82%), vasopressors (54%), and antibiotics (64%). Notably, 61% had a more severe form of the disease and were admitted to an intensive care unit (median 4 days, mean 6 days); the severity predictors were patients with the inflammatory/MIS-C phenotype (OR 26.5; 95%CI 1.40-503.7; p=0.029) and rash (OR 14.7; 95%CI 1.2-178.7; p=0.034). Two patients had macrophage activation syndrome. Conclusions: Coronary artery abnormalities, ventricular dysfunction, and intensive care unit admission were frequent, which needs to highlight the importance of early clinical suspicion.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas e os diferentes fenótipos de crianças com síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica na criança temporalmente relacionada com a COVID-19 (do inglês multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children — MIS-C) e avaliar as condições de risco que favorecem a maior gravidade da doença durante um período de 12 meses em um hospital pediátrico de referência na Colômbia. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 12 meses de observação de crianças menores de 18 anos que cumprem os critérios para o MIS-C. Resultados: Vinte e oito crianças foram apresentadas com os critérios do MIS-C. A idade média era de sete anos, e 54% eram do sexo masculino. Para além da febre (100%) (com início quatro dias antes da admissão), as características clínicas mais frequentes eram gastrointestinais (86%) e mucocutâneas (61%). Quatorze crianças (50%) apresentavam sintomas semelhantes aos de Kawasaki. As anomalias ecocardiográficas mais frequentes foram derrame pericárdico (64%), envolvimento valvar (68%), disfunção ventricular (39%) e anomalias coronárias (29%). Tinham linfopenia 75% das crianças. Todas tinham algum teste de coagulação anormal. A maioria recebeu imunoglobulina intravenosa (89%), glucocorticoides (82%), vasopressores (54%) e antibióticos (64%). Tiveram envolvimento mais grave 61% dos pacientes, que precisaram ser internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (mediana de quatro dias, média de seis dias); os preditores de gravidade foram pacientes com fenótipo inflamatório/ MIS-C (odds ratio — OR 26,5; intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,4-503,7; p=0,029) e erupção cutânea (OR 14,7; IC95% 1,2-178,7; p=0,034). Dois pacientes (7%) apresentavam síndrome de ativação macrofágica. Conclusões: Alteração da artéria coronária, disfunção ventricular e internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foram frequentes, o que nos alerta sobre a importância da suspeita clínica precoce.

Hipertiroidismo por enfermedad de Graves posterior a vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2: reporte de 2 casos / Graves' disease hyperthyroidism following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a two cases report

Luego del inicio de las campañas de vacunación masiva contra la infección por COVID-19, se han publicado una serie de reportes que muestran la posible asociación entre la vacuna y alteraciones de la función tiroidea. Desde entonces, múltiples teorías han intentado explicar este hallazgo, en su mayoría de índole autoinmune. Dentro de estas destaca el síndrome autoinmune-autoinflamatorio secundario a adyuvantes (ASIA), que podría generar desórdenes tiroideos de novo o exacerbar los ya existentes. Presentamos dos casos de enfermedad de Graves Basedow posterior al uso de Coronavac. Ambas pacientes presentaron características similares a las descritas en la literatura y cumplen con los criterios de ASIA. No obstante, los beneficios de las vacunas superan los posibles riesgos asociados.

After the beginning of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, a number of reports have shown the potential association between vaccines and thyroid disfunction. Since then several theories have tried to explain this finding, mostly autoinmmune. One of them is the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, that could trigger or exacerbate thyroid disease. We present two cases of Graves' disease post Coronavac vaccination. Both pacients share similar features than cases published previously and meet criteria for ASIA syndrome. Nevertheless, the benefts of vaccination largely outweigh any adverse events associated.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: prevalence, main characteristics, and outcomes in a Brazilian center / Síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imune da leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva associada à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida: prevalência, principais características e desfecho em um hospital brasileiro

Abstract Background Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) - immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has been rarely described in low- and middle-income countries. Objective To describe the prevalence of PML-IRIS among PLWHA with PML and its main features in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study. We included PLWHA with PML-IRIS patients admitted at Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2021. We retrieved information on neurological manifestations, neuroimaging findings, treatments, and outcomes. Results We identified 11 (11.8%) PML-IRIS cases among 93 patients with definite PML. Eight (73%) cases were men and had a median (IQR) age of 41 (27-50) years. Seven (63.6%) patients developed unmasking PML-IRIS and 4 (36.4%) had paradoxical PML-IRIS. The median (IQR) time from initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) to IRIS diagnosis was 49 (30-70) days. Ten (90.9%) patients received corticosteroids. There were 4 (36%) in-hospital deaths and 3 were associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia. Among the 7 (64%) patients who survived, 5 (71.5%) had sequelae at discharge. One year after the PML-IRIS diagnosis, 6 (54.5%) patients were alive. Conclusion The prevalence of PML-IRIS was 11.8%. Most patients had unmasking PML-IRIS. In-hospital mortality and morbidity were high. One-year survival was similar to that described in some high-income countries.

Resumo Antecedentes A síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imune (SIRI) da leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva (LEMP) em pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids (PVHA) foi raramente descrita em países de baixa e média renda. Objetivo Descrever a prevalência da SIRI-LEMP- em PVHA com LEMP e suas principais características em um hospital no Brasil. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Incluímos PVHA com SIRI-LEMP admitidos no Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brasil, entre 2011 e 2021. Recuperamos informações sobre manifestações neurológicas, neuroimagem, tratamento e desfecho. Resultados Identificamos 11 (11,8%) casos de SIRI-LEMP entre 93 pacientes com LEMP definitiva. Oito (73%) casos eram homens e a mediana de idade (amplitude interquartile - AIQ) foi de 41 (27-50) anos. Sete (63,6%) pacientes desenvolveram SIRI-LEMP "desmascarada" e 4 (36,4%) casos apresentaram SIRI-LEMP "paradoxal". A mediana de tempo (AIQ) desde o início da terapia antirretroviral combinada (cART) até o diagnóstico de SIRI foi de 49 (30-70) dias. Dez (90,9%) pacientes receberam corticoide. Houve 4 (36%) óbitos intra-hospitalares e 3 foram associados à pneumonia hospitalar. Dos 7 (64%) pacientes que sobreviveram, 5 (71,5%) ficaram com sequelas na alta. Um ano após o diagnóstico de SIRI-LEMP, 6 (54,5%) pacientes estavam vivos. Conclusão A prevalência de SIRI-LEMP foi de 11,8%. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava SIRI-LEMP "desmascarada". A mortalidade e morbidade hospitalar foram altas. A sobrevida em 1 ano foi semelhante à descrita em alguns países de alta renda.

Investigation on the incidence of IRIS in HIV patients with TB infection and its relationship with Th17/Treg, CD4 + T lymphocyte levels / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the incidence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in patients with HIV (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infection, and analyze the relationship between Th17/Treg cytokines, CD4 + T lymphocytes and IRIS. Methods:HIV patients with TB infection admitted to Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu from June 2020 to June 2022 were divided into IRIS group (31 cases) and non IRIS group (93 cases) according to whether IRIS occurred after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The Demography data, clinical data and laboratory indicators of the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the influencing factors of IRIS in HIV patients with TB infection.Results:There was no significant difference in Demography data between the two groups ( P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the history of opportunistic infection between the IRIS group and the non IRIS group (χ 2=5.194, P<0.05). The levels of HIV RNA, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-23 in the IRIS group were higher than those in the non IRIS group (all P<0.05). The levels of the γ interferon (IFN- γ), the transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β) and baseline CD4 + T lymphocyte count were lower than those in the non IRIS group (all P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that IL-17 ( OR: 1.266, 95% CI: 1.095-1.464), IL-23( OR: 1.384, 95% CI: 1.120-1.710), and TGF- β( OR: 0.589, 95% CI: 0.436-0.797) were influencing factors for the occurrence of IRIS in HIV patients with TB infection (all P<0.05). Conclusions:For patients with high IL-17 levels, high IL-23 levels, and low TGF- β level of HIV complicated with TB infection, clinical prevention and control should be carried out as soon as possible to prevent the occurrence of IRIS.

Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a clinical analysis of four cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the clinical features and treatment strategies of multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of four children with MIS-C who were admitted to the Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical Universityfrom January to February 2023.@*RESULTS@#All four children had multiple organ involvements and elevated inflammatory markers, with a poor response to standard therapy for Kawasaki disease after admission. Two children were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy pulse therapy twice, and all four children were treated with glucocorticoids. The children had a good prognosis after the treatment.@*CONCLUSIONS@#MIS-C often appears within 4-6 weeks or a longer time after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, and anti-inflammatory therapy in addition to the standard treatment regimen for Kawasaki disease can help to achieve a favorable treatment outcome.

New-onset thyroid eye disease after COVID-19 vaccination in a radioactive iodine-treated graves’ disease patient: A case report and literature review / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#Autoimmunity associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been well-described as the mechanism of development of thyroid dysfunction following Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) infection and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. However, the occurrence of thyroid eye disease (TED) after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is scarcely described. The postulated mechanisms include immune reactivation, molecular mimicry and the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). We report a case of new-onset TED after receiving the SARSCoV- 2 vaccine.

Strongyloides stercoralis en la médula ósea de una persona que vive con VIH: reporte de caso

Strongyloides stercoralis es un nemátodo que se caracteriza por causar infección intestinal, usualmente asintomática, en pacientes inmunocompetentes. Sin embargo, en aquellos que viven con VIH, y de acuerdo con su estado inmune, puede generar un síndrome de hiperinfección con complicaciones diversas por diseminación a diferentes órganos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 30 años con diagnóstico de novo de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, con documentación de enfermedad linfoproliferativa. En los estudios complementarios se documenta la presencia de Strongyloides stercoralis de manera inusual en la médula ósea. A pesar de contar con un recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ mayor a 400 células/ µL y de haberse iniciado el manejo para esta condición con ivermectina, el paciente fallece por un estado séptico asociado al síndrome de hiperinfección, por lo cual se considera que este es un caso inusitado que obliga al clínico a tener en cuenta la presencia del nemátodo en pacientes que viven con VIH.

Summary Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode that is characterized by causing a usually asymptomatic intestinal infection in immunocompetent individuals. However, in patients living with HIV and depending on their immune status, it can generate a hyperinfection syndrome with various complications due to dissemination to different organs. We present the case of a 30-year-old patient with a de novo diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection and lymphoproliferative disease. Within the laboratory workup, the presence of Strongyloides stercoralis was documented in the bone marrow. Despite having a CD4+ T lymphocyte count greater than 400 cells/microliter and having started treatment for this condition with ivermectin, the patient died due to a septic state associated with hyperinfection syndrome, which is why this is considered an unusual case that alerts the clinician to take into account the presence of the nematode in patients living with HIV.

Post-COVID multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults: a study from a tertiary care hospital in south India

Background & objectives: There are limited data from India on the post-COVID multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical profile of patients with MIS-A admitted to a tertiary care centre in southern India. Methods: This single-centre retrospective study was conducted from November 2020 to July 2021, and included patients aged >18 yr admitted to the hospital as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Nine patients (5 male, mean age 40±13 yr) met the criteria for MIS-A. Five patients had proven COVID-19 infection or contact history 36.8±11.8 days back. All patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody, negative for COVID-19 PCR, and had negative blood, urine and sputum cultures. All patients had fever and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and five patients had left ventricular dysfunction. All patients had neutrophilic leucocytosis at presentation and elevated biomarkers such as C-reactive protein serum procalcitonin, D-dimer and ferritin. The majority of the patients (7/9 i.e. 77.78%) were treated with intravenous hydrocortisone (50-100 mg q6h-q8h). Six patients recovered completely whereas three patients expired. Interpretation & conclusions: Fever and GI symptoms were the most common presentation of MIS-A. Elevated serum procalcitonin may not be useful in differentiating bacterial sepsis from MIS-A. Most patients responded to corticosteroids.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults : The New Mask on an Old Evil

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has turned the world topsy-turvy since its emergence. Although COVID-19 is mostly associated with respiratory pathology, it can also result in several extrapulmonary manifestations. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults (MIS-A) seems to be a new addition to the ever expanding COVID-19 puzzle and warrants extensive research to familiarize the phenotype, formulate a definitive treatment and prognosticate accordingly. This article highlights the case definition, pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment modalities of this new entity with a concise review of available literature at present.

Rabdomiólisis severa en un lactante con síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a covid -19 (mis-c)

Introducción: un caso de rabdomiólisis severa asociado a síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID -19 (MIS-C). Reporte de caso: en un niño de 1 año 10 meses que presentó síntomas digestivos, mialgias, debilidad, fiebre y orina oscura. Prueba serológica COVID-19 IgM (-) IgG (+), PCR COVID-19 negativo. Creatin-quinasa (CK) inicial fue no dosable, siendo el nivel reportado más alto de 517 600 U/L. El valor de creatinina se mantuvo normal durante toda la hospitalización. Recibió Inmunoglobulina humana 2 g/Kg, Metilprednisolona 10 mg/Kg/d y ácido acetil salicílico para manejo de MIS-C. Se brindó hidratación enérgica y alcalinización de orina para manejo de rabdomiólisis. Conclusión: Evolución favorable con alta luego de diez días. Existen pocos casos reportados de rabdomiólisis asociados a MIS-C, y ninguno con valores tan altos de CK. En base a las posibles complicaciones se sugiere realizar dosaje de CK de forma rutinaria en todos los pacientes con MIS-C.

Introduction: A case of severe rhabdomyolysis associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19 (MIS-C). Case of report: is presented in a one-year 10-month-old boy who presented digestive symptoms, myalgia, weakness, fever, and dark urine. COVID-19 IgM (-) IgG (+) serological test, COVID-19 PCR negative. Initial creatine kinase (CK) presented non-dosable values, with the highest reported level being 517,600 U/L. The creatinine value remained normal throughout the hospitalization. He received human immunoglobulin 2 g/Kg, Methylprednisolone 10 mg/Kg/d, and acetylsalicylic acid to manage MIS-C. Aggressive hydration and urine alkalinization were provided to manage rhabdomyolysis. Conclusion: Positive evolution with discharge after ten days. Few reported cases of rhabdomyolysis are associated with MIS-C and none with such high CK values. Based on the possible complications, performing CK dosing in all patients with MIS-C is suggested routinely.

Multi System Inflammatory Syndrome In Neonates (MIS-N): A Case Report

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy may increase the risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, preterm birth, low birth weight, fetal distress, and neonatal asphyxia. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is under investigation. Afew reports suggest the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from mothers to their neonates. The SARS-CoV-2 virus was reported as one of the rare causes of fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) and is associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).

Factores de Riesgo de Hospitalización en Camas Básicas y Críticas asociados a Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico Pediátrico (SIM) relacionado a COVID-19 de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes: Revisión Sistemática Exploratoria / Risk Factors of Hospitalization in Basic and Critical Cases associated with Pediatric Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome (SIM) related to COVID-19 in Boys, Girls and Adolescents: Exploratory Systematic Review

Introducción. Introducción. La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en pediatría ha tenido un bajo impacto en niños y niñas adolescentes (NNA) debido a que un gran porcentaje son asintomáticos o desarrollan síntomas leves. No obstante, se han reportado casos de síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico (SIM) por este virus, el cual afecta a múltiples órganos y sus manifestaciones se asemejan a la enfermedad de Kawasaki. La mayoría ha requerido hospitalización en unidades críticas (UCI). A pesar de la vigilancia epidemiológica de esta enfermedad, no se han reportado factores de riesgo (FR) para hospitalización. Objetivo. Explorar en la literatura los FR asociados a hospitalización en camas básicas y críticas de NNA con SIM relacionado a COVID-19. Métodos. Revisión sistemática exploratoria de bases de datos Pubmed, Epistemonikos, Lilacs y Scielo desde el año 2020, con un rango etario de 0 a 19 años, con estrategia de búsqueda sensible para FR de hospitalización en camas básicas y críticas por SIM. Resultados. De 84 artículos se seleccionaron 7. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyeron fiebre persistente, síntomas gastrointestinales y parámetros inflamatorios severos. También se reporta asociación a comorbilidades y estrato socioeconómico bajo. El ingreso mediano a UCI fue de un 60%, y la mortalidad por SIM fue menor a un 2%, pero de mayor magnitud comparado con los ingresos por COVID-19 en este grupo etario. Los FR de ingreso a UCI fueron asociados a dolor abdominal [OR 1,7 (IC95% 1,2; 2,7)] y a mayor edad, con OR ajustado de 1,9 [IC95%1,4; 6] para edad de 6 a 12 años, OR ajustado de 2,6 [IC95% 1,8; 3,8] para edad de 13 a 20 años. La elevación de proteína C reactiva, troponina, ferritina, dímero D, péptido natriurético cerebral (BNP), BNP N-terminal pro tipo B o interleucina-6, y/o recuentos reducidos de plaquetas, linfocitos o albúmina se asociaron a ingreso a UCI. La etnia afroamericana se asoció a mayor ingreso a UCI con OR de 1,6 [IC95% 1,0; 2,4]. Conclusión. Los FR para hospitalización de NNA con SIM, reportados y seleccionados en la literatura, son edad sobre los 6 años, etnia afroamericana, presencia de comorbilidades y nivel socioeconómico bajo. Para el ingreso a UCI, se suma a esto, compromiso clínico respiratorio y/o gastrointestinal, y presencia de parámetros inflamatorios elevados. La mortalidad fue inferior al 2%, pero significativamente mayor que la mortalidad por infección COVID-19 exclusiva.

Background. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in pediatrics population (children and adolescents) has low impact in due to large percent of asymptomatic or mild symptoms. However, since March 2020, cases of pediatric multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (PMIS) have been reported, which affects multiple organs and its main manifestations resemble Kawasaki disease. This group frequently required hospitalization in critical care units (ICU), and despite epidemiological surveillance of this disease, no risk factors (RF) for hospitalization of these children has been reported. Objetive. To explore RF in literature associated with pediatric hospitalization in basic and critical care beds from children and adolescents with PMIS related to COVID-19. Methodology. exploratory systematic review of Pubmed, Epistemonikos, Lilacs and Scielo databases, with limits: publication date from 2020 until now, and age range from 0 to 19 years. We made a sensitive search strategy for RF of pediatric hospitalization in basic and critical beds by PMIS. Results. clinical manifestations of hospitalized patients included persistent fever (3 to 5 days), gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain), and inflammatory laboratory parameters in highly ranges. It is also reported an association with presence of comorbidities and low socioeconomic status. The median admission to ICU was 60%, and mortality less than 2%, but greater magnitude compared to COVID-19 mortality. RF for ICU admission were associated with older age, with adjusted OR of 1.9 [CI95% 1.4; 6] for age 6 to 12 years, adjusted OR of 2.6 [CI95% 1.8; 3.8] for age 13 to 20 years, and abdominal pain [OR 1.7 (CI95% 1.2; 2.7)]. Among laboratory tests, elevated C-reactive protein, troponin, ferritin, D-dimer, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-type BNP or interleukin-6, and/or reduced platelet, lymphocyte or albumin counts were associated with ICU admission. African-American ethnicity was also associated with higher ICU admission with OR of 1.6 [CI95% 1.0; 2.4]. Conclusion. RFs for hospitalization of children with PMIS reported and selected in the literature were: age over 6 years, Afro-American ethnicity, presence of comorbidities and low socioeconomic level. In addition to this, for ICU admission, it is reported respiratory and/or gastrointestinal clinical involvement, and elevated inflammatory parameters presence. Mortality was less than 2%, but significantly higher than mortality due to exclusive COVID-19 infection.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonate with skin lesions—A rare case report

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is a serious condition that occurs due to postinfectious immune-mediated hyperinflammatory reaction seen in children, which develops after 4–6 weeks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection; it is rare in neonates. We present here a case of a term newborn with fever, respiratory distress, and necrotic skin lesion that gradually progressed to multisystem dysfunction. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 was negative for both mother and the baby. SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer was negative in the mother but was found to be positive in the newborn. The diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonate was made and was successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids.

Clinical Characteristics of Children With SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the Third Wave of the Pandemic: Single Center Experience

Objective: To determine the clinical presentation and outcome of children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the third wave of the pandemic in India. Method: A review of hospital records was done at a tertiary care hospital, for children seen between 1 and 25 January, 2022. Result: Out of total 112 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, 17 were hospitalized and 95 were treated in the outpatient department. Among non-hospitalized children, fever was the commonest feature (72, 75.7%), followed by sneezing, and loss of appetite. The median (IQR) duration of symptoms was 2.5 (1.5) days. Among hospitalized children, 10 had co-morbidities and one-third required intensive care unit admission. MIS-C was diagnosed in four patients. Out of 4 mechanically ventilated patients, two had coronavirus disease (COVID) pneumonia. The mean (SD) length of hospital stay was 7.5 (2.5) days. One child with leukemia died during management. Conclusion: During the third wave of the pandemic, most children had symptomatic illnesses, but recovery was fast among non-hospitalized children.

Enfermedad de Kawasaki, enfermedad similar a Kawasaki y MIS-C asociado a COVID-19 en niños: revisión sistemática / Kawasaki disease, Kawasaki-like disease, and MIS-C associated with COVID-19 in children: systematic review

Resumen Objetivo: Sintetizar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los niños de COVID-19 con EK, KLD y MIS-C. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en 4 bases de datos y preprints hasta el 31 de Mayo del 2021. Se incluyeron reportes/series de caso que evaluaron las caracte rísticas clínicas del EK, KLD o MIS-C en pacientes pediátricos con COVID-19. Resultados: Se incluyeron 16 estudios (seis informes de casos y diez series de casos, 367 pacientes en total, 58 pacientes con EK, 87 con KLD y 290 pacientes con MIS-C); con edades entre los 6 meses y los 10 años, y el 62% eran mujeres. Se observó COVID-19 positivo en 75,2%. Respecto a EK, KLD y MIS-C, las características clínicas repor tadas fueron compatibles con los cuadros diagnósticos estandarizados en el contexto de COVID-19. La duración de la hospitalización fue de 5 a 14 días para EK y de 4,3 a 13 para MIS-C. Once pacientes con MIS-C (2,8%) necesitaron ECMO. Seis pacientes con MIS-C fueron reportados muertos. Ocho estudios reportaron pacientes en la UCI. Conclusiones: EK o KLD puede asociarse a COVID-19 en niños, y pueden complicarse con MIS-C. El tiempo de hospitalización es prolongado si se presenta EK o KLD asociado a COVID-19 en niños.

Abstract Objective: To synthesize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 children with MIS-C, KLD and EK. Methods: Databases and preprints were searched until May 31, 2021. Reports/case series that evaluated the clinical features of EK, KLD, or MIS-C in pediatric patients with COVID-19 were included. Results: Sixteen studies were included (six case reports and ten case series, 367 patients total, 58 patients with EK, 87 with KLD, and 290 patients with MIS-C); with ages ranging from 6 months to 10 years, and 62% were female. Positive COVID-19 was observed in 75.2%. Regarding EK, KLD and MIS-C, the reported clinical characteristics were compatible with the standardized diagnostic pictures in the context of COVID-19. The duration of hospitalization was 5 to 14 days for EK and 4.3 to 13 for MIS-C. Eleven patients with MIS-C (2.8%) needed ECMO. Eleven patients with MIS-C (2.8%) needed ECMO. Six patients with MIS-C were reported dead. Eight studies reported patients in the ICU. Conclusions: Children with COVID-19 develop EK or KLD, and can be complicated by MIS-C. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment measures are needed.