ABSTRACT
Objective To reveal the epidemic characteristics of influenza in Huainan of Anhui Province and provide scientific basis for prevention and control of influenza surveillance by summarizing the work of influenza virus isolation performed in 2012-2013.Methods First nucleic acid fast typing by real-time PCR method for sentinel hospitals in throat swab specimens for inspection from sentinel hospital ,the influenza virus isolation was performed by using MDCK cells and the identification of the isolates was carried out by hemagglutination ( HA) and hemagglutination inhibition(HI) tests.Results 68 strains of influenza virus were isolated (45.9%) from 148 of positive specimens detected by fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR.The number of subtype A(H1N1),A(H3N2),BY and BV were 26 strains,25 strains,4 strains and 13 strains,respectively,the success rate of the separation were 56.5%,33.3%, 63.0%,respectively.There were significant difference among the separation of the strain rate of success (P<0.05). 2012 epidemic strain in Huainan was influenza BV virus ,and reached epidemic peak in March;2013 epidemic strain was A(H1N1)influenza virus,the epidemic peak was December.Conclusion During the period of influenza surveillance in Huainan,the main subtype of influenza of the year 2012 is BV which reached epidemic peak in March , while subtype A(H1N1) is the main subtype of the year 2013,with the epidemic peak month December .
ABSTRACT
This study describes the main features of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Brazil during 2009. Brazil is a large country that extends roughly from latitudes 5ºN to 34ºS. Brazil has tropical and sub-tropical climates, a heterogeneous population distribution, and intense urbanization in the southern portions of the country and along its Atlantic coast. Our analysis points to a wide variation in infection rates throughout the country, and includes both latitudinal effects and strong variations in detection rates. Two states (out of a total of 23) were responsible for 73% of all cases reported. Real time reproduction numbers demonstrate that influenza transmission was sustained in the country, beginning inMay of 2009. Finally, this study discusses the challenges in understanding the infection dynamics of influenza and the adequacy of Brazil's influenza monitoring system.
Este estudo descreve a primeira onda de influenza A (H1N1) no Brasil, um país que se estende entre as latitudes 5ºN e 34ºS, caracterizado por climas tropicais e subtropicais, com distribuição populacional heterogênea e intensa urbanização ao longo da costa e na região sul-sudeste. Nossa análise indica grande variação geográfica nas taxas de ataque no país, com efeitos longitudinais e variação na taxa de detecção. Dois estados foram responsáveis por 73% de todos os casos registrados: São Paulo e Paraná. O número reprodutivo em tempo real demonstra que a transmissibilidade se sustentou no país desde maio de 2009 até pelo menos agosto de 2009. Este trabalho por fim discute os desafios de estudar e monitorar doenças emergentes de sintomatologia inespecífica, como a influenza, e a adequação do sistema de vigilância.
Subject(s)
Humans , Epidemics , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , SeasonsABSTRACT
As doenças emergentes têm sido consideradas uma grande ameaça mundial, e as síndromes respiratórias emergentes agudas podem representar riscos importantes para os trabalhadores de saúde, em geral, e de enfermagem, em especial nas situações de epidemia. Objetivou-se revisar a bibliografia recente em termos de artigos científicos e informes técnicos sobre a Influenza Humana e seus tipos e sua relação com a saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem. Foram consultadas bases de dados de periódicos na Internet, bem como de agências de cooperação internacional em saúde e de notícias, selecionando-se para discussão 10 artigos e cinco informes técnicos. Os resultados evidenciam que a exposição a risco biológico por parte dos trabalhadores de enfermagem tem sido significativa. Na conclusão, debate-se a questão das doenças emergentes e seu impacto na saúde dos trabalhadores de saúde, bem como questões relativas a algumas determinações macroestruturais das mesmas.
Emerging diseases have been regarded as a worldwide threat, and emerging acute respiratory syndromes can offer high risk to health workers, in general and to nurses, in particular, in epidemic situations. A bibliographic review on recent scientific papers and technical reports on human influenza and subtypes is presented, as well as its relation to nurses health. Scientific agencies, news agencies, and international cooperation agencies databases were consulted. Ten papers and five reports were selected for discussion. Results focus on the impact of emerging diseases on health workers as well as some of their macro structural determinants.
Las enfermedades emergentes son consideradas uma gran amenaza a la salud mundial, y las síndromes emergentes agudas respiratórias pueden presentarse como um severo riesgo a la salud del trabajador de salud y de enfermería. Se objetivó hacer una revisión de la bibliografia reciente en términos de artículos científicos y reportes técnicos acerca de la Influenza Humana y sus subtipos y su relación con la salud de trabajador de enfermería. Las bases de datos cientificas, de agencias de cooperación internacional en salud y de agencias de noticias fueran acesadas, seleccionándose 10 articulos y cinco informes para discussión. Los resultados muestran que el riesgo biológico para los trabajadores en enfermería es considerado significiativo. En las conclusiones, las enfermedades emergentes y su relación con la salud laboral es discutida, así como algunas de sus determinaciones macroestructurales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Occupational Health Nursing , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Alphainfluenzavirus , Occupational Health , Databases, Bibliographic , Occupational RisksABSTRACT
Influenza vaccine strains have been traditionally developed by annual reassortment between vaccine donor strain and the epidemic virulent strains. The classical method requires screening and genotyping of the vaccine strain among various reassortant viruses, which are usually laborious and time-consuming. Here we developed an efficient reverse genetic system to generate the 6:2 reassortant vaccine virus from cDNAs derived from the influenza RNAs. Thus, cDNAs of the two RNAs coding for surface antigens, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from the epidemic virus and the 6 internal genes from the donor strain were transfected into cells and the infectious viruses of 6:2 defined RNA ratio were rescued. X-31 virus (a high-growth virus in embryonated eggs) and its cold-adapted strain X-31 ca were judiciously chosen as donor strains for the generation of inactivated vaccine and live-attenuated vaccine, respectively. The growth properties of these recombinant viruses in embryonated chicken eggs and MDCK cell were indistinguishable as compared to those generated by classical reassortment process. Based on the reverse genetic system, we generated 6 + 2 reassortant avian influenza vaccine strains corresponding to the A/Chicken/Korea/MS96 (H9N2) and A/Indonesia/5/2005 (H5N1). The results would serve as technical platform for the generation of both injectable inactivated vaccine and the nasal spray live attenuated vaccine for the prevention of influenza epidemics and pandemics.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chick Embryo , Humans , Chickens , Genetic Engineering , Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics , Influenza Vaccines/genetics , Influenza in Birds/immunology , Influenza, Human/immunology , Neuraminidase/genetics , Transgenes , Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics , Viral Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
O papel da resposta imunológica durante a infecção pelo vírus Influenza H1N1 não está totalmente estabelecido, mas acredita-se que atue de forma decisiva no agravamento do quadro e no aparecimento da síndrome de desconforto respiratório agudo. O papel de terapias imunomoduladoras no controle de infecções virais também não é consensual e faltam dados de literatura para se definir as indicações de seu uso. Neste relato de caso, apresentamos, segundo nosso conhecimento, pela primeira vez, o relato de um paciente transplantado cardíaco que apresentou infecção pelo vírus H1N1 e evoluiu de forma favorável, trazendo um questionamento sobre o real papel da terapia imunossupressora como fator de risco para a forma grave da doença.
The role of the immune response during Influenza H1N1 virus infection is not yet fully established, but it is believed that it decisively participates in the severity of the disease as well as in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The role of immunomodulating therapies in the control of viral infections is not a consensus either, and data from the literature defining the indications for their use are lacking. The present report is, to our knowledge, the first on a heart transplant patient who developed H1N1 virus infection and had a favorable outcome, thus generating discussion on the real role of immunosuppressive therapy as a risk factor for the severe form of the disease.
El rol de la respuesta inmunológica durante la infección por el virus Influenza H1N1 no está totalmente establecido, sino que se cree que él actúe de forma decisiva en el agravamiento del cuadro y en el surgimiento del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo. El papel de terapias inmunomoduladoras en el control de infecciones virales también no es consensual y nos faltan datos de la literatura para definirse las indicaciones de su utilización. En este caso clínico presentamos, según nuestro conocimiento, por primera vez, el relato de un paciente transplantado cardiaco que presentó infección por el virus H1N1 y evolucionó de forma favorable, y aprovechamos para poner en cuestión el real papel de la terapia inmunosupresora como factor de riesgo para la forma severa de la enfermedad.