Policy evaluation of human organ transplantation based on policy modeling consistency index model / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the policy of human organ transplantation in China, aiming to provide theoretical basis for further optimizing the policy of human organ transplantation. Methods Based on text mining and statistical analysis, seven normative policies of human organ transplantation formulated by national government from 2000 to 2022 were quantitatively evaluated by constructing policy modeling consistency (PMC) with 10 first-level variables and 35 second-level variables. Results Among the seven policies, six were graded as excellent policies and one as perfect policy, with an average PMC index of 8.476. Except X8 policy audience, the scores of other second-level variables of P5 were higher than or equal to the mean. The scores of all second-level variables of P1 were lower than or equal to the mean. P1 and P5 significantly differed in X3 policy timeliness, X4 policy norms and X6 policy tools. P5 was more specific and relatively comprehensive in these aspects, and its score was significantly higher than that of P1. Conclusions Human organ transplantation policies in China are generally excellent, scientific and rational. Health administrative departments at all levels should pay attention to the grasp of policy timeliness, the combination of policy tools, and fully mobilize the initiative and enthusiasm of all policy audience to participate in organ transplantation management when formulating organ transplantation policies.

Evaluation of efficiency of drug safety supervision in China based on DEA model and Malmquist index / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficiency of drug safet y supervision in China after issuing a series of new policies in 2018，and to provide the suggestions for optimizing the construction of drug safety supervision system in China and narrowing regional differences. METHODS The panel data of input-output indexes of 18 provinces in 7 administrative regions were collected from the official website of provincial drug regulatory departments ，the open platform of budget and final accounts and the official website of National Bureau of Statistics. Data envelopment analysis （DEA）model and Malmquist index were adopted to conduct an empirical analysis on the efficiency of drug safety supervision in China during 2019-2020. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS DEA analysis showed that during 2019-2020，the overall technical efficiency （TE）of drug safety supervision in China was lower than 1.000，which didn ’t meet effective DEA. Only Liaoning ，Guangdong and Guangxi had TE of 1.000，indicating significant differences in efficiency of drug safety supervision in different regions. The results of Malmquist index analysis showed that the overall efficiency of drug safety regulation in China was declining ，among which insufficient regulatory capacity supported by technology and large loss of professional personnel were the main factors ，and the improvement of drug regulatory departments ’ management and supervision level could ensure the improvement of overall regulatory efficiency. The current scale of drug supervision in nearly half of provinces （8/18）was close to the optimal state. It is necessary to strengthen the infrastructure construction and pay attention to the training of professional talents to optimize the drug regulatory team ；strengthen the innovation of supervision technology and improve the construction of technological support system ；rationally allocate regulatory resources and balance regional regulation according to local conditions to improve the construction of drug safety supervision system in China.

Evaluation of input and output efficiency of scientific research in hospital by Bootstrap data envelopment analysis / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To comprehensively evaluate the input and output efficiency of scientific research in hospital by bootstrap data envelopment analysis, to provide useful information for optimization of scientific performance appraisal and hospital discipline development strategy.Methods:37 disciplines were included as decision making unit, input variables include research expenditure and number of research personnel, and output variables include number of science and technology awards, research projects, patent transfer, paper, composition, and academic influence. The bootstrap-DEA method was used to evaluate the efficiency of all DMUs.Results:The main of overall efficiency and pure technical efficiency in basic DEA model are 0.858 and 0.909, but are 0.804 and 0.853 in Bootstrap DEA model, the differences between two models have statistically significant ( P<0.001). There are 11 DMUs with an overall efficiency in 0.9~1.0, 14 DMUs in 0.8~0.9, 7 DMUs in 0.6~0.8, 5 DMUs lower than 0.6. There are 3 DMUs are increasing return to scale, 16 DMUs are constant return to scale, 18 DMUs are decreasing return to scale. No statistically significance was observed between different types of DMUs( P>0.05). There are 4 DMUs reveal input slacks in number of research staffs and 10 DMUs reveal output slacks. Conclusions:The results of Bootstrap-DEA are more accurate than the basic methods for the evaluation of the input-output efficiency of hospital scientific research, so that it is worth popularizing and applying. According to the evaluation results, the hospital management department and disciplines could optimize their discipline development strategies and put forward targeted improvement measurements.

Analysis on Innovation Input-output in China ’s Pharmaceutical Enterprises from the Perspective of Patent Appli- cation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for optimizing resource allocation and precise investment of China ’s pharma- ceutical industry. METHODS ：The number of invention patent applications in China ’s pharmaceutical industry was searched from China Intellectual Property Netwerk ，and the status quo and structure of patent applications in China ’s pharmaceutical industry were analyzed. SPSS 23.0 software was used to analyze the input-output correlation of the number of invention patent applications with R&D investment and main business income of pharmaceutical enterprises in China. RESULTS ：The number of invention patent applications in China ’s pharmaceutical industry increased year by year. From 2000 to 2015，225 861 invention patents had been applied by domestic applicants and 43 149 invention patents had been applied by foreign applicants in China ；only 49.94％ domestic applicants applied for professional invention ，while 96.79％ of foreign applicants applied for professional invention. There was a positive correlation between the R&D expenditure of pharmaceutical enterprises and the number of invention patent applications，which indicated that the R&D investment of pharmaceutical industry in China was beneficial to the invention patent applications. The number of invention patent applications of pharmaceutical enterprises was also positively correlated with the main business income ，indicating that the increase of invention patent applications of pharmaceutical enterprises also effectively expanded the economic scale of pharmaceutical industry. CONCLUSIONS ：Compared with foreign countries ，the structure of patent applicants in domestic pharmaceutical industry needs to be adjusted urgently. Pharmaceutical enterprises have not yet become the main applicants. The continuous R&D investment of pharmaceutical enterprises effectively promotes the application of invention patent，expanded the economic scale of the pharmaceutical industry.

Study on Input-output Evaluation of Medical Research Institutions in China / 中华医学科研管理杂志

To improve the science principle of input-output evaluation in medical research institutions,this study uses literature research and expert interviews to make a comparison between domestic and foreign evaluation criterion.There are several problems about input-output evaluation in medical research institutions in China,such as less flexibility and targeted methods,inappropriate models,inadequate indicators and quantitative metrics.Seveal combinations of elements should be considered for input-output evaluation in medical research institutions,which is parallels and distinctions,qualitative and quantitative methods,quality and quantity,process and results,focus and full,and also emphasis on the application of information technology.

WIOD-based comparative study on foreign and domestic medical and health information construction / 中华医学图书情报杂志

The gap between foreign and domestic medical and health information construction levels was described and the major factors that influence the domestic medical and health information construction level were analyzed by analyzing the medical and health information construction levels in USA, Britain, Canada, Germany, Japan, Aus-tralia and China according to the input-output data in WIOD, with suggestions put forward for the improvement of domestic medical and health information construction.

Modeling the Effects of Drought in Urban Economies Using Regional Input-Output Analysis.

Aim: This research examines the economic impacts of drought severity and duration to interdependent production sectors in an urban catchment. Methodology: We developed a dynamic water input-output model extension to analyze the drought vulnerability and resilience of economic sectors in an urban region. The model utilizes the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which encompasses 65 economic sectors in our regional analysis. The model is applied to a case study of the United States (US) National Capital Region, a predominantly urban region that is considered one of the major economic drivers of the US. Results: Simulation results identify the critical economic sectors that experience the highest inoperability and economic losses as a result of water reduction schemes implemented during drought events. In the two scenarios studied (drought warning and drought emergency), sectors exhibit disproportionate levels of resilience and sensitivity to the magnitude and duration of water reduction. In each case, the economic loss and inoperability rankings of critical sectors differ due to differences in the quantity and value of the sectors’ production outputs. Conclusion: Observed data trends provide valuable insights for decision makers in formulating drought preparedness policies, water conservation programs, and short-term responses aimed to reduce water consumption in cases of emergency. The dynamic water reallocation I-O model developed in this study can be applied to other drought-prone regions and be used to generate insights on the economic consequences of drought, ecosystem thresholds, and water reallocation strategies that minimize the economic impacts of prolonged drought events and their ripple effects across sectors.

Status Analysis of the Scientific Research Input-Output of Cancer Hospital in Tianjin / 中华医学科研管理杂志

The research capacity of a hospital has become an important criteria for hospital evaluation, Research activity and capacity in the hospital plays an important role in improvement of clinical care for patients.A tumor Hospital in Tianjin, has taken a full academic advantages and strengthen,providing strong support in research funding;standardizing the management on research outcome, and emphasize on translation of clinical research in recent years.We have explored the effective management model in scientific research activity.

Envelhecimento populacional e mudanças no padrão de consumo e na estrutura produtiva brasileira / Envejecimiento Poblacional y Cambios en el Estándar de Consumo: impactos en la estructura productiva de Brasil / Aging of Population and Changes in Consumption Patterns: impacts on the production structure in Brazil

Este trabalho objetiva analisar como o envelhecimento populacional pode afetar a estrutura produtiva brasileira, dadas as mudanças previstas no padrão de consumo da população no período 2005-2050. Para tanto, utilizou-se a análise insumo-produto em conjunto com informações da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2008-2009, da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2005 e da projeção da população do Brasil, por sexo e idade, para 1980-2050. Entre os principais resultados, observou-se que os produtos com maior consumo em favor das famílias idosas foram intermediação financeira e seguros, saúde mercantil, serviços domésticos e produtos farmacêuticos, enquanto para as famílias não idosas os destaques foram educação mercantil, vestuário, calçados e produtos do couro, transporte de passageiros e serviços de alojamento e alimentação. Quando comparada a produção necessária para satisfazer o consumo das famílias nos anos analisados, verificou-se que os setores com maior crescimento devem ser aqueles responsáveis pelos produtos com maior consumo pelas famílias idosas, com destaque para os setores produtos farmacêuticos, saúde mercantil, intermediação financeira e seguros, outros serviços, aparelho/instrumento médico-hospitalar, medida e óptico e serviços imobiliários e aluguel, ao passo que os setores com menor crescimento de sua produção devem ser educação mercantil, vestuário, calçados e produtos do couro, serviços de alojamento e alimentação, produtos do fumo, veículos automotores, peças e equipamentos. Por fim, apesar dessas diferenças observadas no crescimento dos setores, a estrutura produtiva brasileira pouco deve se alterar dadas as mudanças no consumo causadas pelo envelhecimento populacional.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze how the aging of the population could affect the Brazilian production structure, given the expected changes in consumption patterns of the population between 2005 and 2050. To achieve this objective an input-output analysis was used together with information from the 2008-2009 Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF), the 2005 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and a projection of Brazil’s population by sex and age between 1980 and 2050. The most important results were that: a) the products most heavily consumed in elderly households were Financial Intermediation and Insurance, the Health Market, Domestic Services, and Pharmaceutical Products, whereas in non-elderly families more was spent on Private Education, Clothing, Footwear and Leather Products, Passenger Transport, and Lodging and Food; b) when the production required to satisfy household consumption in the years analyzed was compared, it was found that the sectors with the highest growth rates are likely to be those responsible for products with higher consumption among elderly families, especially the areas of Pharmaceutical Products, Health Care, Financial Intermediation and Insurance, Other Services, Medical and Hospital Devices and Instruments, Measurement and Optical, and Real Estate and Rental Services. In contrast, sectors with lower growth in production will probably include Private Education, Clothing, Footwear and Leather Products, Lodgings and Food, Tobacco Products, Motor Vehicles, Parts and Equipment, and, finally, c) despite the differences in the growth of the sectors, the Brazilian production structure is not likely to change greatly as the result of changes in the consumption caused by the aging of the population.

Este trabajo tuvo como principal objetivo analizar cómo el envejecimiento poblacional puede afectar la estructura productiva brasileña en función de los cambios previstos en el estándar de consumo de la población entre los años 2005- 2050. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo se utilizó el análisis insumoproducto en conjunto con informaciones de la Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) (Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares) de 2008-2009, de la Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) (Investigación Nacional por Muestreo de Domicilios) de 2005 y de la proyección de la población de Brasil por sexo y edad para el periodo de 1980-2050. Entre los resultados se destacan los siguientes: a) los productos con mayor consumo en favor de las familias mayores fueron Intermediación Financiera y Seguros, Salud Mercantil, Servicios Domésticos y Productos Farmacéuticos, mientras que para el caso de las familias non mayores los destaques fueron Educación Mercantil, Vestimenta, Calzados y Productos de Cuero, Transporte de pasajeros y Servicios de alojamiento y alimentación; b) cuando se compara la producción necesaria para satisfacer el consumo de las familias en los años analizados, se verifica que los sectores que presentan mayor crecimiento deben ser aquellos responsables por los productos más consumidos por las familias mayores, con destaque para los sectores Productos Farmacéuticos, Salud Mercantil, Intermediación Financiera y Seguros, Otros Servicios, Aparatos/ Instrumentos Médico-Hospitalario, Medida y Óptico, y Servicios Inmobiliarios y Alquiler, al paso que los sectores que presentan menor crecimiento de su producción deben ser Educación Mercantil, Vestimenta, Calzados y Productos de Cuero, Servicios de Alojamiento y Alimentación, Productos de Tabaco, Vehículos Automotores, Repuestos y Equipos; c) por fin, a pesar de tales diferencias observadas en el crecimiento de los sectores, la estructura productiva brasileña debe alterarse poco debido a los cambios en el consumo ocasionados por el envejecimiento poblacional.

The Effect of the Food Service Industry up on the National Economy of Korea / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The food-service industry in Korea has experienced remarkable growth during the past few decades. The objectives of this study were to analyze the influence of the food-service industry upon the national economy by using an inputoutput analysis and to find the industrial position of the food service industry. This paper analysed the economic effect of the food-service industry using 168 items arranged in a transaction table based on producer's prices in the 1995 input-output tables. The results of this study showed that the food-service industry had a major influence on the national economy of Korea. Based on the calculation of the following five coefficients; Korea's production inducement coefficient ranked as 50, its import inducement coefficient ranked as 28, its value added inducement coefficient ranked as 32, its worker inducement coefficient ranked as 2 and its employee inducement coefficient per final demand ranked as 5 in a total of 168 industries.

The Efficacy of the Hearing Threshold Level at 3 kHz I/O Curve in DPOAE in Screening the High Risk Neonates in NICU / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Universal infant hearing screening has been recommended by the National Institutes of Health. Although the distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) hold promise as a screening technique, the validity oftheir input/output function curve (I/O curve) in the screening of neonates has not been fully investigated. The aims of this study were to determine the efficacy of the I/O curve as a hearing screening test and to investigate the prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)(moderate to severe degree) in high risk neonates. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 69 ears of 35 infants at risk for hearing loss were tested with both DPOAE and auditory brainstem responses (BR). Auditory brainstem response results were used as the standard for hearing. The hearing threshold level at 3 kHz in I/O curve and the amplitude of distortion product in the DP audiogram were calculated and compared with the results of ABR. Neonates whose hearing thresholds were worse than 60 dB in the I/O curve were regarded as 'test-positive' and neonates whose hearing thresholds were worse than 60dB in ABR were regarded as 'disease-positive'. The sensitivity and the specificity of each test were calculated and the correlations between the response of each test and ABR threshold were also studied. RESULTS: The prevalence of SNHL in neonates in the SNUH neonatal intensive care unit was 5.79%. The sensitivity and specificity of the screening test using the I/O curve were 100% and 63.1%, respectively. The test using the DP amplitude for SNHL showed the sensitivity of 100% and the specificity of 18.46%. This was much lower than that of the screening test using the I/O curve. There was a positive correlation between the I/O threshold and ABR threshold (r=0.43), but there were no statistically significant correlations between the DP amplitude and the ABR threshold nor between the DP amplitude and the I/O threshold. CONCLUSIONS: The test using the I/O threshold in DPOAE is suitable for the screening of the SNHL in neonates with high sensitivity and relatively high specificity. Moreover, the I/O threshold could predict the audiometric threshold more correctly than the DP amplitude could.

The Effect of Middle Ear Effusion on Otoacoustic Emissions / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The transmission properties of the middle ear directly influence otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) which are transmitted from the cochlea to the ear canal via middle ear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of middle ear effusion (MEE) on detectability of various OAEs and to assess the potential applicability of DPOAE measurements in monitoring the middle ear status. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were recorded for 44 normal ears and 32 ears with MEE. DPOAEs were collected in two basic forms consisting of distortion product audiograms(DPgrams) and input-output (I-O) functions, elicited by two primary tones fl and f2 with varying geometric mean frequencies between 1-6 kHz. RESULTS: SOAEs were absent in 21 ears of 32 ears with MEE, TEOAEs were diminished in 28 ears with MEE, and DPgrams were eliminated in 17 ears with MEE. I-O function curves at 3 kHz and 4 kHz were significantly diminished by equal levels of fl and f2 primary tones of 45 & 55 dB SPL under the condition of MEE (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that MEE affects the detectability of various OAEs and that the DP I-O function curve measurement at 3 and 4 kHz may be valuable to monitor the middle ear status in pediatric patients.

Design and analysis of linear photo-electric isolating amplifier circuit with single power supply and full output / 医疗卫生装备

This paper introduces the design of a linear photoelectric isolating amplifier circuit, and analyzes the errors of the circuit in experiment. The problem of narrow dynamic range in low power isolating circuit is solved.