Abordaje multidisciplinario del dolor inguinal crónico luego de hernioplastia inguinal / Multidisciplinary approach to chronic postoperative inguinal pain

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el dolor inguinal crónico posoperatorio representa una complicación que altera la ca lidad de vida después de la hernioplastia inguinal. Su incidencia es variable con informes de hasta el 16%. Objetivo: describir el tratamiento y los resultados en pacientes con dolor inguinal crónico luego de una hernioplastia inguinal con malla. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Se definió como dolor ingui nal crónico posoperatorio la presencia de dolor inguinal por daño nervioso o afectación del sistema somatosensorial tisular que persiste por más de 6 meses luego de la cirugía inicial. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes que cursaban el posoperatorio de hernioplastia inguinal convencio nal y laparoscópica en el período 2010-2018. Se realizó la encuesta EuraHS Quality of life score antes y después del abordaje terapéutico multidisciplinario para evaluar cambios en el dolor y restricción de la actividad física. Los resultados fueron analizados y comparados. Resultados: se identificaron 8 pacientes con dolor inguinal crónico posoperatorio grave. El 100% fue evaluado por el Servicio de tratamiento del dolor y requirieron 3 o más fármacos para manejo del do lor. Posteriormente requirieron bloqueo guiado por tomografía computarizada a causa de la persisten cia de los síntomas. Se realizaron 3 (50%) exploraciones quirúrgicas con retiro de material protésico y 2 triples neurectomías. Se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) en el dolor en reposo, dolor durante la actividad y dolor que experimentaron en la última semana. Conclusión: el abordaje multidisciplinario y escalonado permitiría seleccionar a los pacientes que se beneficiarán con el tratamiento quirúrgico.

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic postoperative inguinal pain represents a complication that alters the quality of life after inguinal hernioplasty. Its incidence is variable with reports of up to 16%. Objective: To describe the treatment and results in patients with chronic inguinal pain after an inguinal hernioplasty with mesh. Material and methods: Descriptive, observational and retrospective study. The postoperative chronic inguinal pain was defined as the presence of inguinal pain due to nerve damage or involvement of the somatosensory tissue system that persists for more than 6 months after the initial surgery. The medical records of patients in the postoperative period of conventional and laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty in the period 2010-2018 were reviewed. The EuraHS Quality of life score pre and post multidisciplinary therapeutic approach was used to evaluate changes in pain and restriction of physical activity. The results were analyzed and compared. Results: 8 patients with severe chronic postoperative inguinal pain were identified. 100% were eva luated by the pain management service and required 3 or more drugs for pain management. Sub sequently, they required block guided by computed tomography due to persistence of symptoms. 3 (50%) surgical examinations were performed with removal of prosthetic material and 2 triple neurec tomies. A statistically significant decrease (p <0.05) was observed in pain at rest, pain during activity and pain experienced in the last week. Conclusion: The multidisciplinary and step up approach would allow selecting the patients who will benefit from the surgical treatment.

Ultrasonography-Combined with Nerve Stimulator Technique for Injection of the Genitofemoral Nerve in a Patient with Chronic Postoperative Inguinal Pain

Chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP) is a major complication after inguinal herniorrhaphy. We report the treatment of CPIP using ultrasonography-combined with nerve stimulator for injection of the genitofemoral nerve (GFN). A 59-year-old man underwent laparoscopic herniorrhaphy and presented with numbness from the inguinal region to the scrotum after operation. In the pain clinic, ultrasonography-guided GFN block and pharmacological treatments had little effect. Six month after operation, patient was referred to the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and ultrasonography-combined with nerve stimulator for GFN injection underwent to enhance the accuracy of neural approach. The induction of scrotal contraction and paresthesia on the GFN distribution was monitored by nerve stimulator and local anesthetic was injected. After the block, pain relief lasted for 6 months without analgesic use. Ultrasonography-combined with nerve stimulator is an effective approach to treat CPIP as it enhances precise localization and injection of small peripheral nerve like GFN.

Bloqueo del plano transverso del abdomen en herniorrafia inguinal. Ensayo clínico controlado / TAP block in inguinal hernia repair. Randomized controlled trial

Abstract Introduction: Around the world, inguinal hernia repair is one of the most frequent surgical interventions and is associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain. TAP (Transver-sus Abdominis Plane) block appears to be a useful tool to reduce the morbidity associated with pain in inguinal hernia repair. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic effect of a TAP block in patients scheduled for primary inguinal hernia repair, 1 h and 24-h post-surgery. Materials and methods : Randomized controlled trial. 45 patients were randomized to receive placebo vs. TAP block. Clinical, surgical and anesthetic variables were analyzed. The primary outcome was pain in the first hour and the secondary outcome was pain during the first 24 h, opiate use and side effects. Results: The acute postoperative pain score during the first hour in the control group was 6 with maximum values of 9 in 22% of patients, whereas in the intervention group the pain score was 2 (SD: 1) (p: 0.03). Likewise, pain 24 h postop and opiate consumption was lower in the intervention group than in the control group. Conclusions: TAP block helps to reduce acute postoperative pain and the use of opiates in inguinal hernia repair.

Resumen Introducción: La herniorrafia inguinal es una de las cirugías más realizadas en el mundo, y está asociada con dolor postoperatorio de moderado a severo. El bloqueo del plano transverso del abdomen (transversus abdominus plane [TAP]) parece ser una técnica útil para disminuir la morbilidad asociada con el dolor en herniorrafia inguinal. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto analgésico del bloqueo TAP a la hora y a las 24 h postoperatorias en herniorrafia inguinal. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio doble ciego donde se aleatorizaron 45 pacientes para recibir bloqueo TAP vs placebo, se analizaron variables clínicas, quirúrgicas y anestésicas, y se evaluó como resultado primario la intensidad de dolor agudo postoperatorio (pop) una hora después de la cirugía y, como resultados secundarios, el dolor a las 24 h, el consumo de opiáceos y la presencia de reacciones adversas. Resultados: El dolor agudo postoperatorio a la primera hora en el grupo control fue de 6, con valores máximos de 9 en el 22% de los pacientes, mientras que el dolor en la primera hora en el grupo intervención fue de 2 (DE: 1) (p = 0,03). De igual forma, el dolor a las 24h pop y el consumo de opiáceos fue menor en el grupo intervención que en el grupo control. Conclusiones: El bloqueo TAP es útil en la reducción del dolor agudo pop y del consumo de opiáceos en herniorrafia inguinal.

Hernias del deportista. nuestra experiencia / Hernias athlete. our experience

Antecedentes: Las denominadas hernias del deportista o pubalgias, representan una patología cada vez más frecuente en la población general, sobretodo en deportistas de alto rendimiento. Presentan aún controversias en la denominación, en la metodología diagnóstica y en la terapéutica.Objetivo: Analizar el rendimiento de un algoritmo diagnóstico- terapéutico basado en el examen físico y ecografía, seguidos de exploración y reparación laparoscópica de la región inguinal, en una serie consecutiva de deportistas afectados por pubalgias de larga evolución.Diseño: Observacional, retrospectivo, longitudinal. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital público y Centro privado de Medicina deportiva. Población: Consta de los primeros 100 pacientes operados mediante hernioplastia laparoscópica de una extensa serie, que alcanzaron los 24 meses de seguimiento postoperatorio. El grupo estuvo integrado por 95 hombres y 5 mujeres deportistas. Edad promedio de 31,80 años; 54 de ellos eran aficionados y 46 profesionales.Métodos: Luego de la anamnesis y el examen físico de la región inguinal se efectuaron exámenes ecográficos con técnica de Jamadar. Los pacientes con diagnóstico presuntivo de patología en el trayecto inguinal fueron sometidos a exploración laparoscópica. Se compararon los resultados entre profesionales y aficionados mediante las pruebas “U” de Mann-Withney para variables en escala continua y chi cuadrado para variables dicotómicas. Los cálculos se realizaron con el programa SPSS para Windows(versión 17.0). La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud se evaluó con el formulario SF36 durante la consulta preoperatoria y en el primer año posterior a la intervención quirúrgica...

Background: The so called sports hernia or groin injury, represent an increasingly common disease in the population, especially inhigh performance athletes and even to disputes in the denomination, diagnostic and therapeutic.Objective: Analyze the performance of a diagnostic-therapeutic algorithm based on physical examination and ultrasound, followedby exploration and laparoscopic repair of inguinal region in a consecutive series of athletes affected by long-standing groin injury.Design: Observational, retrospective, longitudinal.Setting: Public hospital and private Sports Medical CenterPopulation: They are of the first 100 patients operated on by laparoscopic hernia repair of an extensive series, which reached 24months of postoperative follow-up. The group comprised 95 men and 5 women athletes. mean age was 31.80 years, 54 of themwere amateurs and 46 professionals.Methods: Tests were used "U" Mann-Whitney for continuous scale variables and x2 test for dichotomous variables with p <0.05as level of statistical significance calculations were performed using SPSS for Windows (version 17.0). The quality of life related tohealth was assessed with the SF36 form during the preoperative visit and within the first year after repair...

Manejo da dor inguinal crônica pós-hernioplastia (inguinodinia) / Management of chronic pain after inguinal hernioplasty

A dor inguinal crônica pós-herniorrafia é uma situação preocupante, pois aproximadamente 10 por cento dos pacientes submetidos à hernioplastia inguinal apresenta os sintomas, que com frequência limita a capacidade física. A etiopatogênese está relacionada a uma periostite do púbis (dor somática) e mais frequentemente à lesão nervosa (dor neuropática). É importante distinguir clinicamente entre os dois tipos de dor, pois o tratamento pode ser diferente. O médico deve estabelecer uma rotina diagnóstica e de tratamento, sendo que a maior parte dos pacientes necessitarão de terapêutica cirúrgica. A prevenção desta condição é de grande importância e pode levar a uma menor incidência da síndrome. Algumas medidas são fundamentais, como evitar pontos ou clipes no periósteo do púbis, usar criteriosamente as próteses e identificar os nervos da região inguinal. Esta última medida é certamente a mais importante na prevenção da dor crônica e implica em conhecimento profundo da anatomia e o uso de uma técnica aprimorada.

Chronic groin pain after herniorrhaphy is a concern, as approximately 10 percent of patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair have symptoms, which often limit physical ability. The etiopathogenesis is related to periostitis pubis (somatic pain) and more often to nerve injury (neuropathic pain). It is clinically important to distinguish between these two types of pain because treatment can be different. The physician should establish a routine diagnosis and treatment, and most patients will need surgical approach. Prevention of this condition is of great importance and can lead to a lower incidence of the syndrome. Some measures are key, such as how to avoid application of stitches or clips to the pubis periosteum, using the prosthesis carefully and identifying the nerves in the groin. This last measure is certainly the most important in the prevention of chronic pain and involves thorough knowledge of anatomy and the use of refined technique.

Síndrome de dolor inguinal crónico (SDIC) / Chronic inguinal pain syndrome

Background: Chronic inguinal pain syndrome (CIPS) is a frequent complaint in patents attending to a public ambulatory surgical service. Aim: To report a descriptive observational study of CIPS. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of patients presenting with CIPS between 1999 and 2006. The symptoms and physical examination of the groin, the spine and the coxofemoral joint of these patients was evaluated. Results: CIPS was diagnosed in 150 patients aged 17 to 71 years, 87 men. They represented 14 percent of groin problems diagnosed in the study period. Median duration of pain was 13 (3-150) months, with remissions that lasted from weeks to months. The charactenstics of pain remained constant in each remission. Pain was present during the daily activities, but it was even worse during resting periods and during night sleep, leading the patient to assume pain reducing positions. Hernia was present in 29 patients and occupied inguinal channel in three. Five patients had a history of previous hernia repair. One hundred twenty patients had spine diseases. An anesthetic blockade of the ilioinguinal nerve was performed in 37 patients with a positive response in seven. Twenty nine of 47 groin ultrasound examinations were informed as abnormal and suggestive of inguinal hernia. Surgical treatment was performed in these patients and was associated with pain abolition in 12, reduction in seven and persistence in the rest. Remaining patients were treated with spine rehabilitation. The short time follow-up of both groups was encouraging. Conclusions: Inguinal hernia and radicular pain due to spine problems are the main causes of CIPS in this series of patients.

El Síndrome de Dolor Inguinal Crónico (SDIC) ha sido un hallazgo frecuente en el Centro de Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria de las Hernias del CRS Cordillera. Presentamos un estudio observacional descriptivo del SDIC, basado en la información contenida en las fichas clínicas en un período de 7 años. Se estudiaron los síntomas, el examen físico de la región inguinal, de la columna vertebral, de la inervación de la zona y de la articulación coxofemoral. El cuadro clínico afectó a 150 pacientes, 87 varones y 63 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 42 años (17-71). La antigüedad de los síntomas fue en promedio de 13 (3-150) meses apreciándose remisiones de duración variable, de semanas o meses, sin variación de las características neuropáticas del dolor. Si bien éste se presentó durante la actividad, estuvo presente también en el reposo sentado y el nocturno aliviándose con posición antálgica. Se detectó una hernia inguinal en 29, un canal inguinal ocupado en 3 y antecedente de herniorrafia en 5 pacientes. En los restantes 129 pacientes se detectó patología de columna vertebral, apreciándose en todos un examen neurológico alterado. El bloqueo del nervio ilioinguinal se efectuó en 37 pacientes siendo positivo en 7. La ecotomografía de partes blandas de la región inguinal adquiere valor sólo en manos experimentadas. Una operación se realizó ante evidencia de patología inguinal, los demás pacientes fueron sometidos a rehabilitación de la columna vertebral. Los resultados a corto plazo han sido satisfactorios en ambos grupos.