A família faz parte da equipe: ampliando o diálogo sobre a presença dos pais no esporte / The family is part of the team: expanding the dialogue about the presence of parents in sports / La familia forma parte del equipo: ampliar el diálogo so-bre la presencia de los padres en el deporte

A presença dos pais em ambientes esportivos é apontada como de grande influência na participação esportiva dos filhos. Contudo, mais do que intervir na trajetória dos filhos, os pais precisam lidar com demandas específicas do esporte que, ao mesmo tempo, influenciam diretamente a maneira como genitores oferecem suporte. Embora a agenda investigativa internacional ofereça contribuições sobre o envolvimento parental, as evidências ainda são pouco sistematizadas no cenário de investigação esportiva nacional. Diante do exposto, o objetivo foi apresentar o papel da família e dos pais como parte de um sistema esportivo integrado baseados na mútua influência dos indivíduos.

The presence of parents in sporting environments is pointed out as having a significant influence on the sport participation of their children. However, more than influencing the trajectory of their children, parents need to deal with specific demands of sports that, at the same time, directly affect how they offer support. Although the international research agenda contributes to parental development, the evidence is still little systematized in the national sports research scenario. Given the above, the aim was to present the role of family and parents as part of an integrated sport system based on the mutual influence of individuals.

Se señala que la presencia de los padres en entornos deportivos tiene una gran influencia en la participación deportiva de sus hijos. Sin embargo, más que influir en la trayectoria de sus hijos, los padres necesitan lidiar con demandas específicas del deporte que, al mismo tiempo, influyen directamente en la forma en que ofrecen apoyo. Aunque la agenda investigativa internacional ofrezca contribuciones sobre el desarrollo parental, las evidencias aún están poco sistematizadas en el escenario de la investigación deportiva nacional. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo fue presentar el papel de la familia y los padres como parte de un sistema deportivo integrado basado en la influencia mutua de los individuos.

Comparison of Female Body Image Between Models and Non-Models Women / Comparação da Imagem Corporal Feminina entre Modelos de Passarela e Mulheres Não-Modelo / Comparación de la Imagen Corporal Femenina entre Modelos de Pasarela y Mujeres No Modelos

Abstract Women have been dissatisfied with their own appearance. This study aimed to evaluate whether the media can influence changes in body image regarding weight concern, satisfaction and dysfunctional investment of one's own appearance in female runway models and non-models. This survey was composed of Brazilian women, models who were linked with an agency, and non-models. Data collection was carried out using Google Forms, sending links to invite eligible subjects. In total, 102 models and 247 non-models participated in the survey. Sample Characterization Questionnaire, weight and height reports for the Body Mass Index, Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire - Appearance Scales (MBRSQ /AS) and Appearance Schemas Inventory - Revised (ASI-R) were used. The result showed that non-models are more susceptible to pressure from the media and that having body measurements considered ideal, like models, reduces social pressure on the body.

Resumo Mulheres têm se mostrado insatisfeitas com a própria aparência. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a mídia pode influenciar alterações na imagem corporal em relação à preocupação com o peso, satisfação e investimento disfuncional da própria aparência no público de mulheres modelos de passarela e não-modelos. Pesquisa utilizou brasileiras, modelos que foram vinculadas a uma agência, e não-modelos. Coleta foi realizada pelo Google Forms com envio de links convidando as participantes. Participaram da pesquisa 102 modelos e 247 não-modelos. Instrumentos utilizados foram um Questionário de Caracterização da Amostra, relato de peso/altura para o Índice de Massa Corporal, Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire - Appearance Scales (MBRSQ/AS) e Appearance Schemas Inventory - Revised (ASI-R). Resultado demonstrou que as não-modelos estão mais suscetíveis às pressões da mídia e que ter as medidas corporais consideradas ideais, como as modelos, diminui a pressão social sobre o corpo.

Resumen Las mujeres están insatisfechas con su propria apariencia física. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si los medios de comunicación pueden influir en la imagen corporal de las mujeres respecto a la preocupación por el peso, la satisfacción e inversión disfuncional de la propia apariencia en mujeres modelos de pasarela y las no modelos. Se utilizó una muestra de mujeres brasileñas, modelos vinculadas a una agencia y no modelos. Se recogieron datos de Google Forms. Se contó con la participación de 102 modelos y 247 no modelos. Se utilizaron los cuestionarios: Caracterización de Muestras, relato de peso/altura para el Índice de Masa Corporal, Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire - Appearance Scales (MBRSQ/AS) y Appearance Schemas Inventory - Revised (ASI-R). Los resultados indicaron que las mujeres no modelos están más susceptibles a la presión de los medios de comunicación, y que tener medidas corporales consideradas ideales como las de las modelos reduce la presión social sobre el cuerpo.

¿Por qué descendieron homicidios y robos en Ecuador del 2009 al 2017? Teoría situacional, proximidad y modelo policial / Why did homicides and robberies decrease in Ecuador from 2009 to 2017? Situational theory, proximity and the police model / Por que os homicídios e roubos diminuíram no Equador de 2009 a 2017? Teoria situacional, proximidade e o modelo policial

En Ecuador la mayoría de los delitos de robo disminuyeron constantemente entre el 2009 y el 2015. La tasa de homicidios aumentó de 1999 al 2009, pero disminuyó un 65% entre el 2010 (18,74) y el 2017 (5,78). Fue el único caso en las Américas para ese momento. En este artículo se propone entender este fenómeno desde la noción de proximidad y situación. Metodológicamente se estudian las políticas criminales mediante el sistema before/after policiales. Para ello, se utilizó el efecto del modelo policial en un radio euclidiano alrededor de la productividad de paz en los cuarteles policiales desconcentrados, contrastando grupos de control e identificando el rol de las políticas que incluyeron abordajes de la situación delictiva en microterritorios. Se concluyó que la proximidad policial y las estrategias situacionales están visiblemente relacionadas con la disminución del crimen. Para el caso de homicidios el análisis también se confirma, aunque podrían estar involucrados otros factores no estudiados.

In Ecuador, most robbery crimes decreased steadily between 2009 and 2015. The homicide rate increased from 1999 to 2009, but decreased by 65% between 2010 (18.74) and 2017 (5.78). It was the only case in the Americas at that time. This article proposes to understand this pheno-menon from the notion of proximity and situation. Methodologically, criminal policies are studied through the before/after policing system. To do so, we used the effect of the police model in a Euclidean radius around peace productivity in deconcentrated police headquarters, contrasting control groups and identifying the role of policies that included approaches to the criminal situation in micro-territories. It was concluded that police proximity and situational strategies are visibly related to crime reduction. For homicides the analysis is also confirmed, although other factors not studied could be involved.

No Equador, a maioria dos crimes de roubo diminuiu de forma constante entre 2009 e 2015. A taxa de homicídios aumentou de 1999 a 2009, mas diminuiu em 65% entre 2010 (18,74) e 2017 (5,78). Era o único caso nas Américas naquela época. Este artigo propõe entender este fenômeno a partir da noção de proximidade e situação. Metodologicamente, as políticas criminais são estudadas através do sistema antes/depois do policiamento. Para isso, usamos o efeito do modelo policial em um raio euclidiano em torno da produtividade da paz na sede desconcentrada da polícia, contrastando grupos de controle e identificando o papel das políticas que incluíam abordagens da situação criminal em micro-territórios. Concluiu-se que a proximidade policial e as estratégias situacionais estão visivelmente relacionadas à redução da criminalidade. Para os homicídios, a análise também é confirmada, embora outros fatores não estudados possam estar envolvidos.

Validación del Cuestionario de Actitudes Socioculturales sobre la Apariencia (SATAQ-4) en población colombiana / Validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Questionnaire on Appearance (SATAQ-4) in the Colombian population

Resumen El deseo de cumplir estándares modernos estéticos corporales no alcanzables afecta la salud mental, debido a que las personas internalizan los ideales de belleza y aceptan las presiones sociales acerca de la apariencia corporal incluso por encima de su bienestar. El objetivo del presente estudio instrumental fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de actitudes socioculturales sobre la apariencia (SATAQ-4) en población colombiana, para lo cual se utilizó una muestra estratificada no aleatorizada conformada por 214 personas -138 mujeres y 76 hombres-, con un promedio de edad de 25.13 años (DE = 7.66). Se retomó la versión en español del instrumento validado en Argentina, que fue evaluada por jueces expertos para realizar la adaptación lingüística y que se aplicó a una muestra piloto antes de la aplicación definitiva, hecha bajo las normas éticas exigidas. Se realizó el análisis de las condiciones psicométricas desde la teoría de respuesta al ítem, mediante el modelo Rasch, y por medio del software WINSTEPS. Los resultados indican que la versión en español cumple las condiciones psicométricas adecuadas en las cinco dimensiones que componen el instrumento (.72-.94); y que el grado de dificultad y de habilidad alcanzan valores de ajuste apropiados, lo que indica que el cuestionario cuenta con adecuadas condiciones psicométricas y mantiene su estructura interna original. En conclusión, la versión final de esta adaptación del SATAQ-4 puede ser utilizada en población de similar procedencia, a fin de evaluar el efecto de los aspectos socioculturales en la satisfacción con la imagen corporal.

Abstract The desire to meet modern aesthetic but unattainable body standards affects mental health, because people internalize the ideals of beauty and accept social pressures about body appearance even beyond their well-being. The objective of this instrumental study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Sociocultural Attitude Questionnaire on Appearance (SATAQ-4) in the Colombian population, using a non-randomized stratified sample of 214 people, 138 women and 76 men, with an average age of 25.13 years (SD = 7.66). The Spanish version of the instrument validated in Argentina was used again, which was evaluated by expert judges to perform the linguistic adaptation and apply it to a pilot sample before the final application, made under the required ethical standards. The analysis of the psychometric conditions was carried out from the Item Response Theory, by using the Rasch model, and through the WINSTEPS software. The results indicate that the Spanish version fulfills the adequate psychometric conditions in the five dimensions that make up the instrument (.72-.94); and that the degree of difficulty and ability reach appropriate adjustment values, which indicates that the questionnaire has adequate psychometric conditions and maintains its original internal structure. In conclusion, the final version of this adaptation of SATAQ-4 can be used in a population of similar origin, in order to evaluate the effect of sociocultural aspects on satisfaction with body image.

Advance in Mechanisms of Spasticity after Stroke (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

Spasticity is a common complication in stroke patients, which may be a result of supraspinal influences, spinal reflexs and biomechanical changes.

Winnicott & Klein: influências, continuidades e rupturas / Winnicott & Klein: influences, continuities and ruptures / Winnicott & Klein: influencias, continuidades y rupturas

Este artigo procura elaborar um quadro para compreender as principais influências que a obra de Melanie Klein teve sobre o pensamento de Donald Winnicott, explicitando algumas de suas continuidades e rupturas. Trata-se, em primeiro lugar, de apresentar um critério epistemológico/ metodológico para estabelecer uma comunicação possível entre sistemas semântico-teóricos diferentes na psicanálise, considerando, então, os fenômenos descritos (e não os conceitos) como foco de análise e comunicação. Em seguida, objetiva retomar, para uma análise crítica, uma série de possibilidades de compreensão das relações existentes entre as propostas de Klein e Winnicott, começando pelos próprios comentários de Winnicott e, depois, aprofundando o tema com as análises críticas de Adam Phillips, John Padel, Joseph Aguayo, André Green, Susan Kavalier-Adler e Jan Abram & Robert Douglas Hinshelwood. Ao final, procura-se retomar a maneira como Klein descreve o fenômeno da inveja inata para mostrar que, apesar de Winnicott recusar essa hipótese, ele reconhece a inveja ­ mesmo precoce, mas advinda ou produzida em certas condições específicas ­ como um fato da existência humana (AU)

The purpose of this article is to provide a framework to contribute to the understanding of the main influences that Melanie Klein's work had on Donald Winnicott's work, elucidating some of its continuities and ruptures. Firstly, I put forward an epistemological/methodological criterion in order to establish a possible communication between different semantic-theoretical systems in psychoanalysis and then consider that the phenomena described (not the concepts) are the grounds of analysis and communication. Secondly, for a critical analysis, I take another look at a set of proposals to understand the connections between those put forward by Klein and Winnicott, starting with Winnicott's own comments and then deepening this topic through critical analyses by Adam Phillips, John Padel, Joseph Aguayo, André Green, Susan Kavalier-Adler and Jan Abram & Robert Douglas Hinshelwood. Lastly, the article reexamines the way in which Klein describes the innate envy phenomenon in order to show that despite Winnicott's refusal of this assumption, he acknowledges that envy is a fact of the human existence, albeit precocious, but arising from or produced within certain specific circumstances (AU)

Este artículo busca elaborar un marco para comprender las principales influencias que tuvo el trabajo de Melanie Klein en el pensamiento de Donald Winnicott, explicitando algunas de sus continuidades y rupturas. En primer lugar, se trata de presentar un criterio epistemológico/metodológico para establecer una posible comunicación entre diferentes sistemas semántico-teóricos en el psicoanálisis, considerando, entonces, los fenómenos descritos (y no los conceptos) como foco de análisis y comunicación. Luego, pretende reanudar, para un análisis crítico, una serie de posibilidades de comprensión de las relaciones existentes entre las propuestas de Klein y Winnicott, empezando por los propios comentarios de Winnicott y, luego, profundizando el tema con los análisis críticos de Adam Phillips, John Padel, Joseph Aguayo, André Green, Susan Kavalier-Adler y Jan Abram y Robert Douglas Hinshelwood. Al final, se busca reanudar la forma en que Klein describe el fenómeno de la envidia innata para mostrar que, aunque Winnicott rechaza esta hipótesis, reconoce la envidia (incluso a una edad temprana, pero proveniente de ciertas condiciones específicas o producida por ellas) como un hecho de la existencia humano (AU)

Stakeholder influence and local government performance: a systematic literature review / Influencias de los stakeholders y desempeño de lo gobierno local: una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Influências dos stakeholders e desempenho do governo local: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

Abstract Although stakeholder theory has been on the academic agenda for more than 30 years, empirical evidence is still scant about stakeholders' influence as determinant factors of local governments' performance. Evidence from 82 empirical studies on stakeholder influence as a source of local government effectiveness is assessed in this article. The choice of studies was based in a systematic literature review, encompassing articles published in the period from 2007 to 2017 in which stakeholder influences are considered determinant factors of local government performance. This research contributes to this field of knowledge by synthesizing the pertinent publications and pointing out an agenda for future studies.

Resumen Si bien la teoría de los stakeholders ha estado en la agenda académica desde hace más de 30 años, las evidencias empíricas son escasas acerca de la influencia de los stakeholders como factores determinantes del desempeño de los gobiernos locales. Las evidencias de 82 estudios empíricos sobre las influencias de los stakeholders como fuentes de la efectividad del gobierno local se evalúan aquí. La elección de los documentos se basó en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, que abarca artículos publicados en el período de 2007 a 2017 en los que las influencias de los stakeholders se consideran factores determinantes del desempeño del gobierno local. Este trabajo contribuye a este campo de conocimiento sintetizando las publicaciones pertinentes y señalando una agenda para futuros estudios.

Resumo Embora a teoria dos stakeholders esteja na agenda acadêmica nos últimos 30 anos, até o momento, existe pouca evidência sobre influência de stakeholders como fator determinante do desempenho de governos locais. A investigação examina os fatores determinantes do desempenho de governos locais através de artigos publicados em periódicos ranqueados no Journal of Citation Report. A escolha dos artigos foi embasada em revisão sistemática de literatura em publicações do período de 2007 a 2017 nas quais influências de stakeholders tenha sido usada como variável explanatória de desempenho de governos locais. Este artigo contribui para o campo de conhecimento sintetizando as publicações mais relevantes, apontando lacunas na literatura e propondo uma agenda para estudos futuros.

Changing trends in cesarean section: from 1950 to 2020

Caesarean section (C.S) is a part of the standard care in modern obstetrics. The indications for a caesarean section as an alternative to vaginal delivery have evolved over the centuries. Its practicality, disponibility, and apparent safety have placed caesarean section, a first-line procedure in many clinical scenarios. The awareness of perinatal mortality and morbidity associated with safety of caesarean, expert anaesthesia, potent antibiotics, blood transfusion facilities and better neonatal care have increased incidence of caesarean section very fast. Thus, there is fast, steady and definite rise in incidence of caesarean section everywhere. But the question is ‘Is a rising caesarean section rate is inevitable?’. Studies carried out to understand CS deliveries has adopted different framework. The issue treats elements of ethics in the medical profession, gender issues, choices of women, the quality of institutional services, etc. The findings of retrospective studies have suggested that the caesarean section rate could be reduced in certain categories. In this study, we discuss the various ways in which it can be achieved.

The roots of budgetary and financial accounting in Brazil / Las raíces de la contabilidad presupuestaria y patrimonial en Brasil / Raízes da contabilidade orçamentária e patrimonial no Brasil

Abstract This article presents evidence of Italian influences on the Brazilian Public Sector Accounting in the early twentieth century, using the analytically structured history approach and the institutional theory. The study presents the institutional work developed by accountant Carlos de Carvalho in employing a new accounting methodology at the time. The article proposes a new perspective on the literature on the history of accounting in Brazil, suggesting that the emergence of budgetary and financial accounting was due to the innovation of local practices in a municipality of the state of São Paulo, and then expanded to the entire state, influenced by the Italian legal doctrine. Therefore, the use of dual accounting in Brazil during the early twentieth century was first disseminated in practice and transformed into legislation afterward. The Italian roots that influenced this movement are present in the current model, which is being reviewed by the current process of convergence to international IPSAS standards.

Resumen El artículo presenta evidencias de la influencia italiana sobre la contabilidad del sector público en Brasil a principios del siglo XX. El análisis aplica la metodología de la historia estructurada y el aspecto sociológico de la teoría institucional. Se narra el trabajo institucional desarrollado por el contador Carlos de Carvalho al emplear una nueva metodología contable en ese momento. Este estudio reposiciona la literatura histórica sobre contabilidad en Brasil, puesto que propone que el surgimiento de la contabilidad presupuestaria y patrimonial se debió a la innovación de las prácticas locales en un municipio influenciado por los métodos empleados en la contabilidad dual italiana de la época, difundida y estandarizada en la ley. Las raíces italianas que influyeron en este movimiento permanecen presentes en el modelo actual, que está siendo revisado por el proceso actual de convergencia hacia las normas internacionales IPSAS.

Resumo Este artigo trata da influência italiana na contabilidade do setor público no Brasil do início do século XX. A análise aplica a metodologia de história estruturada e a vertente sociológica da teoria institucional. Narra-se o trabalho institucional desenvolvido pelo contador Carlos de Carvalho ao empregar uma nova metodologia contábil. Este estudo reposiciona a literatura sobre história da contabilidade no Brasil, pois propõe que a contabilidade dual (orçamentária e patrimonial) iniciou sua evidenciação conjunta em um município (São Carlos-SP), mas só alcançou sua integração no Estado de São Paulo sob a influência doutrinária e legal italiana. Seu uso foi difundido primeiro e transformado em lei depois. As raízes italianas da inovação contábil do início do século XX no Brasil continuam presentes no modelo atual, que vem sendo revisto pelo processo de convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade do setor público (international public sector accounting standards [IPSAS]).

Influence Of Binding Solution Concentration, Drying Duration And Drying Temperature On Physiochemical Performance Of Norfloxacin Granules And Tablets

Objective: To investigate the possible individual and joined influences that binding solution concentration, drying temperature and drying duration might have on the physiochemical attributes of granules and tablets using norfloxacin as a model drug. Methods: According to implemented 23 central composite designs, each of the investigated variables were examined at 5 different levels through different 16 formulation runs. For each formulation, obtained granules were qualified for their bulk density, tap density, Hausner ratio, percent of fine and drug content properties whereas the respective tablets were evaluated for their weight variation, drug content, friability, hardness, disintegration, and drug dissolution attributes. Results: Indicated that concentration of binder solution, as compared to drying temperature and drying duration, measured more profound influences on granules' tap density, Hausner ratio, % fine and drug content either through its individual linear and quadratic effects or through its joint effect with drying durations (p<0.05 at 95% CI for all influences). Whilst tablets' friability appeared to be noticeably influenced by the three investigated variables (P ranged 0.001-0.017 at 95% CI), tablets' hardness and disintegration were found to be considerably affected only by binder solution concentration (p = 0.001 and 0.082 at 95% CI, respectively). Moreover, none of the investigated variables has measured a significant influence on tablets' drug content or drug dissolution properties. Conclusion: The study concluded that quadratic and joint influences of variables on attributes of granule and tablet formulations shouldn't be overlooked and better to be considered in the screening design.

Parental negative weight/shape comments and their association with disordered eating behaviors: A systematic review / Comentarios negativos paternos acerca de peso/forma corporal y su asociación con las conductas alimentarias de riesgo: Una revisión sistemática

Abstract The purpose of this study was to find the association between receiving negative parental weight and shape comments, and the presence of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in young adults. A systematic review was conducted answering the following PECO question: Population / young adults; Exposure / negative comments, criticism or teasing about weight and shape by parents; Comparison groups / not applicable; and Outcome / DEBs. Due to the use of different statistical measurements, a narrative was chosen to present the results. An association between negative comments and DEBs was found in male and female university students. Women reported more negative comments, higher body dissatisfaction and DEBs than men. Body dissatisfaction was found as a mediator of negative comments and DEBs, and sex as a moderator between body dissatisfaction and DEBs. The results have implications for the influence social pressure has on the internalization of the thin-ideal and on body dissatisfaction as risk factors for the development of disordered eating behaviours.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la asociación entre ser receptor de comentarios negativos paternos acerca del peso y la figura corporal, y la presencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) en adultos jóvenes. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática respondiendo a la pregunta PECO siguiente: Población / adultos jóvenes; Exposición / comentarios negativos, críticas o ridiculización por parte de los padres por el peso y la figura corporal; Comparación / no aplicó; y Resultado / CAR. Debido a las diferentes medidas estadísticas utilizadas, se eligió un formato narrativo para presentar los resultados. Estos indicaron asociación entre los comentarios negativos paternos y las CAR en hombres y mujeres estudiantes universitarios. Las mujeres reportaron recibir más comentarios negativos, así como presentar mayor insatisfacción corporal y CAR que los hombres. Entre los comentarios negativos y las CAR se encontró como mediadora a la imagen corporal, y al sexo como un moderador entre la insatisfacción corporal y las CAR. Los resultados tienen implicaciones acerca de la influencia de la presión sociocultural en la interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez y de la insatisfacción corporal como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de CAR.

Concepciones y valoraciones del cuerpo en jóvenes del noroeste de México / Conceptions and values of the body in young adults of Northwestern Mexico

Resumen Mientras que la delgadez actualmente constituye el ideal corporal (IDC) preponderante en las sociedades occidentales, la obesidad prevalece con niveles nunca antes vistos. Esto ha influido en cómo hombres y mujeres se perciben y viven su cuerpo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las concepciones y valoraciones del IDC y la percepción y aceptación del propio cuerpo en jóvenes universitarios del noroeste de México, un contexto sociocultural en el que prevalece la obesidad. A partir de una perspectiva socio-antropológica, se trabajó con 308 jóvenes universitarios, de entre 18 y 24 años de edad (202 mujeres y 106 hombres). La construcción del IDC en los jóvenes concuerda con el discurso aceptado y difundido socialmente, basado en valoraciones estéticas y de salud. En general, los jóvenes expresaron moderada insatisfacción corporal y rechazo de la obesidad; mientras que el IDC fue delgado, firme y curvilíneo para las mujeres, en tanto que fuerte y musculoso para los hombres. Por tanto, se identificó un desfase entre lo que ellos y ellas desean, lo que perciben de su imagen corporal y la propia aceptación, con claras diferencias por sexo.

Abstract Currently thinness is the ideal body (IB) while in western societies obesity has reached levels never seen before. This situation has influenced how men and women perceive their bodies. The aim of this paper was to describe conceptions and values of the IB as well as the perception and acceptance of the body in university students from the northwestern Mexico, a sociocultural context where obesity prevails. From a socio-anthropological approach, we worked with 308 university students among 18 and 24 years old (202 women and 106 men). The construct of IB matches with the socially accepted discourse based on aesthetic and health values. In general, participants expressed moderated body dissatisfaction and rejected obesity; the IB for women was slim, firm and curved while for men was muscled. Therefore, a gap was identified between what women and men want and perceive of their body image and self-acceptance, with clear differences by sex.

Parents' and daughters' perception of family aspects associated with the onset of an eating disorder / Percepción de padres e hijas acerca de los aspectos familiares asociados con el inicio de un trastorno alimentario

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify and comprehend the family aspects associated to the development of an eating disorder (ED), from the point of view of parents with daughters diagnosed with an ED and women diagnosed with an ED. It is a qualitative study where a semi structured interview was used that gathered information about familial support, emotional expression, familial cohesion, problem solving, stressful life events and life cycle transitions, criticism about eating, body shape and weight. The sample comprised nine participants: five parents with daughters diagnosed with an ED, and four women with an ED. A content analysis derived two categories: Difficulties in rearing practices, and Parent's negative attitudes towards daughters eating, shape and weight. Parents showed difficulty with rearing practices during their daughter's childhood and adolescence that hindered the identification of the beginning of the ED. Parents also demonstrated affect by expressing approbation words when their daughters were slim and skipped this same expression for those who weren't. Both aspects were related to the development of an ED. In conclusion, it is highlighted the importance of considering familial aspects in the prevention of ED.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y comprender los aspectos familiares (AF) asociados al desarrollo de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), a partir de la percepción de padres con hijas diagnosticadas con TCA y de mujeres con diagnóstico de TCA. Este estudio cualitativo, con base a una entrevista semi-estructurada, abordó temas como: apoyo familiar, expresión de emociones, cohesión familiar, solución de problemas, situaciones de vida estresantes y de transición en el ciclo vital de la familia, burlas y comentarios negativos hacia la alimentación, la forma y el peso corporal. La muestra constó de nueve participantes: cinco padres de hijas diagnosticadas con TCA y cuatro mujeres con diagnóstico de TCA. El análisis de contenido derivó dos categorías: Dificultades en las prácticas parentales y Actitudes negativas de los padres hacia la alimentación, la forma y el peso de sus hijas. Los padres mostraron dificultades en las prácticas de crianza durante la infancia y la adolescencia de su hija, lo que obstaculizó la identificación del inicio del TCA. Además, los padres expresaban su afecto emitiendo palabras de aprobación cuando sus hijas eran delgadas y omitían expresarlo a las que no lo eran. Ambos aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo del TCA. En conclusión, destaca la importancia de considerar los AF en la prevención de los TCA.

Influences of Gender, Religion, Dietary Patterns, and Mixed-sex Education on Aggressiveness in Children: A Sociodemographic Study in Municipal Primary Schools of South Delhi

Background: Increasing antisocial and violent behaviors in adolescents and young adults present serious challenges for public health. Children with persistent high levels of aggressiveness are often associated with developing conduct disorders later in life. Early detection of highly aggressive children and sociodemographic risk-modifying factors are important for developing effective preventive strategies. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess levels of aggressiveness for detecting highly aggressive children in sample populations of primary school children in an urban setting and determine significant biosociocultural risk-modifying factors in this scenario. Methods: The study was conducted during August朣eptember, 2015 in 5 primary schools of South Delhi Municipal Corporation. Sociodemographic data on 2080 students were collected. Overall aggressiveness scores (OA-Scores) were estimated using a self-report questionnaire in Hindi. Results: Categorizing students according to their OA-Scores, the data revealed that highly aggressive children constituted 4.3% of the study population. Analysis showed significant influence of (a) gender: boys displayed higher levels of aggressiveness compared to girls; (b) dietary pattern: omnivores showed higher aggressiveness than vegetarians; and (c) school environment: boys in mixed-sex (coeducational) schools displayed lower aggressiveness than from single-sex schools. Statistically significant influences of religion (Hindu/Muslim) and family type (joint/nuclear) on aggressiveness profiles were not noticeable. Conclusions: Vegetarian diets and mixed-sex education act as protective factors in the development of aggressiveness in children, especially among boys. Extending investigations to populations differing in geography and cultural backgrounds are warranted to verify present results.

Influencing factors of the accuracy of digital surgical implant-guide plate / 口腔疾病防治

@#With the increasing development of digital technologies, digital surgical templates have been widely used in stomatology. However, the accuracy of digital surgical templates is always a consideration for many researchers and dentists. This article analyzed the factors affecting the accuracy of digital surgical templates and found that errors arise from six factors, including the design and manufacture of the templates, implant guide support, implant systems and guide systems, implant length, bone density and the clinical experience of the operator; this literature review aims to reduce or eliminate human factors and improve accuracy, objectivity and security in implant placement.

Empreendedorismo no ensino superior: estudo psicométrico da escala oportunidades e recursos para empreender / Entrepreneurship in higher education: a psychometric study of the scale of opportunities and resources for entrepreneurship / El espíritu empresarial en la educación superior: estudio psicométrico de la escala de oportunidades y recursos para emprender

O empreendedorismo pode ser definido como a tentativa de criar um novo projeto, gerar o próprio emprego ou expandir um negócio já existente. Apesar de existirem diversas escalas de empreendedorismo, a maioria reporta-se à avaliação efetuada por empresas. O presente estudo visa testar as propriedades psicométricas da escala Oportunidades e Recursos para Empreender em estudantes do Ensino Superior, centrando-se nos fatores que influenciam o comportamento empreendedor. A escala foi administrada a 6532 estudantes do ensino politécnico. Foi realizada uma análise fatorial exploratória com metade da amostra dividida aleatoriamente, tendo emergido quatro fatores: F1-Disponibilidade de Recursos, F2-Estabilidade do Negócio, F3-Instabilidade Económica e Política e F4-Oportunidades de Negócio. Com a segunda amostra realizou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória, tendo apresentado bons índices de ajustamento. O estudo sustentou a robustez psicométrica do instrumento em análise, demonstrando que os fatores do meio são percebidos pelos estudantes como importantes variáveis promotoras do empreendedorismo em Portugal.

Entrepreneurship can be defined as an attempt to launch new projects, create self-employment opportunities, or expand existing businesses. There are multiple entrepreneurship measurement scales; however, most of them are aimed at corporate evaluation. This study intends to analyze the psychometric properties of the Opportunities and Resources for Entrepreneurship scale in a sample of university students, focusing on factors that influence entrepreneurial behaviors. The sample consisted of 6,532 polytechnic university students. The sample was randomly divided into two equal-sized groups. An exploratory factor analysis was run using one subgroup, from which four factors emerged: F1-Resource Availability, F2-Business Stability, F3-Economic and Political Instability, and F4-Business Opportunities. A confirmatory factor analysis was then done using the other subgroup, which showed acceptable goodness-of-fit levels. This study demonstrated the psychometric robustness of the instrument under analysis, as well as that students perceive environmental factors as important variables that promote entrepreneurship in Portugal.

El emprendimiento empresarial puede definirse como el intento de crear un nuevo proyecto, generar empleo por cuenta propia o ampliar un negocio ya existente. Pese a que existen diversas escalas de emprendimiento empresarial, la mayoría se refiere a la evaluación efectuada por las empresas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo probar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Oportunidades y Recursos para emprender en estudiantes de la educación superior, focalizando en los factores que influyen en el comportamiento emprendedor. Se administró la escala a 6532 estudiantes de enseñanza superior politécnica. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio, a partir del cual surgieron cuatro factores: F1-Disponibilidad de Recursos, F2-Estabilidad del Negocio, F3-Instabilidad Económica y Política, y F4-Oportunidades de Negocio. Con la segunda muestra se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, el cual presentó buenos índices de ajuste. El estudio sostuvo la robustez psicométrica, y demostró que los estudiantes perciben las influencias ambientales como importantes variables que promueven el empredimiento empresarial en Portugal.

Analyzing the edge effects in a Brazilian seasonally dry tropical forest / Analisando o efeito de borda em uma floresta estacional decidual brasileira

Abstract Due to the deciduous nature of dry forests (widely known as seasonally dry tropical forests) they are subject to microclimatic conditions not experienced in other forest formations. Close examinations of the theory of edge effects in dry forests are still rare and a number of questions arise in terms of this topic. In light of this situation we examined a fragment of the dry forest to respond to the following questions: (I) Are there differences in canopy cover along the edge-interior gradient during the dry season? (II) How does the microclimate (air temperature, soil temperature, and relative humidity) vary along that gradient? (III) How does the microclimate influence tree species richness, evenness and abundance along that gradient? (IV) Are certain tree species more dominant closer to the forest edges? Regressions were performed to address these questions. Their coefficients did not significantly vary from zero. Apparently, the uniform openness of the forest canopy caused a homogeneous internal microclimate, without significant differentiation in habitats that would allow modifications in biotic variables tested. We conclude that the processes of edge effect commonly seen in humid forests, not was shared with the dry forest assessed.

Resumo Devido à natural caducifolia das florestas estacionais deciduais, estas são sujeitas a condições microclimáticas que não são experimentadas por outras formações florestais. Estudos específicos sobre efeito de borda nessas florestas são raros e algumas questões persistem sobre esse tópico. Diante disso, avaliamos um fragmento de floresta decidual para responder as seguintes questões: (I) Existe diferença na cobertura da copa ao longo do gradiente borda-interior durante a estação seca? (II) Como as variáveis microclimáticas (temperatura do ar, temperatura do solo e umidade relativa do ar) variam ao longo deste gradiente durante a estação seca? (III) Como as variáveis microclimáticas influenciam a riqueza, equabilidade e abundância de árvores ao longo do gradiente? (IV) Existem espécies dominantes próximo à borda da floresta? Regressões foram feitas para responder a essas questões. Seus coeficientes não variaram significativamente de zero. Aparentemente, a abertura uniforme do dossel da floresta causa uma homogeneidade microclimática no fragmento, sem diferenciação significativa de habitats que permite modificação nas variáveis bióticas testadas. Nós concluímos que os processos de efeito de borda comumente observados em florestas úmidas não são compartilhados com a floresta seca avaliada.

O papel dos pais e as influências externas na educação dos filhos / The parents' role and external influences in children's education / El papel de los padres y las influencias externas en la educación de los hijos

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de analisar a compreensão que mães e pais têm sobre o seu papel e o do seu cônjuge na criação dos filhos, bem como identificar as influências externas, positivas e negativas,no processo. Participaram do estudo 18 casais com filhos de 12 a 48 meses, residentes na cidade de João Pessoa. Os resultados mostraram que os genitores atribuíram papéis tradicionais à figura materna e paterna, no sentido em que as mães foram consideradas responsáveis pela educação e carinho dos filhos, e os pais, responsáveis pelo exercício da autoridade. Como influências externas, positivas e negativas sobre a educação dos filhos, os pais e mães ressaltaram os avós, a escola e a TV. Estes resultados contribuem para uma melhor compreensão das atribuições de papéis parentais, e para a percepção das influências externas que interferem na educação dos filhos, configurando-se uma fonte de pesquisa científica que envolve como participantes pais e mães no exercício da parentalidade...

The purpose of this study is to analyze the understanding that mothers and fathers have about their role and of their spouse, and to identify the external influences - positive or negative - that interfere in child rearing. The study was held with 18 couples, with children aged 12 to 48 months, who live in Joao Pessoa, Brazil. The results showed that parents attributed traditional roles to the maternal and paternal figure, in the sense of mothers were held responsible for the education and care of children and fathers, responsible for exercising authority. As external influences, positive and negative on the education of children, fathers and mothers mentioned out grandparents, school and TV.These results contribute to a better understanding of attributions to parental roles and to the perception of external influences that interfere in child rearing, being thus a source of scientific research that involves as participants fathers and mothers in the exercise of parenting...

El presente trabajo tuvo el objetivo de analizar la comprensión que madres y padres tienen sobre su papel y el de su cónyuge, en la crianza de sus hijos, así como identificar las influencias externas, positivas y negativas en ese proceso. Participaron del estudio 18 parejas con hijos de 12 a 48 meses, residentes en la ciudad de Joao Pessoa, en Brasil. Los resultados mostraron que los genitores atribuyeron papeles tradicionales a la figura materna y paterna, delegando a las madres la responsabilidad por la educación y el cariño para con los niños y los padres, los responsables de ejercer la autoridad. Y las influencias externas, positivas y negativas en la educación de los niños, padres y madres resaltaron los abuelos, la escuela y la televisión. Estos resultados contribuyen para una mejor comprensión de las atribuciones de los papeles parentales, y para la percepción de las influencias externas que interfieren en la educación de sus hijos, estableciendo-se cómo una fuente del investigación científica que involucra a los padres y las madres como participantes en el ejercicio de la crianza de los hijos...

Reflection on influence of organizational barriers onscience creativity / 中华医学科研管理杂志

As the understanding of science creativity becomes more profound,people find out that organizational barriers are greatly deterring and discouraging the advent and development of science creativity.Drawing upon the Situation Theory of Creativity and earlier researches,we identified crucial organizational factors that imposed influence on science creativity and considered those factors as gauge to reflect on the current practice of science research management in China.The findings show that science research funding mode,collaboration and communication opportunities and accesses,science researchers' career development and evaluation system,research group leadership,size and diversity of research teams are all key components of the organizational barriers that failed to nurture and spur Chinese researchers to solve long existed and challenging problems with original approaches and creative thinking.Therefore,innovations of science research management are necessary and urgent.

La integración de las influencias educativas de la universidad y la familia en la formación del profesional de la educación superior / The integration of educational influences of the university and the role of the family in the profesional formation of higher education

Fundamento: en el proceso de formación de los profesionales en la educación superior, la integración de las influencias educativas que rodean al estudiante resultan determinantes para ofrecerle los niveles de ayuda que él reclama. Objetivo: sistematizar los referentes teóricos acerca del proceso de formación del profesional de la educación superior desde la integración de influencias educativas de la universidad y la familia. Conclusiones: en el marco del proceso educativo que se desarrolla en la educación superior se deben integrar las influencias de la universidad y la familia desde el colectivo de año, bajo las condiciones de la situación social de desarrollo del joven universitario que tribute al logro de una formación profesional articulada de forma armónica y coherente a través de la cooperación y la comunicación recíprocas, y la identificación de metas proyectadas hacia la mejora en la formación del estudiante.

Background: in the process of professionals training in higher education, the integration of educational influences around the student is crucial to provide the levels of support that he claims. Objective: to systematize the theoretical framework about the process of formation of the professional of higher education since the integration of educational influences of the university and the family. Conclusions: as part of the educational process that is developed in higher education the influences of the university and the family from the group of the year should be integrated, under the conditions of the social situation of development of the young college that tribute to the achievement of professional articulated training in a harmonic and coherent way through mutual cooperation and reciprocal communication, and the identification of projected goals towards improvement in the student's education.