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ObjectiveTo study the correlation between the content of active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus in different main production areas and soil factors, so as to provide a theoretical basis for implementing ecological regulation of soil, improving the quality of Aurantii Fructus, and revealing the origin of genuine medicinal materials. MethodThe content of naringin, neohesperidin, total flavonoids, volatile oil, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and 17 soil factor-related indicators in 25 batches of Aurantii Fructus from different production areas were determined. The main soil factors affecting the content of active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and grey correlation analysis. ResultThe pH value of the soil is between 4.83 and 8.21, and the soil is weakly acidic and neutral in general. Soil fertility exceeds the average. Pearson correlation analysis shows that the soil factors most related to the four active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus are total phosphorus, available copper, available zinc, exchangeable magnesium, available sulfur, available phosphorus, and available molybdenum. Principal component analysis shows that total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorus, and available zinc are the main characteristic factors in soil. Grey correlation analysis shows that the main soil factors affecting the active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus are total phosphorus, total nitrogen, available zinc, available copper, exchangeable magnesium, and pH. ConclusionIn the cultivation of Aurantii Fructus, the medicinal material quality of Aurantii Fructus could be improved by adjusting the level of beneficial factors in the soil and improving the soil texture.
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ObjectiveTo establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UHPLC-QqQ-MS) for determination of the active ingredients in Erdongtang, and to predict the targets and pathways of anti-insulin resistance action of this formula. MethodThe analysis was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution(A)-acetonitrile(B) for gradient elution(0-3 min, 90%-87%A; 3-6 min, 87%-86%A; 6-9 min, 86%-83%A; 9-11 min, 83%-75%A; 11-18 min, 75%-70%A; 18-19 min, 70%-52%A; 19-22 min, 52%A; 22-25 min, 52%-5%A; 25-27 min, 5%-90%A; 27-30 min, 90%A). The contents of active ingredients in Erdongtang was detected by electrospray ionization(ESI) and multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode under positive and negative ion modes. On this basis, network pharmacology was applied to predict the targets and pathways of Erdongtang exerting anti-insulin resistance effect. ResultThe 20 active ingredients in Erdongtang showed good linear relationships within a certain mass concentration range, and the precision, stability, repeatability and recovery rate were good. The results of determination showed that the ingredients with high content in 15 batches of samples were baicalein(1 259.39-1 635.78 mg·L-1), baicalin(1 078.37-1 411.52 mg·L-1), the ingredients with medium content were mangiferin(148.59-217.04 mg·L-1), timosaponin BⅡ(245.10-604.89 mg·L-1), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide(89.30-423.26 mg·L-1), rutin(46.91-1 553.61 mg·L-1), glycyrrhizic acid(55.97-391.47 mg·L-1), neomangiferin(37.45-127.03 mg·L-1), nuciferine(0.89-63.48 mg·L-1), hyperoside(6.96-136.78 mg·L-1), liquiritin(30.89-122.78 mg·L-1), liquiritigenin(26.64-110.67 mg·L-1), protodioscin(58.57-284.26 mg·L-1), the ingredients with low content were wogonin(7.16-20.74 mg·L-1), pseudoprotodioscin(5.49-22.96 mg·L-1), ginsenoside Rb1(7.31-23.87 mg·L-1), ginsenoside Rg1(10.78-28.33 mg·L-1), ginsenoside Re(7.78-24.76 mg·L-1), ophiopogonin D(2.08-4.29 mg·L-1), methylophiopogonanone A(0.74-1.67 mg·L-1). The results of network pharmacology indicated that the mechanism of anti-insulin resistance exerted by Erdongtang might be related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. ConclusionThe established UHPLC-QqQ-MS has the advantages of simple sample processing, strong exclusivity and high sensitivity, and can simultaneously determine the contents of the main ingredients from seven herbs in Erdongtang, which can lay the foundation for the development of Erdongtang compound preparations. The results of the network pharmacology can provide a reference for the mechanism study of Erdongtang in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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The domestic and international research progress on the regulation of gut microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ingredients and their impact on intestinal absorption and transportation were summarized, which provided assistance for subsequent clinical rational drug use targeting gut microbiota. Literature on the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal absorption and transportation in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the mechanism of TCM ingredients regulating gut microbiota on drug absorption and transportation was elucidated. Research has found that TCM ingredients alter gut microbiota, thereby affecting intestinal barrier function and absorption of transport proteins, which is of great significance for rational clinical medication.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease with a rising incidence rate year by year. Treatment often relies on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which can lead to gastrointestinal damage with long-term use and the recurrence of symptoms. Chinese medicine has a long history of preventing and treating OA, with widespread application and fewer side effects. It offers unique advantages such as a broad treatment scope, multiple targets, and pathways. The effective components of Chinese medicine can reduce the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), relieve oxidative stress (OS) damage, and increase the antioxidant capacity of the body by interfering with the expression of biomarkers of OS response such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Through the modulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and osteoprotegerin (OPG), they downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), thereby effectively relieving local joint inflammation, protecting chondrocytes and bone tissue, inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis, and further alleviating the progression of OA. Currently, there are still certain limitations in the medical research status and development trends of OA, necessitating the continued advancement of traditional Chinese medicine. This paper reviewed the literature on the regulation of OS response by effective components of Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of OA, providing new directions and ideas for future research.
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BACKGROUND:With the proven ability of traditional Chinese medicine such as icariin and berberine to promote bone regeneration by regulating various mechanisms and targets,researchers have combined active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine with bone tissue engineering and found that they have unique advantages in treating bone defects. OBJECTIVE:Starting from the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines that promote bone formation,to screen cases of their effective combination with different drug-carrying scaffold materials,and summarize the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines that have the potential to be applied to bone tissue engineering. METHODS:CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature published from 2000 to 2023,using the keywords of"bone tissue engineering,bone tissue-engineered scaffold materials,bone defect,bone repair,bone regeneration,traditional Chinese medicine"in Chinese and English.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,87 papers were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There are various kinds of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine to promote bone regeneration,mainly including flavonoids,non-flavonoid polyphenols,alkaloids,glycosides.These active ingredients have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects,promote osteoblasts,inhibit osteoclasts and promote early angiogenesis.The combination of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine with bone tissue engineering is effective in anti-inflammation,accelerating collagen and bone formation,and promoting the expression of osteogenic genes,which provides a theoretical basis for the application of traditional Chinese medicine in bone tissue regeneration,and at the same time provides a new idea for the repair of bone defects.
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Objective:To recommend reference composition for sourceless efficiency calibration of food gamma spectrometry by analyzing the composition of common foods based on a combination of sourceless efficiency calibration and active validation.Methods:Thirty common types of food samples in countrywide monitoring of radioactively contaminated foods were analyzed to statistically determine the reference composition of grains and vegetables. Combined with the parameters provided for white quinoa standard source, LabSOCS was applied to carry out the simulation of sourceless efficiency for its different compositions, and to calculate its measured activity, and analyzing its relative deviation to the those given in the certificate.Results:The analytical result of these 30 types of food samples showed that the five elements C, H, O, N and S accounted for 77.0%-93.7% of the food composition, being the main component of these samples. By applying white quinoa′s components and grain-based reference components to the simulation of the sourceless efficiency of white quinoa standard sources, the relative deviations of activity calculations to their certificated activities were in the range of 0.37%-5.86% and 0.38%-5.87% in absolute value, respectively.Conclusions:The white quinoa′s composition and the grain reference composition were applied to the sourceless efficiency simulation of the white quinoa standard source, and the relative deviation of the calculated measured activity to the activity of the standard source certificate was basically identical, so that if the gamma spectrometry-based sourceless efficiency simulation is used to measure the unknown composition of the food samples and it is inconvenient to carry out the analysis of the food samples′ compositions, especially in the case of emergency, it can be referred to the use of the reference compositions obtained in the present study.
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Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a degenerative joint disease with a high incidence,which has seriously affected the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly people.Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal for activating blood and removing stasis,has been proved to have a certain preventive effect on KOA in basic research and clinical application.Studies have found that the active ingredients of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma have a variety of anti-KOA effects,such as regulation of inflammatory factors,anti-oxidative stress,inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis,regulation of cartilage matrix degradation,and promotion of chondrocyte autophagy.It can reduce joint pain and inflammatory edema,delay articular cartilage degeneration,and maintain cartilage matrix homeostasis.This paper reviews the effect and mechanism of the effective components from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma on the prevention and treatment of KOA,and analyzes the shortcomings of its related research.Our aim is to provide reference for the clinical treatment of KOA.
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Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of diseases caused by degeneration and dysfunction of the cells and tissues of the central nervous system, mainly including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and epilepsy. A common clinical manifestation of these diseases is cognitive decline. Neurodegenerative diseases are more common in the elderly. As population aging is aggravating, neurodegenerative diseases have aroused increasing concern since they seriously affect human health and quality of life. The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is complex, mainly related to mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, neurotoxin, neurotransmitter abnormalities, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Although western drugs on the market can attenuate the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, they may induce severe adverse reactions and are thus not conducive to long-term use by the patients. The Chinese herbal medicine Angelicae Sinensis Radix was first recorded in the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing). It has the functions of activating blood, tonifying blood, modulating the immune system, regulating menstruation, and relieving pain. This paper summarizes the research progress in the effects of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and the prescriptions containing this medicine on neurodegenerative diseases in recent 10 years, aiming to provide a reference for the future application and research of Angelicae Sinensis Radix in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ferroptosis, a new form of programmed cell death different from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, is closely associated with a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Iron-mediated accumulation of reactive oxygen species is the main inducement of ferroptosis, the mechanism of which is related to intracellular lipid metabolism, iron metabolism, and antioxidant defense pathways. Multiple signaling axes and regulators jointly regulate the occurrence and disruption of ferroptosis. Studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis regulates the growth and proliferation of tumor cells. Inducing ferroptosis in tumor cells can control the growth, metastasis, and multi-drug resistance of tumors. Therefore, the effect and mechanism of ferroptosis on tumor cells have become a hot topic in anti-cancer research. As the research advances, a variety of ferroptosis inducers has been used in the clinical chemotherapy for cancers and demonstrate significant efficacy. Accordingly, the development of ferroptosis-inducing anticancer drugs has become a new research direction for tumor treatment. Some active ingredients such as lycorine, oleanolic acid, dihydroartemisinin, pseudolaric acid B, and ophiopogonin B of Chinese medicines can induce ferroptosis in tumor cells via lipid metabolism, iron metabolism, system Xc-, and GPX4/GSH to regulate the development of tumors, demonstrating a promising prospect in clinical treatment. Based on the theory of the mechanism of ferroptosis, this paper reviews the research progress in ferroptosis induced by active ingredients of Chinese medicines in tumor cells and describes the metabolic regulatory network of ferroptosis from signaling pathways and regulatory factors, providing new strategies for applying active ingredients of Chinese medicines in the treatment of tumors.
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ObjectiveTo explore the interaction among root fungi of Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata, soil factors, and main components of medicinal materials in lithosol habitats. MethodHigh-throughput sequencing technology was employed to determine the fungal community of the root system of S. dichotoma var. lanceolata at different levels (bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, rhizoplane soil, and root interior) and the soil properties of the root system (bulk and rhizosphere), and the relationship among the fungal community, soil properties, and the main components of medicinal materials was analyzed. ResultThe total phosphorus, available phosphorus, alkaline nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, and soil water content in the rhizosphere soil of S. dichotoma var. lanceolata were slightly higher than those in the rhizosphere, but the difference was not significant. Ascomycota is the dominant phylum of root fungi in S. dichotoma var. lanceolata. In the progressive level of bulk-rhizosphere-rhizoplane-root interior system, although the fungal diversity gradually decreased, the abundance of Hypocreales, a new phylum (unclassified_ k_ Fungi), Helotiales, and Natipusilales gradually increased, among which Hypocreales is the most important fungal group in the root system of S. dichotoma var. lanceolata. The structural equation model (SEM) shows that the physicochemical factors of the root-soil play an important regulatory role in the fungal community and the main components of medicinal herbs, with soil total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen, soil water content, and pH being the main regulatory factors. Soil nitrogen content is the key to promoting the main components of the medicinal herbs, and Penicillium fungi are the key fungal group to regulate the main components of the medicinal herbs. ConclusionIt highlights that the physicochemical properties of the soil of S. dichotoma var. lanceolata play a crucial role in the fungal community and the components of medicinal materials. Hypocreales fungi in the root of S. dichotoma var. lanceolata were an important group, and Penicillium fungi had a certain role in mediating the components of medicinal materials.
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Fibrosis, a tumor-like lesion between benign tissue and malignant tumor, mostly occurs in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, bone marrow and other organs and tissues. It can affect almost every organ and eventually induce multiple organ failure and cancers, seriously endangering human life. It will be of great importance to prevent cancer if the disease can be opportunely blocked in the fibrotic stage. The pathogenesis of fibrosis is still not completely clear. It is of great clinical significance to study the occurrence, development, and mechanism of fibrosis as well as to screen new therapeutic targets. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is mainly located in the nucleus and involved in the formation of the polycomb repressive complex 2. EZH2 is a methyltransferase which makes the lysine on position 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) undergo trimethyl modification induces gene silencing through classical or nonclassical actions, so as to inhibit or activate transcription. EZH2 plays a critical role in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, which is regulated by different targets and signaling pathways. EZH2 regulates the transformation of myofibroblasts and participates in the fibrosis of multiple organs. Recent studies have shown that EZH2 plays a role in fibrosis-related pathophysiological processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, oxidative stress, and inflammation. EZH2 as the target of fibrosis, EZH2 inhibitors, and EZH2-related traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula and active compounds have gradually become hot research directions. EZH2 may be a powerful target for organ fibrosis. Exploring the structure, function, and distribution of EZH2, the role of EZH2 in fibrosis, the EZH2 inhibitors, and TCM formulas and active components targeting EZH2 has great meanings. This paper reviews the research progress in EZH2 and fibrosis, providing new ideas for the diagnosis, treatment, and drug development of fibrosis.
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According to the World Health Organization's world report on hearing, nearly 2.5 billion people worldwide will suffer from hearing loss by 2050, which may contribute to a severe impact on individual life quality and national economies. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) occurs commonly as a result of noise exposure, aging, and ototoxic drugs, and is pathologically characterized by the impairment of mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear, which is mainly triggered by reactive oxygen species accumulation, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Though recent advances have been made in understanding the ability of cochlear repair and regeneration, there are still no effective therapeutic drugs for SNHL. Chinese herbal medicine which is widely distributed and easily accessible in China has demonstrated a unique curative effect against SNHL with higher safety and lower cost compared with Western medicine. Herein we present trends in research for Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of SNHL, and elucidate their molecular mechanisms of action, to pave the way for further research and development of novel effective drugs in this field.
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SUMMARY: Magnolia bark extract supplementation has an anti-oxidative role in mammalians. However, its role in physiological aged-associated heart insufficiency is not known yet. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a magnolia bark complex, including magnolol and honokiol components (MAHOC), in elderly rat hearts (24-month-old aged group). One group of aged rats was supplemented with MAHOC (400 mg/kg/d, for 12 weeks) besides the standard rat diet while the second group of elderly rats and adult rats (to 6-month- old adult-group) were only fed with the standard rat diet. The morphological analysis using light microscopy has shown marked myofibrillar losses, densely localized fibroblasts, vacuolizations, infiltrated cell accumulations, and collagen fibers in the myocardium of the elderly rats compared to the adults. We also detected a markedly increased amount of degenerated cardiomyocytes including the euchromatic nucleus. The MAHOC supplementation of the elderly rats provided marked ameliorations in these abnormal morphological changes in the heart tissue. Furthermore, electrophysiological analysis of electrocardiograms (ECGs) in the supplemented group showed significant attenuations in the prolonged durations of P-waves, QRS-complexes, QT-intervals, and low heart rates compared to the unsupplemented elderly group. The biochemical analysis also showed significant attenuations in the activity of arylesterase and total antioxidant status in the myocardium of the supplemented group. We further determined significant attenuations in the activity of a mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, known as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the decreased level of ATP/ADP in the heart homogenates of the supplemented group. Moreover, under in vitro conditions by using an aging-mimicked cardiac cell line induced by D-galactose, we demonstrated that MAHOC treatment could provide prevention of depolarization in mitochondria membrane potential and high-level ROS production. Overall, our data presented significant myocardial ameliorations in physiological aging-associated morphological alterations parallel to the function and biochemical attenuations with MAHOC supplementation, at most, through recoveries in mitochondria.
La suplementación con extracto de corteza de magnolia tiene un papel antioxidante en los mamíferos, sin embargo, su rol en la insuficiencia cardíaca asociada al envejecimiento fisiológico aún no se conoce. Por lo anterior, investigamos los efectos de un complejo de corteza de magnolia, incluidos los componentes magnolol y honokiol (MAHOC), en corazones de ratas seniles (grupo de edad de 24 meses). La alimentación de grupo de ratas seniles se complementó con MAHOC (400 mg/kg/d, durante 12 semanas) además de la dieta estándar, mientras que el segundo grupo de ratas seniles y ratas adultas (hasta el grupo de adultos de 6 meses) solo recibió la dieta estándar para ratas. El análisis morfológico mediante microscopía óptica ha mostrado marcadas pérdidas miofibrilares, fibroblastos densamente localizados, vacuolizaciones, acumulaciones de células infiltradas y fibras de colágeno en el miocardio de las ratas seniles en comparación con las adultas. También detectamos una cantidad notablemente mayor de cardiomiocitos degradados, incluido el núcleo eucromático. La suplementación con MAHOC de las ratas seniles proporcionó mejoras marcadas en estos cambios morfológicos anormales en el tejido cardiaco. Por otra parte, el análisis de los electrocardiogramas (ECG) en el grupo suplementado mostró atenuaciones significativas en las duraciones prolongadas de las ondas P, los complejos QRS, los intervalos QT y las frecuencias cardíacas bajas, en comparación con el grupo de ratas seniles sin suplementación alimenticia. El análisis bioquímico también mostró atenuaciones significativas en la actividad de la arilesterasa y el estado antioxidante total en el miocardio del grupo suplementado. Determinamos además atenuaciones significativas en la actividad de la enzima mitocondrial succinato deshidrogenasa, conocida como fuente de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), y la disminución del nivel de ATP/ADP en los homogeneizados de corazón del grupo suplementado. Además, en condiciones in vitro mediante el uso de una línea de células cardíacas, imitando el envejecimiento inducido por D- galactosa, demostramos que el tratamiento con MAHOC podría prevenir la despolarización en el potencial de membrana de las mitocondrias y la producción de ROS de alto nivel. En general, nuestros datos presentaron mejoras miocárdicas significativas en alteraciones morfológicas asociadas con el envejecimiento fisiológico paralelas a la función y atenuaciones bioquímicas con la suplementación con MAHOC, como máximo, a través de recuperaciones en las mitocondrias.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Biphenyl Compounds/administration & dosage , Aging , Magnolia , Heart/drug effects , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts , Reactive Oxygen Species , Rats, Wistar , Lignans/administration & dosage , Heart/physiologyABSTRACT
Herbal medicines are presently widely used in developed and developing countries for health care due to their affordability, accessibility and availability. Objective: The microbial quality of selected herbal remedies sold in open markets in Owerri, South Eastern, Nigeria was studied. Methods: The samples were bulked according to type and then serially diluted. The spread plate technique was used in inoculating the samples on the appropriate culture medium and then incubated. Standard laboratory protocols for microbiological studies and biochemical tests were employed for the identification of the microorganisms present in the samples. Results: The presence of bacterial species namely Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp was recorded. They were all gram positive and bacterial counts ranged from 1.0 x 106 to 7.8 x 107cfu/ml. Fungal isolates included Mucor, Saccharomyces and Penicillium spp. and fungal counts ranged from 3.0x103 to 1.3x108 cfu/ml respectively. Conclusion: The presence of these microorganisms in herbal remedies do not only make them hazardous, but might also change the physical, chemical and natural properties of the herbal remedies by altering the contents of active ingredients or converting them to toxic products. The production and consumption of herbal remedies should be properly supervised and monitored to ensure that only good quality products get to the consumers.
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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become one of the main causes of end-stage renal disease,and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Currently,it is believed to be closely related to kidney injury mediated by various factors such as autophagy disorder under the condition of high glucose,oxidative stress and inflammation. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is crucial for protein synthesis and autophagy regulation,which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of DN. In recent years,the research on the prevention and treatment of DN with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made important progress. Plenty of evidence has shown that the active ingredients of TCM can enhance autophagy,improve oxidative stress and inflammation,inhibit cell apoptosis and abnormal proliferation by regulating mTOR signaling pathway,so as to relieve pathological changes in the kidney such as podocyte injury,glomerular basement membrane thickening,mesangial tissue abnormalities and renal tubule dysfunction,thereby reducing proteinuria and improving renal function. All of the above are of great significance for delaying the progression of DN. This article systematically summarizes the research progress of saponins,flavonoids,polyphenols,alkaloids, terpenoids and other active ingredients of TCM intervening in DN through mTOR signaling pathway,in order to provide some reference for further basic research and the development of new drugs.
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@#Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the main complications of diabetes, and also the leading cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD).The main clinical manifestations are albuminuria and decreased glomerular filtration rate.DKD seriously affects the quality of life of sufferers and places a huge financial burden on them. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated rich experience in treating DKD.This paper analyzed and summarized the recent treatment of DKD with traditional Chinese medicine from three aspects: active ingredients of TCM, TCM pairs and TCM prescriptions, so as to provide new ideas for the majority of researchers in experimental research.
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In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometer(UPLC-Q-TOF-HRMS) was used to investigate the effects of the active ingredients in Periploca forrestii compound on spleen metabolism in rats with collagen-induced arthritis(CIA), and its potential anti-inflammatory mechanism was analyzed by network pharmacology. After the model of CIA was successfully established, the spleen tissues of rats were taken 28 days after administration. UPLC-Q-TOF-HRMS chromatograms were collected and analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and MetPA. The results showed that as compared with the blank control group, 22 biomarkers in the spleen tissues such as inosine, citicoline, hypoxanthine, and taurine in the model group increased, while 9 biomarkers such as CDP-ethanolamine and phosphorylcholine decreased. As compared with the model group, 21 biomarkers such as inosine, citicoline, CDP-ethanolamine, and phosphorylcholine were reregulated by the active ingredients in P. forrestii. Seventeen metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, including purine metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism. Network pharmacology analysis found that purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism played important roles in the pathological process of rheumatoid arthritis. This study suggests that active ingredients in P. forrestii compound can delay the occurrence and development of inflammatory reaction by improving the spleen metabolic disorder of rats with CIA. The P. forrestii compound has multi-target and multi-pathway anti-inflammatory mechanism. This study is expected to provide a new explanation for the mechanism of active ingredients in P. forrestii compound against rheumatoid arthritis.
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Rats , Animals , Periploca , Cysteine , Cytidine Diphosphate Choline , Network Pharmacology , Phosphorylcholine , Metabolomics , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Biomarkers , Glycerophospholipids , Methionine , Purines , Chromatography, High Pressure LiquidABSTRACT
To explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to biosynthesis of active ingredients in wolfberry fruits of different varieties of Lycium barbarum L. and reveal the molecular mechanism of the differences of active ingredients, we utilized Illumina NovaSeq 6000 high-throughput sequencing technology to conduct transcriptome sequencing on the fruits of 'Ningqi No.1' and 'Ningqi No.7' during the green fruit stage, color turning stage and maturity stage. Subsequently, we compared the profiles of related gene expression in the fruits of the two varieties at different development stages. The results showed that a total of 811 818 178 clean reads were obtained, resulting in 121.76 Gb of valid data. There were 2 827, 2 552 and 2 311 DEGs obtained during the green fruit stage, color turning stage and maturity stage of 'Ningqi No. 1' and 'Ningqi No. 7', respectively, among which 2 153, 2 050 and 1 825 genes were annotated in six databases, including gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (KOG). In GO database, 1 307, 865 and 624 DEGs of green fruit stage, color turning stage and maturity stage were found to be enriched in biological processes, cell components and molecular functions, respectively. In the KEGG database, the DEGs at three developmental stages were mainly concentrated in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant-pathogen interaction. In KOG database, 1 775, 1 751 and 1 541 DEGs were annotated at three developmental stages, respectively. Searching the annotated genes against the PubMed database revealed 18, 26 and 24 DEGs related to the synthesis of active ingredients were mined at the green fruit stage, color turning stage and maturity stage, respectively. These genes are involved in carotenoid, flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, vitamin metabolic pathways, etc. Seven DEGs were verified by RT-qPCR, which showed consistent results with transcriptome sequencing. This study provides preliminary evidences for the differences in the content of active ingredients in different Lycium barbarum L. varieties from the transcriptional level. These evidences may facilitate further exploring the key genes for active ingredients biosynthesis in Lycium barbarum L. and analyzing their expression regulation mechanism.
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Flavonoids/metabolism , Fruit/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Lycium/metabolism , Metabolic Networks and Pathways , TranscriptomeABSTRACT
The active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)are the foundation for the efficiency of TCM and the key to the formation of Dao-di herbs. It is of great significance to study the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of these active ingredients for analyzing the formation mechanism of Daodi herbs and providing components for the production of active ingredients in TCM by synthetic biology. With the advancements in omics technology, molecular biology, synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, etc., the analysis of biosynthetic pathways for active ingredients in TCM is rapidly progressing. New methods and technologies have promoted the analysis of the synthetic pathways of active ingredients in TCM and have also made this area a hot topic in molecular pharmacognosy. Many researchers have made significant progress in analyzing the biosynthetic pathways of active ingredients in TCM such as Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Tripterygium wilfordii. This paper systematically reviewed current research me-thods for analyzing the biosynthetic functional genes of active ingredients in TCM, elaborated the mining of gene elements based on multiomics technology and the verification of gene functions in plants in vitro and in vivo with candidate genes as objects. Additionally, the paper summarized new technologies and methods that have emerged in recent years, such as high-throughput screening, molecular probes, genome-wide association studies, cell-free systems, and computer simulation screening to provide a comprehensive reference for the analysis of the biosynthetic pathways of active ingredients in TCM.
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Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Artificial Intelligence , Biosynthetic Pathways , Computer Simulation , Genome-Wide Association StudyABSTRACT
Heterologous biomimetic synthesis of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is a new mode of resource acquisition and has shown great potential in the protection and development of TCM resources. According to synthetic biology and by constructing biomimetic microbial cells and imitating the synthesis of active ingredients in medicinal plants and animals, the key enzymes obtained from medicinal plants and animals are scientifically designed and systematically reconstructed and optimized to realize the heterologous synthesis of the active ingredients in microorganisms. This method ensures an efficient and green acquisition of target products, and also achieves large-scale industrial production, which is conducive to the production of scarce TCM resources. Additiona-lly, the method playes a role in agricultural industrialization, and provides a new option for promoting the green and sustainable deve-lopment of TCM resources. This review systematically summarized the important progress in the heterologous biomimetic synthesis of TCM active ingredients from three research areas: biosynthesis of terpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids and other active ingredients, key points and difficulties in heterologous biomimetic synthesis, and biomimetic cells with complex TCM ingredients. This study facilitated the application of new generation of biotechnology and theory to the development of TCM.