The Role of Inner Speech in Emotion Dysregulation and Emotion Regulation Strategy Use / El Rol del Habla Interna en la Desregulación Emocional y el uso de Estrategias de Regulación Emocional

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that emotion regulation (ER) strategies, such as reappraisal and suppression, rely on the use of verbal thinking. Outside the field of ER, verbal thinking, particularly in the form of inner speech, has been largely linked to behavior and cognitive regulation. However, no article has yet directly addressed the potential role of inner speech in ER. In this study, 180 participants completed a survey that included measures of inner speech usage (Inner Speech Questionnaire), ER difficulties (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale), ER strategy use (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire) and symptoms (HADS). Correlational analyses and hierarchical linear regression models were used to explore the potential relationship between inner speech and ER variables. A positive relationship was found between Inner Speech usage and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale overall score. This relationship was, however, heavily mediated by level of symptomatology. As for the ER strategies, only reappraisal presented a significant positive relationship, of medium size, with inner speech usage, which was independent of the level of symptoms. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the current conceptualization of reappraisal as well as its implications for clinical practice.

Resumen Estudios recientes han sugerido que estrategias de regulación emocional (RE) como la re-interpretación y supresión dependen del pensamiento verbal. Fuera del campo de la RE, el pensamiento verbal, como habla interna, ha sido vinculado con la regulación cognitivo/conductual. Sin embargo, a la fecha ningún estudio ha explorado el rol del habla interna en la RE. En esta investigación, 180 sujetos completaron cuestionarios de uso de habla interna (Inner Speech Questionnaire, ISQ), dificultades en la RE (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, DERS), uso de estrategias de RE (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, ERQ) y sintomatología (HADS). Se realizaron análisis correlacionales y modelos de regresión lineal para explorar la relación entre habla interna y variables de RE. Una relación positiva fue encontrada entre frecuencia de uso de habla interna y la puntuación global de la escala de dificultades en RE -relación altamente mediada por el nivel de sintomatología. Respecto a las estrategias de RE, solo la reinterpretación presentó una relación positiva y significativa, de tamaño medio, con la frecuencia de uso de habla interna -con independencia del nivel de síntomas. Los resultados de este estudio son discutidos en relación a la conceptualización actual de la re-interpretación así como su relevancia para la práctica clínica.

La dimensión expresiva del habla interna / Dimension expressive du discours intérieur / A dimensão expressiva do discurso interior / The expressive dimension of inner speech

Este texto constituye una propuesta teórica sobre la dimensión expresiva del habla interna. Se describe el fenómeno de interés enfatizando la propuesta de Karl Bühler respecto a la expresividad del lenguaje, los estudios de Heinz Werner sobre una dimensión fisionómica-organísmica del lenguaje humano y la aproximación teórico-empírico de Lev Vygotsky respecto al fenómeno del habla interior en la experiencia humana. Se concluye que en algunos pasajes de la obra de Vygotsky están las claves para una comprensión del habla interna expresiva, específicamente en la influencia de la esfera afectivo-volitiva en el desarrollo del pensamiento y de la palabra. Finalmente, se propone una integración de la concepción monológica vygotskyana del lenguaje interior, la noción werneriana del lenguaje fisionómico-organísmico y la propuesta bühleriana de la dimensión expresiva del lenguaje humano, para una comprensión integradora de la expresividad del lenguaje interior.

Cet article est une proposition théorique sur la dimension expressive de la discours intérieur. Le phénomène d'intérêt est décrit à partir de la proposition de Karl Bühler en ce qui concerne l'expressivité du langage ; des études de Heinz Werner sur la dimension physionomique-organiciste du langage humain ; et de l'approche théorique et empirique de Lev Vygotski sur le phénomène du discours intérieur dans l'expérience humaine. On conclut que, dans certains passages de l'œuvre de Vygotsky, plus précisément l'influence de la sphère affective-volitive dans le développement de la pensée et de la langue sont essentiels à la compréhension du discours intérieur expressive. Enfin, on propose une intégration de la conception monologique du discours intérieur de Vygotski, de la notion physionomique-organiciste de Werner du langage, et de la dimension expressive du langage humain de Bühler, pour une compréhension globale de l'expressivité du discours intérieur.

Este artigo é uma proposta teórica sobre a dimensão expressiva do discurso interior. Neste são descritos o fenômeno a partir da proposta de Karl Bühler em relação à expressividade da linguagem; dos estudos de Heinz Werner sobre a dimensão fisionômica-organicista da linguagem humana; e da abordagem teórica e empírica de Lev Vygotsky sobre o fenômeno do discurso interior. Conclui-se que em algumas passagens da obra de Vygotsky são fundamentais para compreender o discurso interior expressivo especificamente a influência da esfera afetiva-volitiva no desenvolvimento do pensamento e da palavra. Por último, propõe-se uma integração da concepção monológica do discurso interior vygotskiano, da noção werneriana sobre a dimensão fisionômico-organicista da linguagem e da proposta bühleriana da dimensão expressiva da linguagem humana, para uma compreensão abrangente da expressividade do discurso interior.

This article is a theoretical proposal about the expressive dimension of inner speech, a phenomenon that emphasizes the Karl Buhler's proposal in relation to the expressiveness of the language; the Heinz Werner´s studies about a physiognomic-organismic dimension of human language and the theoretical and empirical approach of Lev Vygotsky about the phenomenon of inner speech in human experience. It is concluded that some passages of Vygotsky's work are the keys to the comprehension of the expressive inner speech, specifically the influence of affective-volitional sphere in the development of thought and language. Finally, is proposed an integration of Vygotsky's monological conception of the inner speech, the Wernerian notion of physio-organismic language and the Bühlerian proposal of the expressive dimension of human language, for an integrative comprehension of the expressiveness of the inner speech.

Multidimensionalidad del Habla Interna y su relación con las percepciones anómalas / Multidimensionality of inner speech and its relationship with abnormal perceptions

Introducción: Hablar consigo mismo es una experiencia humana habitual. En los últimos años han surgido estudios que asocian esta experiencia con funciones cognitivas como la solución de problemas, la lectura, la escritura, la memoria autobiográfica, y con algunos trastornos como la ansiedad y la depresión. Además se reconoce al habla interna como la principal fuente de las alucinaciones auditivas. Objetivos: El presente estudio tiene como propósito principal establecer la estructura factorial del Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire (VISQ) en una muestra de población colombiana. Además buscamos establecer la relación entre el VISQ y la propensión a las percepciones anómalas. Método: Estudio instrumental transversal en el cual participaron 232 estudiantes universitarios quienes respondieron el VISQ y la Escala de Percepciones Anómalas de Cardiff (CAPS). Resultados: A través de un análisis factorial exploratorio se encontró una estructura de tres factores: Otras Personas en el Habla Interna, Habla Interna Condensada y Habla Interna Dialógica/ Evaluativa, con índices aceptables de fiabilidad de las puntuaciones (ordinal entre.75-.86) Se hallaron diferencias entre géneros en el segundo y tercer factor con promedios más altos para las mujeres. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas entre los tres factores del VISQ y los dos factores del CAPS: Alteraciones Perceptuales Multimodales y Experiencias Asociadas al Lóbulo Temporal. Conclusiones: Los resultados son consistentes con hallazgos previos que relacionan los factores del habla interna con la propensión a la alucinación auditiva, fenómeno ampliamente asociado a alteraciones del lóbulo temporal. Las alucinaciones asociadas a otros sistemas perceptivos, sin embargo, son aun débilmente explicadas.

Background: Inner speech is a common human experience. Recently, there have been studies linking this experience with cognitive functions, such as problem solving, reading, writing, autobiographical memory, and some disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In addition, inner speech is recognised as the main source of auditory hallucinations. Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to establish the factor structure of Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire (VISQ) in a sample of the Colombian population. Furthermore, it aims at establishing a link between VISQ and abnormal perceptions. Method: This was a cross-sectional study in which 232 college students were assessed using the VISQ and the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS). Results: Through an exploratory factor analysis, a structure of three factors was found: Other Voices in the Internal Speech, Condensed Inner speech, and Dialogical/Evaluative Inner speech, all of them with acceptable levels of reliability. Gender differences were found in the second and third factor, with higher averages for women. Positive correlations were found among the three VISQ and the two CAPS factors: Multimodal Perceptual Alterations and Experiences Associated with the Temporal Lobe. Conclusions: The results are consistent with previous findings linking the factors of inner speech with the propensity to auditory hallucination, a phenomenon widely associated with temporal lobe abnormalities. The hallucinations associated with other perceptual systems, however, are still weakly explained.

Personal journal blogs as manifest internal conversation toward self-innovation: a semiotic phenomenological analysis / Conversa interna manifesta como autoinovação nos diários pessoais em blogs: uma análise fenomenológico semiótica

This work is a semiotic phenomenological approach of writing in personal journal blogs to define and verify their potential as continuous and sustained movement toward personal change or self-innovation. The analysis juxtaposes, by quantitative and qualitative methods, chronological self-referential text data (semiotics) with the meaning of internal conversation disclosed in discourse (phenomenology). We take a specific blog domain for posts from random bloggers that would present self-referent terms as "I feel", "I think", "I believe", "my life", etc. Then we selected those posts with dense self-descriptions and expression of disparate personal thoughts and feelings. Approximately 150 posts were analyzed, resulting in a final sample of 12 homogeneous posts from a heterogeneous group of bloggers, nine females and three males, all native English speakers. We conclude that personal blog texts help convey psychological well-being through dialogical self-clarification, facilitate the emergence of new perspectives or self-actualizing, and can lead to self-innovation.

O presente trabalho recorre à fenomenologia semiótica para analisar diários pessoais em blogs com o objetivo de definir e verificar suas potencialidades como movimento contínuo e sustentado para mudanças pessoais e autoinovação. A análise justapõe, por métodos quanti e qualitativos, dados cronológicos e linguísticos de textos autorreferenciados (semiótica) com o sentido de conversas internas reveladas em discurso (fenomenologia). Foi tomado um domínio específico para postagens aleatórias de blogueiros que apresentassem termos autorreferentes, como "eu sinto" "eu penso", "eu acredito", "minha vida" etc. A partir disso, foram selecionadas postagens com autodescrições densas e díspares de pensamentos e sentimentos pessoais. Foram analisadas, aproximadamente, 150 postagens heterogêneas das quais retirou-se 12 postagens homogêneas, sendo 9 escritas por mulheres e 3 por homens, todos falantes nativos da língua inglesa. Concluiu-se que o texto de blog pessoal enseja bem-estar psicológico por meio de autoclarificações dialógicas, além de facilitar a emergência de novas perspectivas ou autoatualização podendo, assim, conduzir à autoinovação.

Conceptualization of Soliloquy in Patients with Schizophrenia / 신경정신의학

Soliloquy is a significant symptom in schizophrenia and is usually regarded as being related to auditory hallucination. Elucidation of the psychopathology of soliloquy is incomplete. Soliloquy is also a normal human behavior that has multidimensional functions such as guiding internal cognitive processes and managing social interaction. In the young, soliloquy appears as egocentric speech and arises before maturation of the third-person perspective. Soliloquy has been regarded as indicative of an intermediary stage during the transformation of social speech into internalized thinking. Every thought process retains a social dimension because language itself is based on intersubjectively shared meanings, and internal thinking originates from interpersonal communication. Thus, soliloquy can be seen as a kind of thought process that accentuates the social dimension. This approach may help in understanding soliloquy in normal and pathological situations. Soliloquy was actively discussed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in European psychiatry. Since then it has received less attention and has been neglected as an academic concern, except in child developmental theory. Recently however, soliloquy has attracted more attention among neuroscientific researchers. To attain an advanced understanding of soliloquy, it is necessary to integrate the early European perception of soliloquy with current developmental theory. In this paper, we review past literature on the conceptualization of soliloquy and integrate those concepts into an explanatory framework. In addition, a case series and a discussion of the applicability of the explanatory framework are presented. Our results may help provide an insight into the contemporary understanding of soliloquy.

Narrative and dialogical reflexivity: an approach between writing and inner speech / Narrativa e reflexividade dialógica: uma aproximação entre escrita e fala interna

This study investigated the presence of dialogical reflexivity indicators in compositions (written texts) and established possible links between those indicators and narrative structures. A group of 23 children, between eight and ten years old, wrote two compositions on the themes "Tell your story" and "How do I talk to myself?". The results suggest that the dialogicality of reflective processes is involved in the writing expression: whereas. The first theme of compositions presented dialogues between the characters (dialogical structure), the second one presented self-talk (direct description of reflective action). In conclusion, it is discussed the relationship between dialogical reflexivity indicators in written texts and the role of the author's reflective process about what he/she writes as the basis for dialogicality...

Este estudo investigou a presença de indicadores de reflexividade dialógica em redações e estabeleceu possíveis relações entre esses indicadores e a estrutura narrativa. Um grupo de 23 crianças, com oito e dez anos de idade, escreveu duas redações com os temas 'Conte sua história' e 'Como eu converso comigo mesmo?'. Os resultados sugerem que a dialogicidade do processo reflexivo está implicada na expressão escrita: enquanto as redações do primeiro tema apresentaram diálogos entre as personagens (estrutura dialógica), as redações do segundo tema apresentaram autodiálogos (descrição direta da ação reflexiva). Para concluir, discute-se a relação entre indicadores de reflexividade dialógica em textos escritos e o papel do processo reflexivo do autor sobre o que escreve como base para a dialogicidade...

"Falar com seus botões": pelos meandros teóricos e empíricos das relações entre conversa interna, reflexividade e self / "Talking with my buttons": the ins and outs on the theoretical and empirical relations among internal conversation, reflexivity and the self

Este artigo tem dois objetivos. O primeiro é justificar a conversa interna como capacitação humana básica à reflexão e necessária à execução de tarefas complexas, conforme indicado por diferentes tradições de pesquisa. O segundo é interpretar o processo semiótico da conversa interna como expressão dialógica do self. A argumentação sustenta-se na lógica adutiva, do latim adducere, que é definida como trazer para prova ou consideração dados de diferentes fontes. Como resultado, a conversa interna é definida: 1) como fenômeno psicológico em seus próprios méritos, independente de metodologias ou teorias; 2) como processo para fazer sentido que pode ser chamado simplesmente de self; 3) como elo que esclarece as influências mútuas entre um self privado e o meio social, mas reconhecendo a autonomia funcional do self frente às forças sociais.

This article has two objectives. First, it emphasizes the internal conversation as a basic human capacity for reflection that is necessary for the performance of complex tasks and decision making. Second, it interprets the internal conversation as a semiotic process for the dialogical expression of the self. The argument is based on an adductive logic, from the Latin adducere, which means to bring forward or consideration data from different sources. As a result, inner speech appears: 1) as a psychological phenomenon by its own conditions, independent of methodologies or theories; 2) as a process of meaning that we may call simply the self; 3) as a linking that clarifies the mutual influence between a private self and a social milieu, but recognizes the potential autonomy of the self toward the social forces.