Evolutionary aspects on the origin, distribution and ramifications of the ischiadicus nerve in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) / Aspectos evolutivos sobre as origens, distribuições e ramificações dos nervos isquiáticos do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

This work aimed to describe the origin, distribution, and ramifications of the ischiadicus nerve in the giant anteater and to provide anatomical data which could explain not only the evolutionary aspects but also provide important information for other related works. For the present study, four specimens were used, prepared by perfusion of 10% formaldehyde solution via the femoral artery, for conservation and dissection. The origin of the right and left ischiadicus nerves in the giant anteater from the ventral ramification of the third lumbar (L3) and the first (S1), second (S2), and third (S3) sacral spinal nerves. These nerves were symmetrical in all animals studied. The distribution and ramification occurred to the superficial, middle, and deep gluteal, gemelli, piriform, quadratus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, caudal crural abductor, cranial and caudal parts of the biceps femoris, adductor, semitendinous, and cranial and caudal parts of the semimembranous muscles. Based on the origins of the ischiadicus nerves, there is a caudal migration in the nerve location in animals in a more recent position on the evolutionary scale due to reconfiguration of the lumbosacral plexus, resulting from the increase in a number of lumbar vertebrae. There is no complete homology of the muscle innervation.(AU)

Objetivou-se descrever as origens, distribuições e ramificações dos nervos isquiáticos no tamanduá-bandeira, disponibilizando, assim, dados anatômicos que possam não só elucidar os aspectos evolutivos como também fornecer informações importantes para áreas afins. Foram utilizados quatro espécimes preparados por meio da perfusão de formaldeído 10% via artéria femoral, para conservação e dissecação. As origens dos nervos isquiáticos direito e esquerdo no tamanduá-bandeira foram provenientes dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais lombares três e sacrais um, dois e três, sendo simétricos em todos os animais estudados. As distribuições e ramificações ocorreram nos músculos glúteos superficial, médio e profundo; gêmeo; piriforme; quadrado femoral; tensor da fáscia lata; abdutor crural caudal; bíceps femoral parte cranial; bíceps femoral parte caudal; adutor; semitendíneo; semimembranáceo parte cranial e semimembranáceo parte caudal. Notou-se que houve uma migração caudal na localização deste nervo nos animais mais recentes na escala evolutiva, devido a uma reconfiguração do plexo lombossacral decorrente do aumento no número de vértebras lombares, não havendo uma homologia total quanto à inervação dos músculos.(AU)

Unusual bilateral sensory innervation of the dorsum of hand by lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve: a case report / 대한해부학회지

A 68-year-old male cadaver showed bilateral variation in the sensory innervation of the dorsum of hand. On the dorsum of right hand, first digit and lateral half of second digit were supplied by lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABCN); medial side of second digit and lateral side of third digit were supplied by superficial branch of radial nerve (SBRN) and medial side of third digit, the fourth and fifth digits were supplied by dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve (DBUN). On the dorsum of the left hand, lateral side of first digit was supplied by LABCN, medial side of first digit, the second and third digits as well as the lateral side of fourth digit were supplied by SBRN; medial side of fourth digit and fifth digit were supplied by DBUN. These variations would be helpful in understanding peripheral neuropathy, in interpretation of conduction velocity studies and in reconstructive surgery of hand.

Palpebral position interdependence in blepharoptosis: comparison of the effect of instillation of 10% phenylephrine drop and digital lifting / Interdependência na posição palpebral em ptose palpebral: comparação do efeito de instilação de colírio de fenilefrina 10% e o teste de elevação digital da pálpebra

Purpose: To quantify and compare the effects of instillation with 10% phenylephrine and digital lifting on the contralateral upper eyelid of patients with involutional bilateral blepharoptosis. Methods: The present prospective clinical study involved patients with involutional bilateral blepharoptosis who underwent two tests: 1) digital lifting of the more ptotic eyelid and observation of the effect on the contralateral eyelid and 2) instillation of two drops of 10% phenylephrine in the more ptotic eye and observation of the effect on the contralateral eyelid. Patients were filmed before and 5, 10, and 15 min after instillation, and the resulting images were analyzed to obtain eyelid measurements. The results were tested using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: A total of 27 patients, ranging from 52 to 82 years of age (mean age 68.51 ± 8.21 years), 24 (88.88%) of whom were women, were included in the present study. In eyes that received instillation, the marginal distance reflex-1 (MDR1) values increased from baseline (1.21 ± 0.60 mm) until 10 min after instillation, then remained statistically unchanged until 15 min after instillation (2.42 ± 0.90 mm). Significant differences were observed in the contralateral eye of the group that underwent digital lifting (1.51 ± 0.53 mm - 1.63 ± 0.56 mm) and in the contralateral eye of the group that underwent 10% phenylephrine instillation (1.38 ± 0.54 mm - 1.63 ± 0.56 mm); p=0.02 and p<0.01, respectively. Conclusion: In all eyes, 10% phenylephrine elevated the upper eyelid, with improved eyelid height at 10 min after instillation. Significant differences were observed in the height of the contralateral eyelid when compared before and after each intervention in each group; however, this difference was very small and nearly undetectable by conventional clinical evaluation in the digital lifting group. However, the 10% phenylephrine eye-drop test resulted in substantial changes in MDR1 values ...

Objetivo: Quantificar e comparar o efeito da instilação do colírio de fenilefrina 10% com o levantamento manual da pálpebra superior contralateral de pacientes com ptose palpebral bilateral involucional. Métodos: Estudo clínico e prospectivo de pacientes com ptose palpebral bilateral involucional submetidos a dois testes: 1) elevação manual da pálpebra mais ptótica e observação do efeito da intervenção na pálpebra contralateral; e 2) a instilação de duas gotas de colírio de fenilefrina 10% no olho mais ptótico e observação do efeito da intervenção na pálpebra contralateral. Os pacientes foram filmados antes e 5, 10 e 15 minutos após a instilação. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente com o modelo linear de efeitos mistos. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 27 pacientes com idade entre 52-82 anos (68,51 ± 8,21), 24 dos quais eram do sexo feminino (88,88%). Em olhos submetidos a instilação do colírio, os valores da DMR1 (distância marginal reflexo) aumentaram da linha de base (1,21 ± 0,60 mm) até os 10 min, em seguida, manteve-se estatisticamente estável até 15 min (2,42 ± 0,90 mm). Diferenças significativas foram observadas nos olhos contralaterais, independentemente do levantamento manual da pálpebra (1,51 ± 0,53 mm - 1,63 ± 0,56 milímetros) e da instilação do colírio de fenilefrina 10% (1,38 ± 0,54 mm - 1,63 ± 0,56 mm), p=0,02 e p<0,01 respectivamente. Conclusões: Em todos os olhos, a instilação do colírio de fenilefrina 10% mostrou um aumento gradual do valor de distância marginal reflexo até os 10 min. Nos olhos contralaterais houve diminuição do valor de distância marginal reflexo, independentemente do teste realizado, porém as mudanças que ocorrem na posição da pálpebra contralateral, durante o teste da elevação manual, são muito pequenas e difíceis de serem detectadas no exame clínico convencional. Enquanto isso, o teste de colírio de fenilefrina 10% produziu mudanças substanciais nos valores distância marginal reflexo nos ...

Origem e distribuição do nervo retal caudal em equinos sem raça definida / Origin and distribution of the caudal rectal nerve in mixed breed horses

Objetivou-se estudar a origem e distribuição do nervo retal caudal em 30 fetos de equinos sem raça definida provenientes do Frigorífico Pomar, Araguari-MG. Para isso, injetou-se formaldeído a 10% por meio de canulação da aorta descendente torácica e, posteriormente, o material foi mantido submerso na referida solução, por um período mínimo de 48 horas antes do início da dissecação. Para observação da origem do nervo citado, foram realizadas: uma incisão longitudinal ao longo da linha mediana ventral, desde a cartilagem xifóide do processo xifóide do osso esterno, até a borda caudal da sínfise pélvica; e duas outras incisões verticais, uma em cada antímero, até alcançar a linha mediana dorsal. Dessa forma, desarticulou-se a sínfise pélvica até atingir a cavidade pélvica, da qual foram retirados todos os órgãos. Para análise da distribuição dos ramos musculares, realizou-se uma incisão na pele do terço médio da perna e outra vertical na pele da face medial da coxa, estendendo-a da raiz do membro pélvico até a primeira incisão. Em sequência foram contornados a raiz da cauda, o ânus e os órgãos genitais externos, rebatendo-se então a pele e as fáscias das regiões glútea, coxa e perna. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do teste de Tukey (p<0,05). O nervo originou-se dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais sacrais 3º (S3), 4º (S4) e 5º (S5); e distribuiu nos músculos: coccígeo, levantador do ânus, sacrocaudal medial ventral e esfíncter externo do ânus. Não houve diferença significativa entre a frequência dos ramos musculares e os antímeros, independente do número de ramos musculares (p=0,97).

The objective was to study the origin and distribution of the caudal rectal nerve in 30 fetuses of mixed breed horses from Frigorífico Pomar, Araguari/MG, Brazil. Formaldehyde at 10% were injected into the thoracic descending aorta and, subsequently, the material was kept immersed in this solution, for at least 48 hours before dissection. To find the origin of the mentioned nerve, we made: a longitudinal incision along the ventral midline, from xiphoid cartilage of the xiphoid process of the sternum bone to the caudal pelvic symphysis; and two vertical incisions, one at each antimere until reaching the dorsal midline. Therefore, we disarticulated the pelvic symphysis until the pelvic cavity, from which all organs were removed. To analyze the distribution of muscular branches, we made a incision in the skin of the middle leg and a vertical incision in skin of the medial thigh, extending it from the root of the pelvic limb to the first incision. In the following we circumvented the root of the tail, anus and genitalia, the hitting up the skin and fascia of the gluteal redion, thigh and leg. Data obtained were analyzed using the Tukey test (p<0.05). The nerve originated from the ventral branches 3rd, 4th and 5th sacral spinal nerves (S3, S4 and S5, respectively); and distributed into the coccygeus, levator ani, medial ventral sacrocaudal and external anal sphincter muscles. There wasn't no significant difference between the frequency of muscular branches and antimeres, independently of the number of muscular branches (p=0.97).

Correlation between Innervation of Skeletal Muscles and Myoblast Stem Cells / Correlación entre la Inervación de los Músculos Esqueléticos y las Células Precursoras Mioblásticas

In order to explore the change rule of myoblast stem cells (satellite cells, SCs) in the denervated and re-innervated muscle and to investigate the cellular mechanism of the morphological and functional changes of the muscle, denervated muscle atrophy and nerve regeneration models were established in one-month-old rats. Postoperative indexes such as muscle wet weight, cell section areas, content of collagen fibers and DNA, electrophysiology, numbers of SCs in the triceps muscle of calf were dynamically tested. After denervation, the muscle wet weight and cell area reduced rapidly, and the collagen fiber content increased slowly. The number of SCs increased at first, and then declined suddenly two months later. From 4 to 5 weeks after re-neuralization, muscle action potentials could be evoked, but the best innervation effect was found in the groups, which received re-neuralization at 2 months and 3 months after denervation. Denervation causes a progressive progress of muscle atrophy. SCs proliferate within 3 months after denervation, and then atrophy becomes irreversible from 4 months. At 4 or 5 weeks after re-neuralization, muscle action potentials can be evoked. Re-neuralization at 2 months and 3 months after denervation can achieve a good effect on the functional recovery of the atrophic muscle.

Con el fin de explorar la regla de cambio de las células precursoras mioblásticas (células satélite, CSs) en el músculo denervado y re-inervado e investigar el mecanismo celular de los cambios morfológicos y funcionales del músculo, se establecieron, en ratas de un mes de edad, modelos de atrofia del músculo denervado y regeneración del nervio. Fueron examinados de manera dinámica índices postoperatorios tales como, el peso húmedo del músculo, áreas celulares de la sección, contenido de fibras de colágeno y ADN, electrofisiología, número de CSs en el músculo tríceps de las crías. Luego de la denervación, el peso del músculo húmedo y el área celular se redujeron rápidamente, mientras que el contenido de fibras colágenas aumentó lentamente. El número de CSs aumentó al inicio, pero más tarde, a los dos meses, disminuyó repentinamente. Entre las 4 a 5 semanas después de la reneuralización, los potenciales de acción muscular pudieron ser evocados, pero el mejor efecto de inervación se encontró en los grupos que recibieron reneuralización a los 2 y 3 meses después de la denervación. La denervación causó un avance progresivo de la atrofia muscular. Las CSs proliferaron dentro de los primeros 3 meses post-denervación, y luego de los 4 meses la atrofia fue irreversible. A las 4 o 5 semanas después de la reneuralizacón, los potenciales de acción muscular pueden ser evocados. La reneuralización a los 2 y 3 meses después de la denervación puede lograr un buen efecto en la recuperación funcional del músculo atrófico.

Nerve Conduction Study of the Superficial Peroneal Sensory Distal Branches in Koreans

OBJECTIVE: To perform nerve conduction studies of the four branches of the superficial peroneal nerves to determine normal values and anatomic variations in Koreans. METHOD: Antidromic sensory nerve conduction studies of the four distal branches were performed on 70 healthy subjects (100 feet). We applied electrical stimulation at the midpoint of medial and lateral malleoli for the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve (MDCN), and at the lateral 1/4 point between the medial and lateral malleoli for the 2 branches of the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve (IDCN). RESULTS: Reference values (mean+/-SD) of the onset/ peak latency (ms)/ sensory action potential amplitude (microV) for the two branches of the MDCN and for the first branch of the IDCN were 2.2+/-0.3/2.9+/-0.3/9.2+/-3.1, 2.2+/-0.3/2.8+/-0.3/9.1+/-3.0 and 2.3+/-0.4/2.9+/-0.3/8.5+/-2.8, respectively. For the second IDCN branch, the reference values were 2.3+/-0.4/3.0+/-0.4/7.1+/-2.6 but anomalous sural innervation was also found. Three types of IDCN innervations to the fourth interdigital web space were detected. In type I, the fourth interdigital webspace was innervated solely by the IDCN, whereas in type II, it was innervated by both the IDCN and distal sural nerve. In type III, it was solely innervated by the distal sural nerve. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show the reference values of the distal sensory branches of the superficial peroneal nerve, and provide information on the variant innervations to the fourth interdigital web space.

Efecto de la posición craneocervical en las funciones orales fisiológicas: [revisión] / Effect of craniocervical posture on physiologic oral function: [review]

La postura del cuerpo definitivamente es un factor esencial en el desarrollo de las funciones orales y en la etiología de las parafunciones. Existen conexiones nerviosas y anatómicas que hacen que desequilibrios en la postura, pueden generar alteraciones en el sistema estomatognático y viceversa. En esta revisión de literatura, se describen dichas conexiones, la influencia de la postura sobre las funciones bucales fisiológicas y la manera objetiva de medir la postura de una forma viable para el odontólogo.

The body posture is an essential factor in the development of the oral functions and in the etiology of the parafunctions. There are anatomical and nervous connections that make the body and jaw position to influence the activity of the cervical muscles and viceversa. This literature review, describes those connections, the influence of the posture on the physiological oral functions and the objective way to measure the posture so the dentists could do it in the daily practice.