Clínicas Integradas em Odontologia, desafios, oportunidades e perspectivas: uma revisão de literatura

As clínicas integradas em Odontologia constituem em um desafio para o ensino superior na formação do profissional, que deverá aprender a tratar as condições orofaciais de seu paciente de forma diferenciada no futuro próximo, aliando cada vez mais a Odontologia e as novas tecnologias. Objetivou-se com este estudo de revisão discutida entender o conceito de clínica integrada e suas perspectivas em consonância com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sistematizado nos bancos de dados eletrônicos: Lilacs, PubMed e Scielo. Os termos em português e inglês "Educação em Odontologia" (Dental Education), "Clínicas Odontológicas" (Dental Clinics), "Graduação" (Undergraduate Program), "Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde" (delivery of health care, integrated) e "Currículo" (Curriculum) foram utilizados como palavras-chave. Foram eleitos 23 artigos para esta revisão e extraídas as ideias principais dos textos tendo como base as metodologias utilizadas e os principais resultados. Os autores foram unânimes em ressaltar que as clínicas integradas em Odontologia exercem influência na formação e no preparo do egresso generalista através do treinamento sobre um planejamento global, inter e multidisciplinar como pilar essencial para um currículo integrativo e inovador.

ntegrated clinics in Dentistry present a challenge for higher education in the training of professionals, who must adapt their approach to treating orofacial conditions in the near future, increasingly incorporating Dentistry and new technologies. This review study aimed to comprehend the concept of integrated clinics and its alignment with the National Curricular Guidelines. A systematic bibliographic survey was conducted in the following electronic databases: Lilacs, PubMed, and Scielo. The search employed keywords in both Portuguese and English, including "Education in Dentistry" (Dental Education), "Dental Clinics", "Graduation" (undergraduate program), "Integrated Provision of Health Care" (delivery of health care, integrated), and "Curriculum." Approximately 23 articles were selected for this review, and the primary ideas within the texts were extracted based on the employed methodologies and the principal results. The authors unanimously emphasized that integrated dentistry clinics significantly impact the training and preparation of generalist graduates. This influence stems from emphasizing global, inter, and multidisciplinary planning as an indispensable foundation for an integrative and innovative curriculum.

O estreito acesso das Pessoas com Deficiência aos serviços de saúde em uma capital nordestina / The limited access of People with Disabilities to health services in a northeastern capital

Resumo Analisou-se, a partir das dimensões disponibilidade-acomodação e adequação, o acesso das Pessoas com Deficiência (PcD) aos serviços de atenção especializada. Trata-se de estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa com triangulação de fontes a partir de pesquisa documental, dados dos Sistemas de Informações em Saúde e entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores, profissionais de saúde e PcD. Observou-se a ampliação de serviços de reabilitação no Recife, embora não tenha sido possível analisar a capacidade de produção de tais serviços. Os achados apontam para a existência de barreiras arquitetônicas e urbanísticas e insuficiência de recursos nos serviços estudados. Ademais, há um longo tempo de espera para atenção especializada e um difícil acesso às tecnologias assistivas. Pôde-se observar ainda que os profissionais têm baixa qualificação para atender às necessidades das PcD e não se tem instituído um processo de educação permanente para os trabalhadores dos diversos níveis de complexidade. Conclui-se que a instituição da Politica Municipal de Atenção Integral à Saúde da PcD não foi suficiente para garantir o acesso aos serviços de saúde com continuidade do cuidado, considerando a permanência da fragmentação da rede de atenção, ferindo, assim, o direito à saúde deste segmento.

Abstract The access of People with Disabilities (PwD) to specialized care services was analyzed on the basis of the availability-accommodation and adequacy dimensions. This is a case study with a qualitative approach and triangulation of sources based on documentary research, data from the Health Information Systems and semi-structured interviews with managers, health professionals and PwD. There was an expansion of rehabilitation services in Recife, although it was not possible to analyze the production capacity of such services. The findings point to the existence of architectural and urban barriers and insufficient resources in the services studied. Furthermore, there is a long waiting time for specialized care and difficult access to assistive technologies. It was also observed that professionals have low qualifications to meet the needs of PwD and a process of permanent education in different levels of complexity has not been instituted for workers. The conclusion drawn is that the institution of the Municipal Policy of Comprehensive Health Care for the PwD was insufficient to guarantee access to health services with continuity of care, considering the permanence of the fragmentation of the care network, thus violating the right to health of this segment.

Avaliação da atenção primária à saúde para coordenação das redes de atenção / Evaluation of primary health care for coordination of care networks

Introdução: Novas formas de integração dos serviços de saúde têm sido propostas, com base no fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), principalmente, por meio de seu atributo de coordenação, colocando-a como um eixo estruturante dos Sistemas Universais de Saúde. Uma das propostas de integração constitui-se na implementação de Redes de Atenção à Saúde, conceituadas como os serviços e ações que intervêm em processos de saúde-doença em diferentes densidades tecnológicas, logísticas e de gestão. Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade da Atenção Primária à Saúde para coordenar as Redes de Atenção à Saúde. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo do tipo transversal analítico, que foi realizado nas Unidades de Saúde da Atenção Primária do município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram selecionadas 41 Unidades de Saúde por meio de amostragem aleatória sistemática. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 371 trabalhadores de saúde, selecionados por meio de amostragem por cotas. Para a coleta dos dados foi aplicado o Instrumento de Avaliação da Coordenação das Redes de Atenção à Saúde pela Atenção Primária (COPAS), no período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. Resultados: A idade mediana foi de 39 anos, com um intervalo interquartílico de 32 a 48 anos. O tempo mediano de serviço na APS foi de 6 anos, com intervalo interquartílico de 4 a 10 anos. A fidedignidade do instrumento, avaliada por meio do coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, demonstrou que todas as dimensões tiveram coeficientes acima de 0,70. Quando comparadas as dimensões do COPAS com os modelos de atenção à saúde (Estratégia de Saúde da Família e Unidade Básica de Saúde Tradicional) não houve diferença significativa entre os escores (p<0,005). Constatou-se o menor escore da dimensão "Sistemas Logísticos" (registro eletrônico, sistemas de acesso e regulação e os sistemas de transporte) em relação às demais dimensões do instrumento. A dimensão "Sistemas de Apoio" (serviços de apoio diagnóstico e terapêutico, sistemas de informação e sistemas de teleassistência) obteve o menor escore na comparação com as Gerências Distritais. O escore global da avaliação da capacidade da APS em coordenar redes de atenção atingiu 60,01%. Conclusões: A análise da capacidade da APS em coordenar as RAS mostra-se relevante no escopo da avaliação em saúde e na implementação do cuidado integrado. Além disso, reafirma o papel central da APS como porta de entrada do sistema de saúde, ordenadora de fluxos dos sistemas de saúde. O estágio de desenvolvimento da APS, classificada como "Condição boa, requer a implementação e utilização de tecnologias da informação, protocolos para regulação dos serviços e garantia de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Essas ações revelam-se necessárias para melhoria do cuidado sequencial e complementar entre os níveis de atenção.

Introduction: Based on reinforcement of Primary Health Care (PHC) it has been proposed recent ways of integrating the health services mainly focusing on the coordination attribute and thus considering it as a structuring axis of the Universal Health Care Systems. As example of integration proposals, the stablishing of Health Care Systems is taken as part of it and also taken into account as services and actions which operate on health-disease processes in different technological, logistical and management densities. Objective: To Assess the Primary Health Care capacity in order to coordinate Health Care Systems. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study, carried out in Primary Care Health Units in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Therefore, 41 Health Units were selected through systematic random sampling composed of 371 health workers, selected through quota sampling. The Assessment of the Coordination of Integrated Health Service Delivery Networks by Primary Health Care Instrument (COPAS) was applied as data collecting tool, from November 2018 to May 2019. Results: The median age was 39 years, with an interquartile range of 32 to 48 years. The median length of service in PHC was 6 years, with an interquartile range of 4 to 10 years. The instrument's reliability, assessed by means of the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, demonstrated that all dimensions had coefficients above 0.70. When the dimensions of COPAS were compared with the models of health care systems as Family Health Strategy and Basic Unit of Traditional Health, no significant difference between the scores (p <0.005) were evidenced. The lowest score of the dimension "Logistic Systems" (electronic record, access and regulation systems and transport systems) was found in relation to the other dimensions of the instrument. The "Support Systems" dimension (diagnostic and therapeutic support services, information systems and tele-assistance systems) presented the lowest score upon being compared with the District Managements. The assessment global score regarding Heath Care Systems reached 60.01%. Conclusion: The analysis of the PHC's ability to coordinate the Health Care Network is relevant in the scope of health assessment and in the implementation of integrated care. In addition, it reaffirms the central role of PHC as a gateway to the health system, organizing health system flows. The PHC development stage, classified as "In a good condition, requires the implementation and use of information technologies, protocols for regulating services and ensuring access to health services. These actions are necessary to improve sequential and complementary care between levels of care.

Experience and enlightenment of countywide medical alliances construction in Hangzhou / 中华医院管理杂志

Based on a sufficient analysis of the theoretical framework of " transformation learning collaboration" ( TLC ) and " people-centered and integrated health care " ( PCIC ) mode, this article introduced the main practices and achievements of " Hangzhou characteristics" countywide medical alliances, centering on TLC mode.Hangzhou takes the countywide medical alliance construction as a pilot, refers to the TLC model, and takes growth-oriented collaboration as the guidance, to promote responsibility sharing, benefit sharing, service integration and management collaboration.Guided by the PCIC model proposed by the World Health Organization, the city has established an integrated service model of hierarchical medical system-prevention-rehabilitation-aging care.The countywide medical alliance system framework features " 5 fields, unified leadership, unified culture, 6 supports, 3 tasks and TLC teams " , which may provide references for the coordinated and integrated development of such alliances.

Experiencia en la implementación del Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud basado en Familia y Comunidad desde la Estrategia Sanitaria Nacional de Salud Familiar

The Model of Family and Community-based Integrated Health Care (MAIS-BFC, by its initials in Spanish) is a set of strategies, procedures and tools that, when complemented, organize the Health System in order to respond to the health needs of individuals, families and the community, allowing comprehensive care levels of health. Following the steps for the implementation of a MAIS-BFC, an experience is presented from the National Family Health Strategy corresponding to 20102015. The intervention of 244 649 households is reported until October 2015, constituting 11.6% of vulnerable households. Likewise, 17 250 educational sessions were developed where priority was given to health promotion issues. As a result, 37 303 pathologies were identified through the family health visit, of which 58.2% were chronic pathologies and 49.8% were non-chronic pathologies detected but never treated. Regarding the development of skills in human resources, 46 technical assistances was carried out through workshops in 2013 with 1 376 people trained, 23 workshops in 2014 with 1 054 trained and 29 in 2015 with 1 468 people trained. Regarding the baseline of macro processes carried out in 28 establishments, in 2014 there were 1 274 health establishments implementing the MAIS-BFC, increasing the figure to 1 703 health establishments, corresponding to 21.8% of first level health establishments in the country. All this meant an improvement in access to health care, especially at the beginning of an exhaustive control that would benefit by avoiding complications in the future.

El Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud basado en Familia y Comunidad (MAIS-BFC) es un conjunto de estrategias, procedimientos y herramientas que, al complementarse, organizan el Sistema de Salud con el fin de responder a las necesidades de salud de las personas, las familias y la comunidad, permitiendo la integralidad en los niveles de atención de salud. Siguiendo los pasos para la implementación de un MAIS-BFC, se presenta una experiencia desde la Estrategia Sanitaria Nacional de Salud Familiar (ESNSF) correspondiente al 2010-2015. Se reporta la intervención de 244 649 hogares a octubre del 2015, constituyendo el 11,6% de hogares vulnerables del Perú. Asimismo, se desarrollaron 17 250 sesiones educativas donde se priorizó temas de promoción de la salud. Como resultado, se captaron 37 303 patologías a través de la visita de salud familiar, de las cuales 58,2% fueron patologías crónicas y 49,8% patologías no crónicas nunca tratadas. En cuanto al desarrollo de competencias en el recurso humano, se realizaron 46 asistencias técnicas a través de talleres en el 2013 con 1 376 personas capacitadas, 23 talleres en el 2014 con 1 054 capacitados y 29 en el 2015 con 1 468 personas capacitadas. Respecto a la línea de base de macro procesos realizada en 28 establecimientos, en el 2014 se contaba con 1 274 establecimientos de salud implementando el MAIS-BFC, incrementando la cifra a 1 703 establecimientos de salud correspondiendo al 21,8% de establecimientos de salud del primer nivel en el país. Todo ello significó una mejora en el acceso a la atención en salud, sobre todo al inicio de un control exhaustivo que beneficiaría al evitar complicaciones a futuro.

Organization of the cancer network in SUS: evolution of the care model

In the current context of epidemiological transition, demographic changes, changes in consumption and lifestyle habits, and pressure on care costs and organized health systems for acute conditions, the Integrated Care Model by Shortell has become a conceptual reference in the search for new methods to manage chronic conditions by focusing on the health conditions of a given population that must be addressed by a set of institutions organized into networks. Within the last 15 years, cancer has gone from the third- to the second-leading cause of death in the State of São Paulo and has shown a gradual increase in the number of new cases; it has thus become a relevant issue for public health and health management. The model adopted by the State for the organization of the cancer care network was the motivation for this study, which aimed to evaluate the evolution of the model of care for cancer patients within the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) based on the integrated care model. Since 1993, the year that cancer was first considered highly complex in the Sistema Único de Saúde by the Ministry of Health, it has been possible to observe a progressive orientation towards the integral and integrated care of patients with cancer. In the State of São Paulo, the active participation of qualified service providers through a Technical Reference Committee showed that experts could contribute to the definition of public policies, thereby providing a technical base for decision making and contributing to the development of clinical management.

The application of doctor-nurse integrated health care management model in transvaginal natural ;orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the doctor-nurse integrated health care management model in perioperative nursing management of transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). Methods A total of 70 female patients underwent transvaginal NOTES. All patients were randomly divided into the control and the study groups. The control group adopted the traditional model of care, and the study group implemented a layered panel system of integrated health care nursing mode, which consisted of three lines (leader), second line, front-line doctors, anesthesiologists consisting of the doctor series and secondary responsibility leader, a responsibility of nurses, operating room nurses laparoscopy group traveling together constituted a series of nurses′ health care integration of the health care team. The average length of stay, preoperative waiting days, awareness of the disease, early postoperative activities and reasonable diet, patient satisfaction with care, doctors′ satisfaction with nurses′ operation and overall satisfaction with health care work were compared. Results The preoperative waiting days, average length of stay, surgical satisfaction, patients′ satisfaction, doctors-nurses′overall satisfaction in the study group were (3.95±0.51) d, (11.58±1.83) d, (95.48±3.82)%, (99.26± 0.61)%, (96.33±0.29)%, the control group were (5.50±0.68) d, (15.79±2.14) d, (82.08±7.21)%, (92.18± 3.54)%, (80.03 ± 5.88)%, the differences were statistically significant (t=-4.431-6.172, P 0.05). Conclusions The implementation ofdoctor-nurse integrated health carenew model can optimize the collocation of medical health care integration, enhance the quality of care, improve patient experience, and improve patients′and doctors′satisfaction for nursing work.

Mission and service innovation of urban public hospitals in line with the integrated health care ;delivery system / 中华医院管理杂志

The authors reviewed the practice of integrated health care delivery system( IDS) at home and abroad, and based on experiences of collaborations between medical service institutions in Zhejiang province,proposed the strategic positioning,responsibilities and service innovation of urban public hospitals in a regional medical service system. It is held that the direction of China′s health care reform should move towards IDS in the future,and such hospitals should play an active role in the process via integration of its own resource and provide multi-level,diversified services for the regional health care system.

Global Mental Health and systems of diagnostic classification: clinical and cultural perspectives / Salud Mental Global y sistemas de clasificación diagnóstica: perspectivas clínicas y culturales / Saúde Mental Global e sistemas de classificação diagnóstica: perspectivas clínicas e culturais

Historical and conceptual aspects of Global Health and Global Mental Health are examined and topics such as resources, professional and social attitudes toward mental disorders, the multidimensional experience of getting ill and the presence of world systems of psychiatric diagnosis and classification, are reviewed. The application of these areas of knowledge in medical practice require the integrated use of clinical and socio-cultural perspectives whose precise alignment is an essential component of accurate diagnoses, successful treatments and a consistent improvement of mental health as a component of public health. The latter includes preventive measures applicable to general populations, communities and health care proper. Management of socio-cultural aspects of diagnosis and treatment is imperative as is that of the growing relationship between mental health and neurosciences. The operationalization of this series of interactive processes must be part of legislations which, in turn, can make training, research and dissemination of the resulting data, possible.

Se examinan aspectos históricos y conceptuales de Salud Global y Salud Mental Global, formulándose temas de revision sobre recursos, actitudes profesionales y sociales o colectivas en torno a la enfermedad mental, las varias dimensiones de la experiencia de enfermar y la vigencia de sistemas diagnósticos y de clasificación psiquiátrica a nivel mundial. Las aplicaciones de estas áreas de conocimiento en la práctica médica requieren el uso integrado de perspectivas clínicas y socio-culturales cuyo alineamiento preciso es componente esencial de un diagnóstico acertado, un tratamiento exitoso y una mejoría consistente de la salud mental como componente de la salud pública. Esta última incluye medidas preventivas aplicables en niveles de población general, comunitario y de atención en salud propiamente tal. El manejo de aspectos socio-culturales de diagnóstico y tratamiento es imperativo, al igual que el de la creciente relación entre salud mental y neurociencias. La operacionalización de estos procesos interactivos debe ser materia de legislaciones que posibiliten, a su vez, programas de adiestramiento profesional, investigación y difusión adecuada de la información resultante.

São examinados aspectos históricos e conceituais de Saúde Global e Saúde Mental Global, formulando-se temas de revisão sobre recursos, atitudes profissionais e sociais ou coletivas em torno da enfermidade mental, as várias dimensões da experiência de enfermar e a vigência de sistemas diagnósticos e de classificação psiquiátrica em nível mundial. As aplicações destas áreas de conhecimento na prática médica requerem o uso integrado de perspectivas clínicas e socioculturais cujo alinhamento preciso é componente essencial de um diagnóstico acertado, um tratamento exitoso e uma melhoria consistente da saúde mental como componente da saúde pública. Esta última inclui medidas preventivas aplicáveis em níveis de população geral, comunitário e de atenção em saúde propriamente dita. O manejo de aspectos socioculturais de diagnóstico e tratamento é imperativo, igual ao da crescente relação entre saúde mental e neurociências. A operacionalização destes processos interativos deve ser matéria de legislações que possibilitem, por sua vez, programas de adestramento profissional, pesquisa e difusão adequada da informação resultante.

Validity analysis of readmissions at seven townships and counties of China / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To learn the suitability and validity of readmission service at counties and townships in rural China.Methods Seven pilot counties were randomly selected from the eastern,middle and western areas of China,and five diseases of the respiratory infection and cerebral system were set as the targets,while 600 target inpatient readmitted who had any of the five target diseases from 2012 to 2013 in such counties were selected from the NRCMS database.With expert consultation and empirical evaluation,the fitness of the days of stay at township hospital and necessity of hospitalization at county hospitals were evaluated for such target inpatients.Results 64.7％ of the target inpatients were found with unfit days of stay at township hospitals,mostly too short;59.0％ of the target inpatients' hospitalization at county hospitals were found with serious risk factors during their hospitalization;18.5％ of the inpatients were found with unnecessary hospitalization.Conclusions Hierarchical medical system can enhance the efficiency of the heahhcare system,but the current validity of readmission is poor,so is the fitness of days of stay at township hospitals,and the quality of the referral pattern.These problems mostly result from poor medical competence at township hospitals and high autonomy of patients in seeking medical service anywhere in the country.

Gobierno de redes asistenciales: evaluación de los Consejos Integradores de la Red Asistencial (CIRA) en el contexto de la reforma del sector salud en Chile / Governance of health care networks: assessment of the health care integrating councils in the context of the health sector reform in Chile

Objetivo. Este artículo busca evaluar la contribución de los Consejos Integradores de la Red Asistencial (CIRA) en mejorar la gobernanza en salud en Chile. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de los documentos oficiales asociados con el proceso de constitución y desarrollo de los CIRA; se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc a los 29 CIRA del país y se realizaron 35 entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad a participantes de una muestra de seis CIRA. Resultados. Los CIRA se han constituido en una herramienta de integración funcional y un espacio valorado de diálogo, cooperación y aprendizaje por parte de los actores de las redes asistenciales públicas chilenas. Conclusiones. Se concluye que hay un espacio de mejora con respecto a su rol en la gobernanza de la red en la medida en que desarrollan facultades relacionadas con las inversiones en infraestructura, tecnología y recursos humanos, así como con las decisiones que corresponden a las asignaciones presupuestarias en la red.

Objective. This paper aims at assessing the contribution of Chile's Health Care Integrating Councils (CIRA, Spanish acronym) to strengthening governance in health. Materials and methods. A literature review on the official documents related to the process of creation and development of CIRA was carried out; an ad hoc questionnaire was applied to all 29 health services of the country; finally, 35 semi-structure in-depth interviews were carried on a sample of six CIRA. Results. The CIRAs have become a tool for functional integration and a valuable space for dialogue, cooperation and learning for all of the actors of the Chilean public health network. Conclusions. In this study, we conclude that there is room for improvements of CIRA's role regarding governance of the health care network as long as CIRA is authorized to deal with strategic topics, such as investment in infrastructure, technology and human resources, and budgeting.

Saúde do Trabalhador no SUS: desafios para uma política pública / Worker's Health within the Brazilian Unified Health System: challenges for a public policy

O texto debate a situação da atenção integral em Saúde do Trabalhador no Brasil. Os avanços e as contradições das políticas públicas no campo são analisados a partir do contexto de crescimento econômico brasileiro, que ocorre em detrimento das políticas sociais, da insuficiente ação do Estado no âmbito da prevenção e, por fim, dos desafios colocados aos serviços pela recém-publicada Política Nacional de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora. Pretende-se assim fomentar a discussão, o entendimento, a implementação e o avanço das ações em Saúde do Trabalhador, que deveriam estar no centro das políticas públicas.

The paper addresses the current policy and practice of Brazilian worker's health integrated care. The particularly discussed issues are: advances and contradictions of the public policies analyzed along with the Brazilian economic growth; the controversial state agenda with economical development to detriment of some social policies as the integration of the public health care system; evidences of the insufficient governmental action, as far as prevention is concerned, are pointed out; and, finally, current challenges faced by workers' health services as result of the recently approved Worker's Health National Policy. Arguments posed intend to encourage the discussion, the understanding, the implementation and advances of Worker's Health Policy and Practice. We argue that the integrated view of Health Care System shall be placed among the core of public policies.

Direitos sexuais e reprodutivos na adolescência / Sexual and reproductive rights in adolescence

OBJETIVO: Apresentar marcos legais brasileiros que garantam ao adolescente autonomia no trato com sua saúde sexual e reprodutiva. MÉTODOS: Levantamento bibliográfico das legislações nacionais publicadas em site dos órgãos oficiais (Ministério da Saúde e Educação) e Associações de Classe (Conselho Federal de Medicina - CFM - e Conselho Federal de Enfermagem - COFEN). RESULTADOS: Encontraram-se oito legislações sendo três de Associação de Classe (CFM e COFEN), uma Portaria Interministerial (Ministério da Saúde e Educação), uma Nota Técnica do Programa Nacional de DST/AIDS e três Leis Federais. Muitas das garantias legais afetam diretamente a população adolescente (garantia de escolarização durante a gestação e período puerperal ou licença maternidade, distribuição de preservativos, não discriminação por sorologia em ambiente escolar). São instrumentos importantes de preservação dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, da privacidade no atendimento médico, na busca por informações seguras de saúde e no acesso a insumos como preservativos e métodos contraceptivos. CONCLUSÃO: As análises das legislações levantadas demonstraram que estes marcos legais são imprescindíveis na garantia da vivência da sexualidade de forma mais segura e saudável, e todo profissional de saúde envolvido no acompanhamento de adolescentes deve conhecê-los profundamente.

OBJECTIVE: To present legal milestones to ensure the Brazilian adolescent autonomy indealing with their sexual and reproductive health. METHODS: Literature review of national legislation published on the official sites of governmental organs (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education) and Class Associations (Federal Council of Medicine [Conselho Federal de Medicina - CFM] and the Federal Council of Nursing - COFEN). RESULTS: We found 8 legislations, of which 3 were from Class Associations (COFEN and CFM), one Interministerial Ordinance (Ministries of Health and Education), one Technical Note of the National STD/AIDS Program, and 3 Federal Laws. Many of the legal guarantees directly affect the adolescent population (guarantee of schooling during pregnancy and puerperal period or maternity leave, condom distribution, no discrimination in the school environment on the basis of serology). They are important tools for the preservation of sexual and reproductive rights, privacy of medical care, search for reliable health information, and access to inputs such as condoms and contraceptive methods. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the legislation listed in the present study demonstrated that these legal milestones are essential to ensure the safe and healthy experience of sexuality, and all health and education professionals involved in adolescent counseling should know them comprehensively.

Effect of an Integral Care System: a Combination of Oriental and Western Care for Older Adults with Degenerative Arthritis

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effect of an integrated care service which included a combination of oriental and western care on health outcomes in elderly patients with degenerative arthritis. METHODS: A prospective comparative design was used. Data were collected from May 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 from 85 elderly patients with degenerative arthritis in the lower extremities who were followed in a hospital out-patient department for 8 weeks. The integrated care service group (n=36) received a combination of physical therapy, acupuncture, western medicines or herbal medicines, and the western care group (n=49) received physical therapy or western medicines. Functional independence, walking speed, rotation balance, pain intensity, service satisfaction and total medical costs for the two groups were compared at 8 weeks. RESULTS: Functional independence (t=2.14, p=.036) and walking speed (t=2.51, p=.014) improved significantly in the integrated care group while pain intensity improved significantly in the western care group (t=3.35, p=.002). The integrated care group reported higher scores for service satisfaction (t=2.09, p=.041) and higher medical costs than the western care group (t=2.15, p=.035). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that integrated care services are effective modalities to improve mobility and quality of life for elders with degenerative arthritis.

Contribuições da análise comparada para um marco abrangente na avaliação de sistemas orientados pela atenção primária na América Latina / The contribution of comparative analysis to a comprehensive evaluation framework for primary care systems in Latin America

OBJETIVOS: demonstrar que o estudo da integração e da coordenação do cuidado traz elementos importantes para a avaliação de sistemas orientados por uma política de atenção primária de saúde (APS). MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo das formas e fatores que facilitam ou dificultam a integração da APS, a partir da análise comparada de reformas realizadas na América Latina, através de revisão sistemática e análise de documentos. RESULTADOS: três modalidades de integração foram identificadas: atenção primária seletiva no interior de programas materno-infantis, APS como porta de entrada e eixo estruturante de um sistema público e experiências municipais em sistemas baseados em seguros. Um modelo explicativo da problemática da fragmentação é desenvolvido, mostrando a necessidade de articular a análise dos níveis macro, meso e microssocial para uma visão abrangente do desempenho dos serviços. CONCLUSÕES: há persistência de segmentação com fragmentação dos serviços, mesmo nos casos de sistemas de base universal. O modelo proposto articula essas duas categorias, contribuindo na seleção de indicadores para avaliação de sistemas públicos orientados por essa política.

OBJECTIVES: to demonstrate that the study of integration and coordination of care may reveal significant elements for the evaluation of primary health care policy systems (PHC). METHODS: a descriptive study of the forms and factors that facilitate or impede the integration of PHC, using comparative analysis of the reforms carried out in Latin America, by way of systematic review and analysis of documents. RESULTS: three types of integration were identified: selective primary care within maternal/child health programs, PHC as first contact care and municipal experiments with insurance-based systems. An explanatory model of the problem of fragmentation is developed, demonstrating the need to articulate the analysis of the macro, meso and microsocial levels for a comprehensive view of the performance of services. CONCLUSIONS: services remain segmented and fragmented, even in the case of systems with a universal basis. The proposed model combines these two categories, thereby contributing to the selection of indicators for evaluation of public systems guided by this policy.

Integrated health care networks in Latin America: toward a conceptual framework for analysis / Redes integradas de atención sanitaria en América Latina: hacia un marco conceptual para el análisis

Las inequidades e ineficiencias de los sistemas de salud de América Latina motivaron algunas reformas, concentradas en las últimas dos décadas, particularmente en el financiamiento y el suministro de la atención sanitaria. Este trabajo se enfoca en la introducción de redes integradas de atención sanitaria (RIAS) en varios países de América Latina y los ubica en el contexto internacional. La descripción y el análisis de las RIAS, ya fueran regionales o de afiliación, resaltan el debate actual sobre sus posibles beneficios y riesgos. El impacto de las RIAS -en términos del mejoramiento del acceso a la atención sanitaria o de la promoción de la eficiencia y la equidad en los sistemas de salud- se ha evaluado en muy pocas oportunidades. Para contribuir al tema, se propone un marco conceptual abarcador para el análisis del desempeño de las RIAS, que trata el proceso interno y los factores externos considerados críticos para alcanzar sus objetivos intermedios y finales.

Need of Health Center-based Integrated Healthcare Services for the Elderly in Rural Area / 農村醫學 地域保健

OBJECTIVES: The challenge of an increasing elderly population has coupled with everpresent social concerns in Korea. A major problem in health center for the frail older people is that medical, healthcare, and welfare services are often fragmented in terms of providers and settings without appropriate coordination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the need of health center-based integrated healthcare services and its related factors for the elderly. METHODS: A total of 110 elderly people who had visited at a county Health Center were interviewed using a self-administered questionnaire from November to December, 2005. The questionnaire consists of five domains according to the Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly. RESULTS: Respondents had high need (total mean score with the 5-point Likert-type sacle: 3.67) of health center-based integrated healthcare services including home visiting service (mean: 4.08), chronic disease care service (mean: 4.06), and transportation service (mean 4.05). According to the results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis, among three regression models the magnititude of the variance of full model that is explained by the need of welfare-domain service was significantly larger than two reduced model. Income was a significant variable in increasing the need of health care and welfare services. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the health center-based integrated healthcare services for the elderly must be continuously developed and provided for the health promotion and improved the quality of life of the elderly who live in rural area in Korea.

Web-based Secure Access from Multiple Patient Reservoirs / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVE: For the ubiquity of medical service, when user who has proper authority want to access medical data, user accessability should be assured. And the security of the disclosed medical data is important. This paper presents single user access interface on multiple patient reservoirs and elaborate access control using the Role-Based Access Control(RBAC) system. METHODS: Proposed system consists of 4-tier architecture that is client application, Access Control Central(ACC) agent, Local Access Control(LAC) agent and Hospital Information Systems(HIS). User requests medical data with client application. ACC notarizes user identity and controls access of user request and selectively encrypts medical data. LAC charges data conversion for communication between ACC and HIS. HIS has repositories of medical datum. System provides security service with digital certificate, X.509v3, of user. RESULTS: User requests medical data of several HIS approaching single ACC not by each HIS. Through conversion process of LAC, data that is described XML and is used for communication inter system enables information exchange with single common data format that is independent to several HIS. CONCLUSION: In the proposed system, user accesses medical datum of several HIS regardless of location and has consistent access interface. And using independent format against each HIS makes easy information exchange between several HIS. Transferred data maintains security about significant datum by selective encryption and increases encryption efficiency. Unified access control about multiple patient reservoirs that are scattered in other places provides unified and precise diagnosis of patient information. And it functions the portal of collaborate treatment in inter-HIS.