A Case of Innominate Artery Transection after the Covered Stent Placement for the Recurrent Tracheo-Innominate Artery Fistula / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

Tracheo-Innominate artery fistula is a rare but devastating complication after tracheostomy. We report a 17-year old man who underwent the transection of the innominate artery and tracheal patch closure (under partial sternotomy) after the endovascular covered stent placement for the recurrent tracheo-innominate artery fistula. Fortunately, his postoperative course was uneventful without any new neurological, bleeding, or infective complication 34 months after the surgery.

A Case of Successful Surgical Management of Tracheo-Innominate Artery Fistula after Endovascular Repair / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 15-year-old girl who had undergone a tracheostomy 4 years earlier because of holoprosencephaly and severe mental and physical disabilities had tracheo-innominate artery fistula with sudden-onset bleeding after endotracheal suctioning. Due to respiratory and circulatory instability, VIABAHN® was implanted in the brachiocephalic artery, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 33. Three months later, rebleeding from the tracheostomy site was observed, and the patient was transported to our hospital. Although the bleeding stopped spontaneously on arrival, the patient experienced multiple bleeding episodes after admission. Therefore, transection of brachiocephalic artery was performed, after which the patient was discharged on postoperative day 20. Tracheo-innominate artery fistula is a rare complication that occurs after tracheostomy, but it is associated with a poor prognosis, and has a mortality rate of 100% if left untreated. Our case suggests that endovascular treatment using VIABAHN® for tracheo-innominate artery fistula is useful for temporary hemostasis.

Tracheoplasty for Tracheal Collapse after the Tracheoinnominate Fistula Repair / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 13-year-old boy underwent tracheostomy due to post-cardiac arrest encephalopathy in our hospital. During the second postoperative month, massive bleeding from the tracheostomy tube lumen was observed; tracheoinnominate artery fistula was diagnosed. Two weeks postoperatively, the trachea collapsed; tracheoplasty with VA-ECMO was performed. The patient was placed in respiratory distress and the tracheostomy cannula was removed. The damaged part of the trachea was trimmed to form a fusiform structure, while the horizontal mattress suture technique was used for tracheoplasty. An endotracheal tube was then placed just above the tracheal bifurcation and the tracheoplasty site was rested. On postoperative day 15, the tube was changed to a tracheostomy one; 3 months postoperatively, no tracheostomy-related complications or rebleeding were observed. Therefore, VA-ECMO assisted tracheal repair is considered a useful treatment option for patients with tracheal disruption, where suturing a prosthesis to the tracheostomy stoma site is difficult.

A Case of Stanford Type A Acute Aortic Dissection with an Innominate Artery Rupture / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

We recorded a case of a 58-year-old man who presented with swelling of the right neck after sudden chest pain. He was diagnosed with Stanford type A aortic dissection. Computed tomography revealed an aneurysm in the innominate artery surrounded by a hematoma. We therefore suspected a rupture of the innominate artery. In addition, the right common carotid artery was almost completely obstructed due to dissection. An emergency partial arch replacement was performed. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was established with two blood supplies : the right axillary and left common femoral arteries. When CPB was started, the innominate artery ruptured and could no longer be used for cerebral perfusion or as an anastomotic site. The right side of the neck was opened, and a synthetic graft was anastomosed to the right common carotid artery for cerebral perfusion. Finally, the graft was anastomosed with a branch of the main trunk. The right subclavian artery was also reconstructed using a graft that was anastomosed to the axillary artery for blood supply. The postoperative course was favorable, and no cerebral complications were observed.

Preventive Innominate Artery Transection for a High-Risk Case of Tracheo-Innominate Artery Fistula / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

An 18-year-old man with hypoxic encephalopathy was admitted because of recurrent minor bleeding a tracheal stoma, which was suspected as a tracheo-innominate artery fistula (TIF). He had undergone tracheostomy and gastrostomy 2 years prior and had mild opisthotonos and scoliosis. Although tracheal endoscopy showed no tracheal mucosal erosion, necrosis, or granulation tissue formation, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a close contact between the innominate artery and the anterior wall of the trachea, and an equal height between the innominate artery and the tip of the tracheal cannula. Magnetic resonance angiography of the head showed dominant intracranial blood flow from the left internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Preventive innominate artery transection through the supra-sternal approach without sternotomy or reconstruction of the innominate artery was performed for this high-risk case of TIF. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Postoperative CT revealed that the innominate artery was transected and isolated from the site of tracheostomy. The preserved connection between the right common carotid and subclavian artery at the distal sutured stump helped maintain blood flow in the right internal and middle cerebral arteries. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 9 without any new neurological complications or bleeding from a tracheal stoma. TIF is a rare but fatal complication after laryngotracheal separation or tracheostomy. It is important to prevent the onset of TIF, however, there are no criteria for preventive innominate artery transection. Our preventive innominate artery transection through the supra-sternal approach is considered as one of the useful surgical treatment for high-risk cases of TIF accompanied by severe neuromuscular disorders.

Anillos vasculares: Serie de 28 pacientes atendidos en un Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria Pediátrica / Vascular rings: Series of 28 patients of a Pediatrie Respiratory Endoscopy Department

Los anillos vasculares tienen una incidencia del 1 % entre las enfermedades cardiovasculares congénitas. Constituyen una malformación embriológica en la que el arco aórtico, sus ramas o las arterias pulmonares provocan presión sobre la tráquea y/o el esófago. Anatómicamente, se dividen en dos grupos, dependiendo de cómo rodean la tráquea y el esófago: completo o incompleto. La sintomatología suele iniciarse en los primeros meses de vida con estridor bifásico o espiratorio que aumenta con el llanto y la alimentación, tos traqueal de tonalidad metálica, infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, episodios de apnea refleja y cianosis, sibilancias, hiperextensión cervical, retracción esternal e intercostal, y dificultad en la alimentación. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 28 pacientes con diagnóstico de anillo vascular que concurrieron a la consulta en el Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria del Hospital Garrahan entre enero de 2015 y septiembre de 2017.

Vascular rings account for 1 % of the congenital cardiovascular diseases. They constitute an embryological malformation in which the aortic arch, its branches, or the pulmonary arteries cause pressure on the trachea and/or oesophagus. Anatomically, they are divided into two groups -complete or incomplete- depending on how they surround the trachea and/or the oesophagus. Symptom onset is usually in the first months of life with biphasic or expiratory stridor that increases with crying and feeding, a metallic tracheal cough, recurrent respiratory infections, episodes of apnea and cyanosis, wheezing, cervical hyperextension, sternal and intercostal retraction, and feeding difficulties. A retrospective analysis of 28 patients with vascular rings seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy at Garrahan Paediatric Hospital between January 2015 and September 2017 is presented.

A Case of One-Stage Surgical Treatment of Subclavian Steal Phenomenon Coexisting with Ischemic Heart Disease without Extra-corporeal Circulation / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 49-year-old man presented with subclavian steal phenomenon and severe stenosis of LMT. His SSP was composed of severe stenosis of the innominate artery, and the greater part of the blood supply to the right subclavian artery was through the collateral circuit of the vertebral arteries and the internal thoracic arteries. We performed replacement of the innominate artery with a prosthetic graft and coronary artery bypass using LITA in one-stage surgery.

Successful Surgical Treatment of Tracheo-Innominate Artery Fistula Complicated with Tracheostomy / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

Tracheo-innominate artery fistula is a rare complication after tracheostomy, but sometimes presents with fatal bleeding. A 10-year-old girl presented with massive bleeding from a tracheostomy that she underwent for prolonged respiratory failure caused by sequelae of mumps encephalitis. Tracheo-innominate artery fistula, complicated by tracheostomy was diagnosed, and she was transferred to our institution. Under general anesthesia, she underwent transection of the innominate artery to exclude the tracheo-innominate artery fistula via median sternotomy. Her postoperative course was uneventful without recurrent bleeding or infection. Considering the risk of tracheo-innominate artery fistula, careful observation is necessary to prevent catastrophic bleeding in patients with mechanical respiratory support via tracheostomy.

Factores que influyen en los resultados de fístula traqueoinnominada I / Influential factors in the results of traqueoinnonate fistula I

Introducción: La fístula traqueoinnominada, aunque poco frecuente, constituye una amenaza potencial para la vida, si no es reconocida y tratada oportunamente. Objetivo: Describir los resultados obtenidos e identificar las acciones que permitan identificarlos. Métodos: Se realizó el estudio retrospectivo, sobre una base de datos prospectiva de pacientes con fístulas traqueonominadas tratados entre 1991 y 2013. Los enfermos se clasificaron según la operación previa: traqueostomía, uso de tubo en T en reintervenciones con intensión de resecar el segmento traqueal estenótico. La revisión de la patogenia y de los métodos diagnósticos permitirán una mejor comprensión para enfrentar esta temible complicación. Se analizan los factores que pudieron influenciar los resultados. Resultados: Cuatro pacientes pertenecían al sexo femenino. Dos tenían una traqueostomía, dos fueron reoperados después de tratamiento con tubo en T; a uno se le realizó resección y anastomosis traqueal y en el otro no fue posible porque se produjo lesión puntiforme traqueal durante la disección mediastinal. Al último se le había colocado un tubo en T, mediante traqueofisura. En dos de tres pacientes, el sangrado centinela se interpretó incorrectamente. En el primero, se consideró que era la consecuencia del tratamiento anticoagulante y en el segundo no se dio valor a la pequeña cantidad de sangre en los esputos. Conclusiones: Un alto índice de sospecha, el diagnóstico temprano y las medidas al pie de la cama: compresión digital y colocación de un tubo ET o una cánula de traqueostomía con el manguito hiperinsuflado, constituyen la única esperanza para estos pacientes(AU)

Introduction: The tracheoinnominate fistula, though a rare entity, is a potential life threat if it is not promptly recognized and treated. Objective: To analyze the influential factors in the results of tracheoinnominate fistula I. Methods: Retrospective study supported on the prospective databases from patients with tracheoinnominate fistulae, who had been treated from 1991 to 2013. They were classified according to their previous surgery: tracheostomy, use of a T-tube or re-interventions aimed at resecting the stenotic tracheal segment. The review of pathogeny and of diagnostic methods allowed a better understanding to face this severe complication. The factors that could have an impact on the results were also analyzed. Results: Four patients were women. Two patients had undergone tracheostomy; two had been reoperated after treatment with T-tube; resection and tracheal anastomosis were performed in one of them but these procedures were not possible to be applied to the other because of a punctiform tracheal lesion during the mediastinal dissection. A T-tube had been placed in this last patient through tracheofissure. The sentinel bleeding in two of three patients was not properly evaluated. In one of them, the bleeding was considered to be the result of anticoagulant treatment whereas in the other, the small amount of blood in the sputum was underassessed. Conclusions: High amount of suspicion, early diagnosis and application of bedside measures such as digital compression, placement of a T-tube or a tracheostomy cannula with overinflated cuff are the only hopeful options for these patients(AU)

Transesophageal echocardiography evaluation of the aortic arch branches

Visualization of aortic arch branches by transesophageal echocardiography has been technically challenging. Visualizing these vessels helps in identifying the extent of dissection of the aorta, assessing the severity of carotid artery stenosis, presence of atheromatous plaques, patency of the left internal mammary artery graft, confirmation of subclavian artery cannulation, confirming holodiastolic flow reversal in the left subclavian artery by spectral Doppler imaging in case of severe aortic regurgitation, and confirming the optimal position of the intraaortic balloon perioperatively. The information obtained is helpful for diagnosis, monitoring, and decision-making during aortic surgery.

Right aortic arch with aberrant left innominate artery arising from Kommerell's diverticulum / Arco aórtico à direita associado a artéria inominada esquerda aberrante originada de divertículo de Kommerell

Abstract We report a case of an uncommon thoracic aorta anomaly-right aortic arch with aberrant left innominate artery arising from Kommerell's diverticulum-that went undiagnosed until adulthood.

Resumo É apresentado o caso de uma rara anomalia da aorta torácica - arco aórtico à direita associado a artéria inominada esquerda aberrante com origem em divertículo de Kommerell -, com diagnóstico apenas na vida adulta.

The clinical management and prevention of tracheo- innominate artery fistula after ;tracheostomy / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the cause, clinical feature, rescue measures and prognosis of tracheo-innominate artery fistula (TIF). Methods From January1995 to January 2015, there were 621 patients who were performed tubotomy, and 8 patients had TIF. The diagnosis of TIF were established by surgery exploration or autopsy. Results The interval between tracheostomy and TIF was 8- 78 d. Before TIF, hemoptysis occurred in 4 patients. When TIF occurred, bedside aid was performed and 4 patients quickly died of asphyxia because of massive blood in the trachea. The others lived long enough to reach the operating room. The family of 1 patient refused surgical therapy and he eventually died. Three patients accepted median sternotomy. One patient underwent vascular repair and died after surgery because of infection in repaired area. The other patients accepted ligation of the innominate artery without suction drains in the mediastinum and died after surgery because of re-bleeding due to mediastinal infection. The last one patient underwent ligation of the innominate artery with suction drains in the mediastinum, and was still alive without long-time neurological complications and re-bleeding after a follow-up of 14 months. Conclusion A prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention can save the life of TIF patient. Prevention is very vital because of the high mortality of this disease.

Endovascular stenting of tracheoinnominate fistula after tracheostomy in a 14-year-old boy / 소아과

Tracheoinnominate artery fistula is a rare, fatal complication of tracheostomy, and prompt diagnosis and management are imperative. We report the case of tracheoinnominate artery fistula after tracheostomy in a 14-year-old boy with a history of severe periventricular leukomalacia, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. The tracheoinnominate artery fistula was successfully treated with a stent graft insertion via the right common femoral artery. Endovascular repair of the tracheoinnominate artery fistula via stent grafting is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for patients in poor clinical conditions and is an alternative to traditional open surgical treatment.

Innominate Artery Injury: A Catastrophic Complication of Tracheostomy in a Trauma Patient, Operative Procedure Revisited.

Tracheostomy is a routine life-saving operative procedure in the event of airway obstruction especially in faciomaxillary injuries. Bleeding is the most common complications of tracheostomy, innominate artery (IA) of normal width reaching second tracheal ring is very rare, and injury to IA can be a catastrophic complication. We reported a case of 40-year-old male presented with profuse bleeding from oral and nasal cavity following road traffic injury. During tracheostomy, there was a sudden forceful gush of blood coming out of incision site, warning a major vessel injury. Right-sided trap door thoracotomy procedure was performed, and the avulsed right IA was repaired as a life-saving procedure.

Canulación de la arteria innominada para conexión a circulación extracorpórea en cirugía de la aorta / Innominate artery cannulation for aortic artery surgery with extracorporeal circulation

Surgery of the ascending aorta and its arc with extracorporeal circulation require an arterial cannulation that assures and adequate systemic circulation and reduces the risk of neurological complications. A peripheral cannulation such as the femoral artery, a central extra-thoracic approach such as axillary, subclavian or carotid arteries or a central intra-thoracic approach such as aorta and innominate arteries, are valid alternatives. Innominate artery cannulation can be carried out without the need of a second incision. It is an easily accessible and large bore vessel. It allows an anterograde brain and visceral flow. In cases of aortic arch surgery, the clamping of the artery in its origin, allows a selective anterograde brain perfusion. The surgical technique for innominate artery cannulation is herein described.

La cirugía de la aorta ascendente y cayado con circulación extra corpórea requiere de una canulación arterial que permita asegurar una perfusión sistémica adecuada y disminuir las complicaciones neurológicas. El sitio ideal de canulación es aún un tema de discusión entre los cirujanos. Entre las alternativas de abordaje están la canulación periférica (arteria femoral), la canulación central extratorácica (arterias axilar, subclavia o carótidas) y la canulación central intratorácica (aorta, arteria innominada). La canulación de la arteria innominada es una técnica que se puede realizar sin necesidad de una segunda incisión, es un vaso de fácil abordaje y habitualmente de gran calibre. Permite entregar un flujo cerebral y visceral anterógrado y, en caso de cirugía sobre el cayado, el pinzamiento de la arteria a nivel de su origen permite entregar una perfusión cerebral selectiva anterógrada. Se describen la técnica quirúrgica y los reparos operatorios que nos parecen importantes en su realización.

Síndrome de compresión traqueal por arteria innominada: casos clínico-radiológicos / Syndrome of tracheal compression by the innominate artery: clinical-radiological cases

Innominate artery compression of the trachea, which is included within the vascular rings, although rare can cause serious respiratory disorders in childhood even putting at risk the child’s life. Most cases are asymptomatic but can also occur with cough, stridor, cyanosis and/or apneas. Diagnostic images play a fundamental role, specially computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging that provide detailed anatomical information. Bronchoscopy allows confirmation of the diagnosis and assesses the severity of the disorder; moreover, this procedure is also used as support in surgery (aortopexy). Conservative treatment is indicated in less severe cases. Two cases of pediatric patients are presented, one a newborn with severe symptoms and an asymptomatic lactating infant.

La compresión traqueal por arteria innominada, que se incluye dentro de los anillos vasculares, aunque es poco frecuente puede provocar trastornos respiratorios graves en la infancia poniendo incluso en riesgo la vida del niño. La mayoría de los casos son asintomáticos aunque también pueden presentarse con tos, estridor, cianosis y/o apneas. Las imágenes diagnósticas cumplen un rol fundamental, destacando la tomografía computarizada y la resonancia magnética que otorgan información anatómica detallada. La fibrobroncoscopía permite confirmar el diagnóstico y estimar la severidad de la alteración; por otra parte, este procedimiento también se utiliza como apoyo en la cirugía (aortopexia). El manejo conservador está indicado en los casos menos severos. Se presentan 2 casos de pacientes pediátricos, un recién nacido con síntomas severos y un lactante menor asintomático.

Carotid endarterectomy combined with stent angioplasty for the treatment of tandem stenosis of carotid artery / 介入放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the safety and feasibility of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) combined with carotid artery stent angioplasty (CASA) in treating tandem stenosis of carotid artery. Methods The clinical data of 9 patients with tandem stenosis of carotid artery, who were treated at authors' hospital during the period from January 2013 to October 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. The patients included 7 males and 2 females, with a mean age of (66.0 ±4.2) years. The disease course ranged from 2 months to 36 months, with a mean of 7 months. Clinically, all patients had cerebral ischemia symptoms. Transient ischemia attack was seen in 5 patients and history of cerebral infarction was present in 2 patients. Coronary artery disease was found in 2 patients, hypertension in 6 patients and lower limb ischemia in one patient. After receiving adequate antiplatelet therapy, CEA and CASA were carried out in all patients. Results The technical success rate was 100%, postoperative residual stenosis was less than 30%, no death occurred in perioperative period. After the treatment, the clinical symptoms were improved in all 9 patients;no new stroke or cerebral hemorrhage occurred. After the treatment, 2 patients developed cerebral hyperperfusion-related symptoms such as headache and dizziness, which were much relieved at the time of discharge. The patients were followed up for 4-19 months, with a mean of (10.5±6.2) months. No recurrence of symptoms was observed . In one patient , transcranial Doppler ultrasound performed at 6 months after treatment showed that the carotid artery became moderate restenosis (50%-70%). No death occurred. Conclusion For the treatment of tandem stenosis of carotid artery, CEA combined with CASA is safe and effective, although larger sample and long-term follow-up studies are still needed to further confirm the effect.

Management of high-risk reentry sternotomy in an infant for repair of a giant pseudoaneurysm of the right ventricular outflow tract.

Improved survival from congenital heart disease has led to an increasing need for complex reoperation by reentrant sternotomy. Peripheral cannulation and initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass prior to sternotomy to avoid the risk of cardiac injury and massive hemorrhage is an option in adults and larger children, but femoral vessel size precludes this strategy in infants. We describe the management of a high‑risk reentry sternotomy in an infant for repair of a giant pseudoaneurysm after prior homograft repair of tetralogy of Fallot, using surgical dissection for suprasternal cannulation of the innominate artery and subxyphoid cannulation of the inferior vena cava.

Bilateral absence of common carotid artery with variant branching pattern of Aortic arch.

Background: Variation in the branching pattern of aortic arch occurs as a result of developmental changes involved in the transformation of the embryonic pharyngeal arch system of arteries into the adult arterial pattern. Materials and Method: During routine dissection for first MBBS in the department of Anatomy BMCRI, Bangalore, it was observed that both the common carotid arteries were absent in a 45 year old male. Result: Both external carotid arteries originated from the right brachiocephalic trunk. (Innominate artery). The right internal carotid artery originated from the distal part of right brachiocephalic trunk and left internal carotid artery from the aortic arch along with the left vertebral artery. The study reports the division of brachiocephalic artery into right and left external carotid artery, right internal carotid artery and right subclavian artery. Discussion: The variation occurs as a result of increased absorption of third and fourth aortic arches into the aortic sac. Conclusion: These kind of variations should be well known by the surgeons before attempting any surgeries or during four vessel angiography.

Fístula traqueo-arterial como complicação de traqueostomia: relato de caso / Tracheoarterial fistula as complication of tracheostomy: a case report

A traqueostomia é um procedimento cirúrgico simples,porém não livre de complicações. A hemorragiatardia é uma complicação rara e pode ser decorrenteda formação de uma fístula tráqueo-arterial (FTA), umacomplicação devastadora. A taxa de mortalidade é de100% dos casos não tratados. Os sinais precoces deseu desenvolvimento incluem sangramento vermelho ebrilhoso (sangramento sentinela), autolimitado ou comouma hemorragia maciça e pulsação da cânula traqueal.O sangramento abundante pode ocorrer de forma súbita,sem sinais de alerta. O trauma na parede anterior datraqueia, decorrente da espessura de cânula utilizadada traqueostomia, de seu posicionamento em contatocom a parede traqueal e pela pressão do cuff traqueal,pode levar a um processo de isquemia, inflamaçãoe ulceração com necrose da mucosa traqueal anterior,atingindo estruturas adjacentes como a artéria inominada.Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente internadana UTI com quadro de fibrilação atrial de alta respostae edema agudo de pulmão que permaneceu em intubaçãoorotraqueal por 14 dias. Foi realizada traqueostomiaapós esse período, porém, mesmo após sua altada UTI, permaneceu com a cânula por um período de19 dias. Houve necessidade de substituição por cânulade maior diâmetro, devido à presença de escape de ar,sinal que levou à suspeição de traqueomalácea e indicativode possível injúria traqueal isquêmica. Após 26dias com traqueostomia, sendo os últimos com cânulasde maior diâmetro, a paciente evoluiu com hemoptisefranca, secundária a fístula tráqueo-arterial e óbito.

Tracheostomy is a simple surgical procedure; howeverit?s not complications free. Late hemorrhage is an unusualcomplication and may be occasioned by formation ofa tracheoarterial fistula, a devastating complication. Thedeath rate is 100% for the non-treated cases. The earlysigns of its development include red and shiny bleeding(sentinel bleed), which can be presented as self-limitedor as a massive hemorrhage and pulsation of the tracheostomytube. The excessive bleeding may be subtle andimperceptible. The inner tracheal wall trauma due toboth, the caliber of the cannula used for the tracheostomy,its position in contact with the tracheal wall andthe insufflation pressure of the tracheal cuff, may leadto ischemia, inflammation, and ulceration with necrosisof the anterior tracheal mucosa, affecting side structuressuch as the innominate artery. It?s described a caseof a patient admitted to the ICU with a clinical case ofhigh-response arterial fibrillation and acute pulmonaryedema who remained with orotracheal intubation for 14days. After this period a tracheostomy was performed.Even after the ICU discharge, the patient remained withthe cannula for 19 days. It was necessary to replace thecannula for another with a larger caliber due to the detectionof air escaping, a sign that raised the possibilityof tracheomalacia and was also a likely indicative of ischemictracheal injury. After 26 days with tracheostomy,being the last ones with large cannula and hyperinflatedcuff, the patient presented hemoptysis, compatible withtracheovascular fistula, and death.