Toxina botulínica y neumoperitoneo secuencial en el manejo de hernia inguinoescrotal gigante: Reporte de caso / Botulinum toxin and sequential pneumoperitoneum in the management of giant inguinoscrotal hernia: Case report

Introducción. Las hernias gigantes con pérdida de domicilio son aquellas cuyo saco herniario alcanza el punto medio del muslo en bipedestación y su contenido excede el volumen de la cavidad abdominal. Estas hernias son un reto quirúrgico dada la difícil reducción de su contenido y del cierre primario de la fascia. Tienen mayor riesgo de complicaciones asociadas al síndrome compartimental abdominal, así como mayor tasa de recurrencia y morbilidad en los pacientes. Caso clínico. Paciente masculino de 81 años, reconsultante por hernia inguinoescrotal derecha gigante, de dos años de evolución, sintomática, con índice de Tanaka de 24 %. Se decidió aplicar el protocolo de neumoperitoneo secuencial (hasta 11.000 ml en total en cavidad) además de toxina botulínica en pared abdominal (dos sesiones). Resultados. Se logró la corrección exitosa de la hernia inguinoescrotal gigante, sin recaídas de su patología abdomino-inguinal. El paciente manifestó satisfacción con el tratamiento un año después del procedimiento. Conclusiones. El protocolo de neumoperitoneo secuencial es una alternativa en casos de hernias complejas, con alto riesgo de complicaciones, que requieren técnicas reconstructivas adicionales. La aplicación previa de toxina botulínica es un adyuvante considerable para aumentar la probabilidad de resultados favorables. Sin embargo, debe incentivarse la investigación en esta área para evaluar su efectividad.

Introduction. Giant hernias with loss of domain are those whose hernial sac reaches the midpoint of the thigh in standing position and whose content exceeds the volume of the abdominal cavity. These hernias are a surgical challenge given the difficult reduction of their contents and the primary fascial closure, with a higher risk of complications associated with abdominal compartment syndrome, as well as a higher rate of recurrence and morbidity in patients. Clinical case. A 81-year-old male patient with comorbidity, reconsulting due to a symptomatic giant right inguinoscrotal hernia of two years of evolution, with a Tanaka index of 24%, eligible for a sequential pneumoperitoneum protocol (up to a total of 11,000 cc in cavity) plus application of botulinum toxin (two sessions) in the abdominal wall. Results. Successful correction of the patient's giant inguinoscrotal hernia was achieved using this protocol, without recurrence of his abdomino-inguinal pathology and satisfaction with the procedure after one year. Conclusion. The sequential pneumoperitoneum protocol continues to be an important alternative in cases with a high risk of complications that require additional reconstructive techniques, while the previous application of botulinum toxin is a considerable adjuvant to further increase the rate of favorable results. However, research in the area should be encouraged to reaffirm its effectiveness.

Estudio comparativo de herniorrafía en emergencia y en situaciones electivas / Comparison study of herniorrhaphy at emergency and elective situations

La hernia inguinal es uno de los problemas urgentes más comunes encontrados por los cirujanos. Hubo 145 pacientes tratados debido al diagnóstico de hernia inguinal. De 44 pacientes que fueron operados en condiciones de emergencia. Alrededor de 131 casos (106 hombres y 25 mujeres) fueron tratados con reparación de malla preperitoneal abierta unilateral. Los pacientes fueron examinados en términos de complicaciones postoperatorias. Los datos recopilados incluidos como edad, sexo, historial médico, afecciones de cirugía, encarcelamiento y estrangulamiento. Hubo un total de 145 pacientes incluidos en el estudio; en el que 44 de ellos (29 hombres y 15 mujeres, rango de edad: 30-72) (Grupo I) fueron operados en condiciones de emergencia y 101 de ellas (51 hombres y 50 mujeres, rango de edad: 25-78) (grupo Ii) fueron operados en condiciones electivas. Hubo comorbilidad en 31 pacientes de grupo I y 77 pacientes del grupo II. Alrededor del 47.7% (n = 21) de los casos que se sometieron a cirugía emergente debido al encarcelamiento, mientras que el 43.6% (n = 44) de los casos que fueron operados en condiciones electivas. Había 12 hernias femorales en el Grupo I y 19 Hernia femoral en el Grupo II. No hay diferencia entre la complicación postoperatoria y las tasas de recurrencia en los casos de hernia inguinal operados en condiciones electivas y en condiciones de emergencia. Es más barato que la reparación laparoscópica, el control del dolor de plomo y la falta de dolor neuropático, tiene complicaciones menos testiculares, y es más ventajoso que otros enfoques abiertos

Inguinal hernia is one of the most common urgent problems encountered by surgeons. There were 145 patients treated due to inguinal hernia diagnosis. Out of 44 patients who were operated under emergency conditions. About 131 cases (106 male and 25 female) were treated with unilateral open preperitoneal mesh repair. Patients were examined in terms of postoperative complications. Data collected included as age, gender, medical history, surgery conditions, incarceration and strangulation. There were total of 145 patients included in the study; in which 44 of them (29 male and 15 female, range of age: 30- 72) (group I) were operated under emergency conditions and 101 of them (51 male and 50 female, range of age: 25-78) (group II) were operated under elective conditions. There was comorbidity in 31 patients of group I and 77 patients of group II. About 47.7% (n=21) of cases who underwent emergent surgery due to incarceration, while 43.6% (n=44) of cases who were operated under elective conditions. There were 12 femoral hernias in group I and 19 femoral hernia in group II. There is no difference between postoperative complication and recurrence rates in inguinal hernia cases operated under elective conditions and under emergency conditions. It is cheaper than laparoscopic repair, lead pain control and lack of neuropathic pain, has less testicular complications, and it is more advantageous than other open approaches.

Epidemiological Analysis of 245 Patients with Athletic Pubalgia / Análise epidemiológica de 245 pacientes com pubalgia atlética

Abstract Objective To analyze the clinicoepidemiological characteristics of pubalgia in athletes and to define the epidemiological profile of patients complaining of lower abdomen and groin pain at a specialized center. Methodology We conducted a retrospective study based on a case series to evaluate the epidemiological profile of 245 athletes with pubalgia reported in their medical records from October 2015 to February 2018. The selected sample underwent a clinical evaluation, and the results were recorded through the application of a questionnaire. Results The sample consisted of 245 patients aged between 14 and 75 years. Soccer and running were the most prevalent sports. Most subjects (58%) trained or played sports 3 or more days a week. After evaluating specific sports movements, symptoms worsened in 24% of the patients when changing direction; in 23%, when kicking; in 22%, during sprints and speed training; in 17%, during long runs; and in 14%, when jumping. Pain during intercourse was reported by 13% of the patients. For most subjects (80%), the inguinal region, the adductor muscles, and the pubis (midline) were the main pain sites. The tests involving adductor contraction against resistance with an extended knee was positive in 77.6% of the patients, and the one involving simultaneous hip and abdomen flexion against resistance was positive in 76.7% of the sample. Conclusion The present study has demonstrated the predominance of pubalgia in male patients who play soccer and practice running. In most cases (80%), pain occurred in the inguinal region, the adductor muscles, and the pubis. Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis took more than six months for most patients.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as características clínico-epidemiológicas da pubalgia do atleta, e definir o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com queixa de dor na região baixa do abdômen e virilha avaliados em um centro especializado. Metodologia Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de uma série de casos, no qual se avaliou o perfil epidemiológico de 245 pacientes esportistas com pubalgia, registrados em prontuário, entre outubro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2018. A amostra selecionada foi submetida a uma avaliação clínica, e os resultados foram documentados a partir da aplicação de um questionário. Resultados A amostra estudada foi de 245 pacientes com idades que variavam entre 14 e 75 anos. O futebol e a corrida foram os esportes mais prevalentes, e 58% treinavam ou praticavam esporte 3 ou mais dias por semana. Após a avaliação dos movimentos esportivos específicos, foi observada piora dos sintomas em 24% com a troca de direção; em 23%, nos chutes; em 22%, nos sprints e treinos de velocidade; em 17%, nas corridas longas; e em 14%, nos saltos. Dor durante o ato sexual foi relatado em 13% dos pacientes. A maior parte dos pacientes (80%) relatou que a região inguinal, os adutores e o púbis (linha média) eram os principais sítios da dor. O teste de contração dos adutores contra resistência com joelho em extensão foi positivo em 77,6% dos pacientes avaliados, e o teste de Flexão simultânea do Quadril + Abdômen contra resistência foi positivo em 76.7% dos pacientes. Conclusão O presente estudo demonstrou o predomínio dessa lesão nos pacientes do sexo masculino praticantes de futebol e de corrida. A dor, na maioria dos casos (80%), estava presente na região inguinal, nos adutores e no púbis. A maioria dos pacientes demorou mais de seis meses para ter o diagnóstico clínico confirmado.

Experiencia actual en el abordaje laparoscópico transabdominal preperitoneal de hernias inguinales en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional: periodo 2018-2022

Introducción: la hernia inguinal es uno de los principales motivos de consulta quirúrgica y su reparación es uno de los procedimientos más comunes en cirugía. Objetivo: determinar la experiencia en el abordaje laparoscópico de las hernias inguinales por técnica transabdominal preperitoneal en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de corte temporal transversal. En pacientes de 16 a 90 años de edad con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal internados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional para hernioplastia electiva. Resultados: se llevaron a cabo 30 hernioplastias por técnica técnica trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal de los cuales el 73 % fue realizado en hombres y 27 % en mujeres; se identificó una media de edad de 48,4 años, el grupo etario con mayor frecuencia fue de 38 a 48 años. En el examen físico pre quirúrgico se encontraron hernias inguinales unilaterales en el 76.6 % y bilaterales en el 23.3 %; en la mayor parte de los pacientes las hernias fueron primarias en el 86.6 %y recidivada en el 13.3 %. El tiempo quirúrgico en promedio fue de 93.1 minutos; con un tiempo máximo de 120 minutos y mínimo de 60 minutos. El tiempo de hospitalización en el 100 % de los pacientes fue de 48 h. De las complicaciones post operatorias se establece que el 76.6 % no presento ningún tipo de complicación; el 20 % presentó seroma como complicación principal y 3.3 % infección del sitio quirúrgico. Conclusión: debido a su alta frecuencia y a su impacto en la incapacidad laboral y social, las hernias inguinales representan una de las patologías quirúrgicas más importantes con bajas tasas de complicaciones post operatorias y corta estancia hospitalaria.

Introduction: inguinal hernia is one of the main reasons TAPP, e-TEP (Totally extraperitoneal with extended vision) for surgical consultation and its repair is one of the most common surgical procedures. Objective: to determine the experience in the laparoscopic approach of inguinal hernias by preperitoneal transabdominal technique in the Servicio de Cirugía General of the Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional. Methodology: retrospective descriptive observational study of cross-sectional time. In patients from 16 to 90 years of age with a diagnosis of inguinal hernia admitted to the Servicio de Cirugía General of the Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional for elective hernioplasty. Results: 30 hernioplasties were carried out by the TAPP technique, of which 73 % were performed in men and 27 % in women; a mean age of 48.4 years was identified, the age group most frequently being 38 to 48 years. In the pre-surgical physical examination, unilateral inguinal hernias were found in 76.6 % and bilateral in 23.3 %; in most of the patients the hernias were primary in 86.6 % and recurred in 13.3 %. Average surgical time was 93.1 minutes; with a maximum time of 120 minutes and a minimum of 60 minutes. The hospitalization time in 100 % of the patients was 48 hours. Of the post-operative complications, it is established that 76.6% did not present any type of complication; 20 % presented seroma as the main complication and 3.3 % surgical site infection. Conclusion: due to its high frequency and its impact on work and social disability, inguinal hernias represent one of the most important surgical pathologies with low rates of postoperative complications and short hospital stay.

Importancia del conocimiento anatómico del espacio extraperitoneal y su utilidad en los abordajes quirúrgicos / Importance of anatomical knowledge of the extraperitoneal space and its usefulness in surgical approaches

Introducción. El espacio extraperitoneal, se define como el segmento topográfico ubicado entre el peritoneo parietal internamente y la fascia transversalis externamente. Como resultado del desarrollo y consolidación de la cirugía laparoscópica, en particular de la herniorrafia inguinal por esta vía, se ha presentado un renovado y creciente interés en esta área anatómica, debido a la importancia de su conocimiento detallado en la cirugía de mínima invasión. Métodos. Se hizo una revisión narrativa de la literatura para presentar una información actualizada y detallada sobre la anatomía del espacio extraperitoneal y su importancia en diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados actualmente. Resultados. Por fuera del espacio peritoneal, se encuentran las áreas anatómicas externas al peritoneo parietal, que incluyen la preperitoneal y la retroperitoneal. Mediante la laparoscopia, se pueden localizar en estos espacios cinco triángulos anatómicos, además de la corona mortis y el triángulo supra vesical. Conclusión. El conocimiento del espacio extraperitoneal es de gran importancia para el cirujano general, teniendo en cuenta los múltiples procedimientos que requieren el abordaje de esta área topográfica

Introduction. The extraperitoneal space is defined as the topographic segment located between the parietal peritoneum internally and the fascia transversalis externally. As a result of the development and consolidation of laparoscopic surgery, particularly inguinal herniorrhaphy by this route, there has been a renewed and growing interest in this anatomical area, due to the importance of its detailed knowledge in minimally invasive surgery. Methods. A narrative review of the literature was made to present updated and detailed information on the anatomy of the extraperitoneal space and its importance in different surgical procedures currently performed. Results. Outside the peritoneal space are the anatomical areas external to the parietal peritoneum, including the preperitoneal and extraperitoneal. Using laparoscopy, five anatomical triangles, in addition to the corona mortis and the supravesical triangle, can be located in these spaces. Conclusion. Knowledge of the extraperitoneal space is of great importance for the general surgeon, taking into account the multiple procedures that require the approach of this topographic area

Complicaciones de la hernioplastia inguinal laparoscópica / Complications of laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty / Complicações da herniplastia inguinal laparoscópica

Las hernias que se ubican en la pared abdominal son consideradas una patología de alta prevalencia en la población mundial, ya que se estima que el 55 % de las personas se ve afectada en algún momento de su vida por esta enfermedad. Además, se someten anualmente más de 20 millones de pacientes a nivel mundial a reparación de hernia inguinal, como gran parte de estos pacientes presentan comorbilidades, es importante conocer las complicaciones que conlleva este procedimiento. Objetivo. Identificar estrategias para reducir la incidencia de complicaciones y mejorar los resultados a largo plazo de la hernioplastia inguinal laparoscópica. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática, de estudios observacionales, donde las principales bases de datos utilizados fueron PubMed y Google Scholar cuyos descriptores DeCS-MeSH se presentan con el siguiente algoritmo de búsqueda "Complications" AND "laparoscopic" AND "inguinal" AND "hernioplasty". Se incluyeron los trabajos relacionados con el tema de investigación, publicados en español o inglés en periodos más recientes o publicados dentro de los últimos 5 años. Conclusión. La incidencia de hernias inguinales aumenta con la edad, especialmente entre la quinta y la séptima década de la vida por lo cual conlleva a complicaciones que van desde morbilidad de la herida, recurrencia de la hernia, dolor crónico y problemas relacionados con la malla. A pesar de las complicaciones que presenta la reparación de hernia inguinal vía laparoscópica es una de las técnicas más usada actualmente y que brinda una recuperación más rápida.

Hernias located in the abdominal wall are considered a highly prevalent pathology in the world population, since it is estimated that 55% of people are affected at some point in their lives by this disease. In addition, more than 20 million patients worldwide undergo inguinal hernia repair every year. Since most of these patient's present comorbidities, it is important to know the complications that this procedure entails. Objective. To identify strategies to reduce the incidence of complications and improve long-term outcomes of laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty. Methodology. A systematic review of observational studies was performed, where the main databases used were PubMed and Google Scholar whose DeCS-MeSH descriptors are presented with the following search algorithm "Complications" AND "laparoscopic" AND "inguinal" AND "hernioplasty". Papers related to the research topic, published in Spanish or English in more recent periods or published within the last 5 years, were included. Conclusion. The incidence of inguinal hernias increases with age, especially between the fifth and seventh decade of life, which leads to complications ranging from wound morbidity, hernia recurrence, chronic pain and mesh-related problems. In spite of the complications, laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair is one of the most widely used techniques today and provides a faster recovery.

As hérnias localizadas na parede abdominal são consideradas uma patologia altamente prevalente na população mundial, pois estima-se que 55% das pessoas sejam afetadas em algum momento de suas vidas por essa doença. Além disso, mais de 20 milhões de pacientes em todo o mundo são submetidos a reparos de hérnia inguinal todos os anos. Como muitos desses pacientes têm comorbidades, é importante estar ciente das complicações associadas a esse procedimento. Objetivo. Identificar estratégias para reduzir a incidência de complicações e melhorar os resultados de longo prazo da hernioplastia inguinal laparoscópica. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais, em que os principais bancos de dados utilizados foram o PubMed e o Google Scholar, cujos descritores DeCS-MeSH são apresentados com o seguinte algoritmo de pesquisa: "Complications" AND "laparoscopic" AND "inguinal" AND "hernioplasty". Foram incluídos artigos relacionados ao tópico da pesquisa, publicados em inglês ou espanhol em períodos mais recentes ou publicados nos últimos 5 anos. Conclusão. A incidência de hérnias inguinais aumenta com a idade, especialmente entre a quinta e a sétima década de vida, levando a complicações que vão desde a morbidade da ferida, recorrência da hérnia, dor crônica e problemas relacionados à malha. Apesar das complicações, a correção laparoscópica da hérnia inguinal é uma das técnicas mais usadas atualmente e proporciona uma recuperação mais rápida.

Adenocarcinoma de colon sobre sigmoides deslizado en hernia inguinoescrotal izquierda / Sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma in a left inguinoscrotal hernia

RESUMEN La patología herniaria representa un diagnóstico frecuente en cirugía y predomina en pacientes de sexo masculino y de edad avanzada. Por otra parte, el cáncer de colon es el tercer cáncer de mayor prevalencia en Uruguay, y el segundo en mortalidad. El diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de colon que asienta sobre una hernia inguinal es infrecuente y se informan pocos casos en la bibliografía disponible. Habitualmente es un diagnóstico intraoperatorio en pacientes operados de urgencia por estrangulación herniaria. Su diagnóstico, el abordaje y la táctica quirúrgica son tema de discusión. Presentamos un caso de cáncer de colon sigmoides en una hernia inguinal izquierda irreductible, diagnosticado en el preoperatorio de hernioplastia inguinal, resecado mediante un doble abordaje convencional.

ABSTRACT Inguinal hernia represents a common diagnosis in surgery and predominates in elderly male patients. Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in Uruguay and the second cause of mortality. The diagnosis of colon adenocarcinoma in an inguinal hernia is uncommon and few cases have been reported in the literature available. Most cases are found intraoperatively in patients undergoing emergency surgery for strangulated hernia. The diagnosis, approach and surgical tactics are matter of debate. We report a case of sigmoid colon cancer in an irreducible left inguinal hernia, diagnosed during the preoperative evaluation of inguinal hernia repair, resected by a double conventional approach.

Recidiva de hernias inguinales. Estudio de 52 casos / Recurrence of Inguinal Hernias. Study of 52 cases

Las hernias inguinales son una patología para tratamiento quirúrgico frecuente, afecta entre un 3 a 5 % de toda la población en general, su reparación resulta difícil y peligrosa en caso de recurrencia; un paciente sometido a cirugía tiene entre19 ­ 39 % de probabilidades de recidiva, y esto aumenta con cada nuevo procedimiento. Objetivo: caracterizar la prevalencia de recidivas de hernias inguinales en pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Universitario de Caracas entre los años 2015-2020. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y analítico. Resultados: se estudiaron 52 casos de recidivas de hernias inguinales, 43 % de un total de 120 pacientes sometidos a hernioplastia inguinal, las técnicas quirúrgicas con mayor número de recidivas fueron: la de Bassini con 14 %, la de Rutkow-Robbins con 10 % y la de Linchtenstein con 9 % de los casos; con un tiempo de recidiva posterior a la primera intervención el cual fue mayor al año de la primera intervención. Conclusiones: la recidiva resultó un poco mayor al promedio, el tiempo en el cual ocurrió es mayor al año de la intervención y las técnicas más involucradas fueron, enorden decreciente: Bassini, Rutkow-Robbins, y Linchtenstein(AU)

Inguinal hernias are a pathology for frequent surgical treatment, affecting between 3 to 5 % of the entire population in general, their repair is difficult and dangerousin case of recurrence; a patient undergoing surgery has a19-39 % chance of recurrence, and this increases with eachnew procedure. Objective: to characterize the prevalence of recurrences of inguinal hernias in patients undergoing surgery at the General Surgery Service of the Hospital Universitario de Caracas between the years 2015-2020. Methods: retrospective, descriptive and analytical study. Results: 52 cases of inguinalhernia recurrences were studied, 43 % of a total of 120 patients undergoing inguinal hernioplasty, the surgical techniques with the highest number of recurrences were: Bassini with 14 %,that of Rutkow-Robbins with 10 % and that of Linchtensteinwith 9 % of the cases; with a recurrence time after the first intervention which was greater than a year after the first intervention. Conclusions: the recurrence was a little high erthan the average, the time in which it occurred is greater than a year othehe intervention and the techniques most involved were,in decreasing order: Bassini, Rutkow-Robbins, and Lichtenstei(AU)

A male patient with amyand hernia: A case report and literature review

An Amyand hernia is a protrusion of an organ or its fascia through the wall of the abdominal cavity which contains the appendix, which has an incidence rate of 0.5–1% of the many hernia cases. This review reports the case findings of a 63-year-old male patient with an inguinal hernia containing the appendix (Amyand hernia). The patient came with complaints of abdominal pain and a lump in his testicles, with a history of frequent lumps coming and going. Physical examination from the right inguinal to the scrotal sac found a lump the size of three adult fists with the same skin color as the surroundings. The patient was diagnosed with a giant right scrotal hernia and underwent herniorrhaphy surgery and mesh placement. During the operation, the appendix and mesoappendix were visible upon opening the hernia sac, so it was decided to perform an appendectomy, return the contents of the hernia sac into the abdominal cavity, and do a mesh installation. Amyand hernia itself presents a diagnostic challenge because of its low incidence, vague clinical signs and symptoms, and lack of clear radiological diagnostic features. In addition, there are still no clear guidelines for its management.

Abnormal obturator artery with ipsilateral inferior epigastric artery passed behind the femoral vein / Arteria obturatriz anómala con arteria epigástrica inferior ipsilateral que cruza posterior a la vena femoral

SUMMARY: Clear awareness of the vascular variations is critical in surgeries, which may cause massive hemorrhage during surgical procedures. During educational dissection of a male cadaver, we encountered a combined variation of the left obturator artery and ipsilateral aberrant inferior epigastric artery. The left obturator artery originated from the external iliac artery, then coursed inward, adherent to the superior pubic ramus. The left inferior epigastric artery originated from the femoral artery, and coursed behind the femoral vein. These anatomical variations shown in one person were extremely rare. This is particularly true with regard to these variations while performing pelvic and inguinal region surgeries.

El conocimiento claro de las variaciones vasculares es fundamental en las cirugías, ya que pueden causar una hemorragia masiva durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos. Durante la disección educativa de un cadáver de sexo masculino, encontramos una variación combinada de la arteria obturatriz izquierda y la arteria epigástrica inferior ipsilateral aberrante. La arteria obturatriz izquierda se originaba en la arteria ilíaca externa, luego discurrió hacia medial, adhiriéndose a la rama púbica superior. La arteria epigástrica inferior izquierda se originaba en la arteria femoral y discurría por detrás de la vena femoral. Estas variaciones anatómicas mostradas en una sola persona son extremadamente raras. Esto es importante de conocer estas variaciones cuando se realizan cirugías de las regiones pélvica e inguinal.

Management of mesh infection after tension-free repair of inguinal hernia / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and surgical management of mesh infection after tension-free repair of inguinal hernia.Methods:The clinical and follow-up data of 87 patients with mesh infection after tension-free repair of inguinal hernia at the Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery,Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from 2018 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The most frequent type of repair was plug implantation, accounting for 57.5% of the procedures. The most common clinical presentation was a chronic sinus. 79.3% patients had a >3-month history of chronic infection. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria. All patients underwent open debridement. Fifty-one patients had a complete removal of the infected mesh, and 36 had partial removal. All patients were followed up for 18.7-54.2 months. There was no significant difference in the incidence of wound infection, seroma, hematoma, inguinal hernia recurrence, and chronic pain between those with complete removal and that partial removal (all P>0.05). Seventeen cases suffered recurrent sinus in the partial mesh removal group, and the incidence was significantly higher than that in the complete mesh removal group ( P<0.001). Conclusion:Infected mesh removal is an effective treatment for mesh infection after tension-free repair of inguinal hernia and should be removed as completely as possible.

Comparison of modified laparoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair and laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair in patients with inguinal hernia / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the application effects of modified laparoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair (TEP) and laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair (TAPP) in inguinal hernia.Methods:One hundred and twenty-five patients with inguinal hernia in Yiwu Central Hospital from February 2017 to December 2019 were selected for retrospective study. They were divided into modified TEP group (63 cases) and TAPP group (62 cases). The modified TEP group was treated with modified TEP, and the TAPP group was treated with TAPP. The perioperative operation related indexes, serum oxidative stress indexes, 1-year recurrence rate and semen quality indexes were compared between the two groups.Results:The scores of visual analogue scale after operation for 24 h in the modified TEP group was lower than that in the TAPP group: (1.68 ± 0.39) scores vs. (1.97 ± 0.46) scores, P<0.05. After operation for 3 d, the levels of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the modified TEP group were higher than those in the TAPP group: (92.79 ± 8.82) μmol/L vs. (84.40 ± 7.36) μmol/L, (81.52 ± 9.37) U/L vs. (75.75 ± 8.50) U/L; and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the modified TEP group was lower than that in the TAPP group: (23.42 ± 3.3) μmol/L vs. (26.71 ± 3.92) μmol/L; the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in 1-year recurrence rate between the two groups ( P>0.05). One year after operation, the levels of acid phosphatase (ACP), fructose (FRU) and α- glucosidase (α- Glu) in the modified TEP group were higher than those in the TAPP group: (180.87 ± 20.15) kU/L vs. (159.85 ± 14.50) kU/L, (3.37 ± 0.84) g/L vs.(2.53 ± 0.67) g/L, (62.94 ± 6.25) kU/L vs. (43.96 ± 5.31) kU/L, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Both modified TEP and TAPP are effective methods for the treatment of inguinal hernia, but the former can reduce surgical trauma, recover quickly, and protect normal reproductive function.

Clinical application of laparoscopic partial excision of the cyst wall combined with internal inguinal ring repair in the treatment of pediatric abdominoscrotal hydrocele in 12 cases / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic partial excision of the cyst wall combined with internal inguinal ring repair in the treatment of pediatric abdominoscrotal hydrocele (ASH). 【Methods】 Clinical data of 12 ASH children treated during Mar.2017 to May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including clinical manifestations, preoperative diagnosis, intraoperative findings, and postoperative results. 【Results】 A preoperative diagnosis of ASH was made in 9 cases. In the other 3 cases, ASH was detected during laparoscopic repair of the hydrocele. The opening of the internal inguinal ring was wide and cavernous, and patent processus vaginalis (PPV)was detectedin all cases. Contralateral pathologies were detected in 5 cases, including hydrocele in 4 and inguinal hernia in 1. All patients received laparoscopic partial excision of the cyst wall combined with internal inguinal ring repair. During the follow-up of 6-37 months, no recurrence of ASH or ipsilateral hernias occurred, and no testicular atrophy was observed. 【Conclusion】 Laparoscopic partial excision of the cyst wall combined with internal inguinal ring repair is effective, safe and feasible in the treatment of the pediatric ASH.

Effects of individualized treatment of contralateral patent processus vaginalis during laparoscopic high ligation of processus vaginalis / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To explore the rational management of contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) in laparoscopic high ligation of processus vaginalis. 【Methods】 A total of 300 children with unilateral oblique inguinal hernia/hydrocele who received laparoscopic high ligation of processus vaginalis in Baoding Children’s Hospital during Jun.2018 and Jun.2022 were selected and divided into two groups by random number table method, with 150 in either group. In the control group, 53 cases of CPPV were found intraoperatively, which were treated simultaneously. In the study group, 58 cases of CPPV were detected, among which 11 met the indications of high ligation and received simultaneous surgical treatment. The incidence of recurrence was compared between the two groups. 【Results】 After 1 year of follow-up, the recurrence rate was 8.62% in the study group and 1.88% in the control group (P>0.05). The detection rate of CPPV was 23.02% in children with unilateral inguinal hernia, significantly lower than that in children with unilateral hydrocele (49.07%, P<0.001). The detection rate of CPPV was 42.71% in children with left patent processus vaginalis and 32.95% in children with right patent processus vaginalis (P=0.19). The detection rate of CPPV was 62.93% in the age group of 1-2 years, significantly higher than that in other age groups (P<0.001). 【Conclusion】 The incidence of CPPV conversion into oblique inguinal hernia or hydrocele is low. Only children who meet the indications can be treated at the same time during surgery.

Outcomes of a modified microdot two-layer microsurgical vasovasostomy in the treatment of vas deferens obstruction caused by inguinal herniorrhaphy / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To introduce a modified microdot two-layer microsurgical vasovasostomy (MVV) and to analyze its effectiveness in patients with vas deferens obstruction caused by inguinal herniorrhaphy. 【Methods】 Clinical data of patients treated during Mar.2015 and Oct.2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, the patients were divided into the modified group and traditional group. The general data, intraoperative conditions, efficacies and complications of the two groups were compared. 【Results】 There were 59 cases in the modified group, 54(91.5%) of whom were successfully followed up, and 41 cases in the traditional group, 38(92.7%) of whom were successfully followed up. There were no significant differences in age, inguinal herniorrhaphy history, and unilateral/bilateral ratio between the two groups (P>0.05). The average operation time for unilateral lesions in the modified group was shorter than that in the traditional group [(89.44±24.86) vs. (112.04±43.40) min, P=0.032]. The postoperative patency rate (83.3% vs.73.7%, P>0.05) and natural pregnancy rate (33.3% vs.28.9%, P>0.05) of the modified group and traditional group were comparable. Incision fat liquefaction occurred in 2 cases (3.70%) in the modified group and in 1 case (2.63%) in the traditional group (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 The modified microdot two-layer MVV is a safe surgical method with comparable effectiveness as the traditional approach. By adjusting the position of the marking points and the order of suturing, it helps the management of sutures, reduces the difficulty of vasovasostomy, shortens operation time, and can be applied to repair vas deferens obstruction caused by inguinal herniorrhaphy.

Qual a melhor técnica de fixação da tela na cirurgia laparoscópica da hérnia inguinal? / What is the best mesh fixation technique in laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery?

Introdução: As operações laparoscópicas têm aumentado anualmente, bem como os casos de prevalência das hérnias da parede abdominal. Com isso, as técnicas de se realizar as operações, bem como certos procedimentos vem sendo estudados. Uma das questões debatidas é a respeito do tipo de fixação da tela. Objetivo: Avaliar as técnicas de fixação da tela na cirurgia laparoscópica ventral da hérnia inguinal. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão sistemática. Três bases de dados foram consultadas: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), EMBASE e PUBMED. Durante as buscas foram utilizados descritores com vocabulário controlado e text words. Resultados: Em relação ao desenho do estudo 1 revisão incluiu apenas ECA, 2 ECA e ECNA e 1 combinou a inclusão de ECA e estudos observacionais. Em relação ao tipo de fixação 2 estudos compararam os efeitos da fixação por tacha vs. cola de fibrina e outros 2 a comparação da fixação do grampo vs. cola de fibrina. De todos os desfechos de metanálise avaliados, apenas a redução da dor inguinal crônica pela fixação por cola de fibrina foi estatisticamente superior ao método de fixação mecânico em 3 dos 4 estudos. Conclusão: Os achados mostram que a diferença entre as técnicas de fixação da tela na cirurgia laparoscópica ventral da hérnia inguinal é que a fixação por cola diminui a incidência de dor crônica pós-operatória.

Introduction: Laparoscopic operations have increased annually, as well as the prevalence of abdominal wall hernias. With this, the techniques of performing the operations, as well as certain procedures, have been studied. One of the debated questions is about the type of fixation of the mesh. Objective: To evaluate mesh fixation techniques in ventral laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia. Method: This is a systematic review. Three databases were consulted: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), EMBASE and PUBMED. During the searches, descriptors with controlled vocabulary and text words were used. Results: Regarding the study design, 1 review included only ACE, 2 ACE and ECNA and 1 combined the inclusion of ACE and observational studies. Regarding the type of fixation, 2 studies compared the effects of stud fixation vs. fibrin glue and 2 others comparison of staple vs. fibrin glue. Of all the meta-analysis outcomes evaluated, only the reduction of chronic groin pain by fibrin glue fixation was statistically superior to the mechanical fixation method in 3 of 4 studies. Conclusion: The findings show that the difference between mesh fixation techniques in laparoscopic ventral inguinal hernia surgery is that glue fixation decreases the incidence of postoperative chronic pain.

Urgency hospitalizations for inguinal hernia in brazil from 2010 to 2019: mortality and costs in the public health system / Hospitalizações de urgência para hérnias inguinais no brasil de 2010 a 2019: mortalidade e custos no sistema único de saúde (sus)

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: It is known that elective inguinal hernioplasties are safe procedures, but in an emergency setting, they have higher rates of complications and hospital costs. Despite this, quantitative studies on the subject in Brazil are still scarce. AIMS: To evaluate the trend in hospitalization rates, hospital mortality, and costs for inguinal hernia in an emergency, regarding gender and age group. METHODS: This is a time series study with data from the Unified Health System (SUS), at the national level, from 2010 to 2019. RESULTS: The overall hospitalization rate (p=0.007; b<0,02) in all age groups (p<0.005; b<0) in both genders indicated a decreasing trend. The general mortality rate in both genders and in most age groups showed an increasing trend (p<0.005), as well as the cost of hospitalization in all age groups of both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Urgent hospitalization rates for inguinal hernia in Brazil have shown a steady or decreasing trend; however, hospital mortality and costs per hospitalization have demonstrated an increasing trend in recent years.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Sabe-se que as hernioplastias inguinais eletivas são procedimentos seguros, mas que, em caráter de urgência, têm maiores taxas de complicações e custos hospitalares. Apesar disso, ainda são escassos os estudos quantitativos sobre o tema no Brasil. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a tendência das taxas de internação, mortalidade hospitalar e custos por hérnia inguinal em caráter de urgência, quanto ao sexo e faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de séries temporais com dados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em nível nacional, no período de 2010 a 2019. RESULTADOS: A taxa de internação geral (p=0,007; b<0,02) em todas as faixas etárias (p<0,005; b<0) nos dois sexos indicou tendência decrescente. A taxa de mortalidade geral em ambos os sexos e na maioria das faixas etárias apresentou tendência crescente (p<0,005), assim como o custo da internação em todas as faixas etárias de ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de internação em caráter de urgência por hérnia inguinal, no Brasil, apresentaram tendência estacionária ou decrescente, entretanto, a mortalidade hospitalar e os custos por internação mostraram tendência crescente nos últimos anos.

The Lichtenstein technique is being used adequately in inguinal hernia repair: national analysis and review of the surgical technique / A técnica de Lichtenstein está sendo utilizada adequadamente nos reparos das hérnias inguinais: análise nacional e revisão da técnica cirúrgica

ABSTRACT Introduction: it is estimated that approximately 20 million people undergo inguinal hernia surgery annually in the world, with the Lichtenstein technique being the most performed surgical procedure. The objective of this study is to analyze the knowledge of the technical principles used in the Lichtenstein technique. Method: Survey-type intersectional study approved by the research ethics committee of São Camilo University Center (CAAE: 70036523.1.0000.0062). During the research period, 11,622 e-mails were sent to members of the main national surgical societies with research on the technical principles of Lichtenstein surgery. The survey was carried out using an electronic form with 10 multiple-choice questions. The form was answered anonymously on the SurveyMonkey and Google Forms platforms. Result: 744 responses were received to the electronic form. Based on this number of respondents, our survey has a confidence level of 95% with a margin of error of 3.5%. It was observed that there is no standardization of the technique among the majority of responders (53.4%). Many surgeons still perform digital dissection of the spermatic cord (47%). A small number of interviewees (15.2%) performed sutures with absorbable thread in the region of the internal oblique aponeurosis, while more than half (55.2%) continued to perform sutures with non-absorbable thread. Most surgeons use a small overlap or fix the mesh juxtaposed to the pubic symphysis (51%). Conclusion: Our research identified that a small percentage of respondents adequately know the technical principles of Lichtenstein surgery. The result brings us new insights into the need to review Lichtenstein technique.

RESUMO Introdução: estima-se que aproximadamente 20 milhões de pessoas sejam submetidas a cirurgia de hérnia inguinal anualmente no mundo, sendo a técnica de Lichtenstein o procedimento cirúrgico mais realizado. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar o conhecimento dos principios técnicos empregados na técnica de Lichtenstein. Método: estudo tipo levantamento interseccional aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa do Centro Universitário São Camilo (CAAE: 70036523.1.0000.0062). Durante o período da pesquisa foram encaminhados 11.622 e-mails aos membros das principais sociedades cirúrgicas nacionais com uma pesquisa sobre os princípios técnicos da cirurgia de Lichtenstein. A pesquisa foi realizada por formulário eletrônico com 10 questões de múltipla escolha. O formulário foi respondido de forma anônima nas plataformas SurveyMonkey e Google Forms. Resultado: foram recebidos 744 respostas ao formulário eletrônico. Com base nesse número de respondedores, nossa pesquisa apresenta grau de confiança de 95% com margem de erro de 3,5%. Foi observado que não há padronização da técnica entre a maioria dos respondedores (53.4%). Muitos cirurgiões ainda fazem dissecção digital do funículo espermático (47%). Um pequeno número de entrevistados (15,2%) realizam sutura com fio absorvível na região da aponeurose do obliquo interno, enquanto, mais da metade (55,2%) continua fazendo sutura com fio inabsorvível. A maior parte dos cirurgiões utilizam overlap pequeno ou fixam a tela justaposta a sínfise púbica (51%). Conclusão: nossa pesquisa identificou que uma porcentagem pequena dos entrevistados conhecem adequadamente os princípios técnicos da cirurgia de Lichtenstein. O resultado nos traz novas percepções sob a necessidade de revistar a consagrada técnica de Lichtenstein.

Bilateral inguinal transabdominal pre-peritoneal laparoscopic hernioplasty associated to bilateral laparoscopic varicocelectomy in the same intervention: a feasibility study / Hernioplastia inguinal pré-peritoneal transabdominal bilateral e varicocelectomia laparoscópica bilateral na mesma intervenção: um estudo de viabilidade

ABSTRACT Introduction: Inguinal hernia and varicocele are common conditions in male population. Laparoscopy brings the opportunity to treat them simultaneously, through the same incision. However, there are different opinions about the risks for testicular perfusion of multiple procedures in the inguinal region. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of simultaneous laparoscopic procedures by studying clinical and surgical outcomes of patients undergoing bilateral inguinal hernioplasty using the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) technique with and without concomitant bilateral laparoscopic varicocelectomy (VLB). Methods: a sample of 20 patients from the University Hospital of USP-SP with indirect inguinal hernia and varicocele with indication for surgical correction was selected. Patients were randomized into two groups, 10 undergoing TAPP (Group I) and 10 undergoing simultaneous TAPP and VLB (Group II). Data regarding total operative time, complications and postoperative pain was gathered and analyzed. Results: there was no statistical difference between groups regarding total operative time and postoperative pain. Only one complication (spermatic cord hematoma) was observed in Group I and no complications were observed in Group II. Conclusions: simultaneous TAPP and VLB in was shown to be effective and safe, which provides a basis for conducting studies on larger scales.

RESUMO Introdução: hérnia inguinal e varicocele são doenças comuns na população masculina. O advento da laparoscopia traz a oportunidade de tratá-las simultaneamente, pelo mesmo acesso. Entretanto, existem divergências sobre os riscos para a perfusão testicular de múltiplos procedimentos na região inguinal. Neste estudo, avaliamos a viabilidade de procedimentos laparoscópicos simultâneos estudando resultados clínicos e cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos à hernioplastia inguinal bilateral pela técnica transabdominal préperitoneal (TAPP) com e sem varicocelectomia laparoscópica bilateral (VLB) concomitante. Métodos: uma amostra de 20 pacientes do Hospital Universitário da USP-SP com hérnia inguinal indireta e varicocele com indicação de correção cirúrgica foi selecionada. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos, sendo 10 submetidos à TAPP (Grupo I) e 10 submetidos à TAPP e VLB simultâneas (Grupo II). O tempo operatório total, complicações e dor pós-operatória foram coletados e analisados. Resultados: não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos com relação ao tempo operatório total e à dor pós-operatória. Apenas uma complicação (hematoma do cordão espermático) foi observada no Grupo I e não foram observadas complicações no Grupo II. Conclusões: no mesmo procedimento, submeter pacientes à TAPP e à VLB no mesmo procedimento se mostrou eficaz e seguro, o que fornece embasamento para a realização de estudos em maiores escalas.