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@#The antioxidant activities of twelve naphthalene compounds containing (E)-1-((3-iodophenylimino)methyl) naphthalen2-ol(NAPH1), (E)-1-((3-bromophenylimino) methyl) naphthalen-2-ol (NAPH2), E)-1-((4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylimino) methyl) naphthalen-2-ol, (E)-1-((4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylimino) methyl)naphthalen-2-ol(NAPH3), (E)-1-((2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenylimino) methyl) naphthalen-2-ol (NAPH4), (E)-1-((naphthalen-2-ylimino) methyl) naphthalen-2-ol (NAPH5), (E)-1-((2-bromo-3-methylphenylimino) methyl) naphthalen-2-ol (NAPH6),(E)-N-((2-ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)-3-methylaniline (NAPH7), (E)-4-ethoxy-N-((2-ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene) aniline (NAPH8), (E)-N-((2-ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl) methylene) naphthalen-1-amine (NAPH9), (E)-1-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-N-((2-ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl) methylene) methanamine (NAPH10), (E)-N-((2-ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)-4-fluoroaniline (NAPH11), (E)-N-((2-ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)-2-ethylaniline (NAPH12) wereinvestigated in vitro by antioxidant activity (phosphomolybdenum assay), reducing power, H2O2 scavenging activity,metal chelating effects and lipid peroxidation. Scavenging activities of the naphthalen compounds were tested against1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals. Most of them are potent antioxidant, radicalsuperoxide anion scavengers and in vitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The compounds; NAPH5, NAPH10 and NAPH12were found to exhibit promising antioxidant profiles at 10 and 50 mM concentrations. Among these, NAPH5 at higherconcentration was the most active compound in inhibiting lipid peroxidation as shown in the homogenates of kidney,heart and spleen. The presented results validate that NAPH5, NAPH10 and NAPH12 can be possessed as a source ofantioxidant potential and a rich source of synthetic antioxidant for medicinal or foods.
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Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant ability of methanolic extract and different fractions of Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris (A. graecizans subsp. silvestris). Methods: Methanolic extract of A. graecizans subsp. silvestris was obtained by cold maceration and then methanolic extract was subjected to fractionation and different fractions i.e. n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions were obtained. Methanolic extract and all other fractions were subjected to phytochemical investigation by performing different phytochemical group tests like alkaloid, tannins, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc. In vitro antioxidant activity of A. graecizans subsp. silvestris was evaluated by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate assay, total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total phenolic content and lipid peroxidation methods. Results: Maximum antioxidant activity was shown by n-hexane fraction of the extract by carrying out DPPH (86.44±0.23), ethyl acetate fraction by total antioxidant (0.95±0.06) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (299.45±1.48) methods, while by employing total phenolic contents and inhibition of lipid per oxidation assays, methanolic extract (92.88±4.16) and n-hexane fraction (69.47±0.68) exhibited maximal activity. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the least IC
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant ability of methanolic extract and different fractions of Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris (A. graecizans subsp. silvestris).@*METHODS@#Methanolic extract of A. graecizans subsp. silvestris was obtained by cold maceration and then methanolic extract was subjected to fractionation and different fractions i.e. n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions were obtained. Methanolic extract and all other fractions were subjected to phytochemical investigation by performing different phytochemical group tests like alkaloid, tannins, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc. In vitro antioxidant activity of A. graecizans subsp. silvestris was evaluated by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate assay, total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total phenolic content and lipid peroxidation methods.@*RESULTS@#Maximum antioxidant activity was shown by n-hexane fraction of the extract by carrying out DPPH (86.44±0.23), ethyl acetate fraction by total antioxidant (0.95±0.06) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (299.45±1.48) methods, while by employing total phenolic contents and inhibition of lipid per oxidation assays, methanolic extract (92.88±4.16) and n-hexane fraction (69.47±0.68) exhibited maximal activity. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the least IC50 values by DPPH assay, hence a more pronounced potential for antioxidant activity.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results indicate that A. graecizans subsp. silvestris has antioxidant potential and can be utilized as a natural source of antioxidant.
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Aim: To carry out qualitative determination of phytochemicals and evaluate antioxidant potential of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan, between October, 2011 and February, 2012. Material and Method: The methanolic extract of the plant was dissolved in distilled water and partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol sequentially. The antioxidant potential of all these fractions and remaining aqueous fraction was analyzed by these methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) assay while Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method was used to analyse total phenolic content. Phytochemical analysis were performed on the plant extracts to detect the presence of secondary metabolites. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed phenolics and flavonoids in abundance inchloroform soluble fraction, ethyl acetate soluble fraction and n-butanol soluble fraction. Also the ethyl acetate soluble fraction, n-butanol soluble fraction and remaining aqueous fraction contained saponins and sugars. Terpenoids were detected in all other fractions except the aqueous fraction. Alkaloids were determined in ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fraction only while tannins and cardiac glycosides were present in n-butanol soluble fraction and ethyl acetate soluble fraction respectively. Antioxidant assays revealed that Ethyl acetate soluble fraction exhibited highest percent inhibition of DPPH radical i.e. 80.09±0.87% at a concentration of 120 μg/ml as compared to other fractions. IC50 value of ethyl acetate fraction was found to be 36.85±1.8 μg/ml relative to ascorbic acid having IC50 value 58.8±0.89 μg/ml. It also showed the highest value of total antioxidant activity i.e. 0.918±0.08 as well as highest FRAP value 200.05±0.4 TE μM/ml, highest amount of total phenolic compounds (190.1±1.21 GAE mg/g) and highest percentage of inhibition of lipid peroxidation (54.23±0.57%). Chloroform soluble fraction showed IC50 value of 149.84±1.02, total antioxidant activity 0.739±0.06; FRAP value115.15±0.2 μM/ml, total phenolic content 137.1±1.4 GAE mg/g and 41.31±0.53% percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation. n-Butanol soluble fraction showed IC50 value of 117.67±0.7, total antioxidant activity 0.532±0.03, FRAP value127.5±0.9 μM/ml, total phenolic content 93.5±0.3 GAE mg/g and 32.15±0.9% percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation. n-Hexane soluble fraction showed IC50 value of 769.7±1.5, antioxidant activity 0.174±0.07, FRAP value 98.26±0.8 μM/ml, total phenolic content 19.5±1.23 GAE mg/g and 12.09±0.8% percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Aqueous fraction showed IC50 value of 669.3±1.04, antioxidant activity 0.152±0.041; FRAP value 68.7±0.3 μM/ml, total phenolic content 36.3±0.9 GAE mg/g and 25.01±0.96% percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate soluble fraction was found to be rich in natural antioxidants and a good source of phytochemicals.
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Objective To study the protective effects of propofol against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat brains.Methods Modified Longa modle of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was used. 200 healthy male SD rats, weighing 200-300g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal(I.P.) ketamine and propofol. When righting reflx was abolished, external carotid artery was exposed. A nylon thread with rounded end was inserted cranially until anterior cerebral artery was reached. After 3h ischemia nylon thread was withdrawn for reperfusion which lasted 3h. Bloos samples were obtained from orbit. Skull was opened and brain removed. In control group carotid artery was exposed but nylon thread was not inserted cranially. The animals were divided into four groups: (1)ischemia-reperfusion model group: normal saline 10 ml was administered I.P.,(2)operation control group: normal saline was given I.P.at the end of operation,(3)nimodipine group: nimodipine 1 mg?kg -1 was administered I.P. 10 min before ischemia,(4) propofol group: propofol 110 mg?kg -1 was given I.P. 10 min before ischemia. Brain infarction area, cerebral water content, serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and creatine kinase(CK) levels,brain SOD activity and MDA and Ca 2+ levels were measured. Ultrastracture of brain tissue was examined by electron microscopy.Results Propofol 110 mg?kg -1 reduced mortality after brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. Infarction area of brain was significantly smaller in propofol and nimodipine groups than that in group 1. Propofol significantly inhibited the increases in serum LDH and CK levels induced by ischemia/reperfusion, increased SOD activity and decreased MDA content and Ca 2+ level in brain tissue. There was less brain tissue damage in propofol group.Conclusions Propofol 110 mg?kg -1 has protective effect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.