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1.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1397624

ABSTRACT

La superdotación es una condición que genera interés y curiosidad en nuestra sociedad. Lamentablemente es un tema muchas veces omitido en la educación médica, especialmente en nuestro país, por lo que es posible que los profesionales de la salud tengamos escasos conocimientos y muchas preguntas acerca de esta condición. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es recopilar la evidencia disponible a la fecha sobre la superdotación, para así ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre esta condición y mejorar la forma de enfrentar a aquellos que la presentan. ¿Qué se entiende por superdotación? ¿existen bases neurobiológicas que la sustenten? ¿tienen mayor o menor riesgo de psicopatología? estas y otras preguntas se abordan en el presente artículo.


Giftedness is a condition that generates interest and curiousness in our society. Unfortunately, it is a topic often omitted in medical education, especially in our country, so it is possible that health professionals have little knowledge and many questions about it. The aim of this narrative review is to collect the evidence available to date on giftedness, in order to expand our knowledge about this condition and improve the way of dealing with those who present it. What do we understand when we talk about giftedness? Are there neurobiological bases that support it? Do they have a greater or lesser risk of psychopathology? These and other questions are addressed in this article.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child, Gifted , Intelligence
2.
Med. infant ; 21(4): 291-300, diciembre 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-916213

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: caracterización de las Funciones Ejecutivas (FE) y Calidad de Vida (CV) en niños de 8 a 12 años con trasplante hepático (TxHep). Metodología: Se evaluó al primer paciente de la agenda de seguimiento de TxHep (37 niños). Excluidos 7: 6 por discapacidad intelectual: 16,6%, 1 desertó. Instrumentos: escala Graffar, WISC III, NEPSY II, d2, Test de Trazados A y B, y Peds QL. FE: 30 TxHep y 30 controles. (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versión 11.5). Resultados: 53,3% diagnóstico de Falla Hepática Fulminante (FHF), 70% TxHep con dificultades escolares. CI total: diferencia estadísticamente significativa: p < 0.023; T test de Student (TtS), entre FHF (82 ± 8.2) y el resto TxHep (75.43 ± 6.5). 60% TxHep en el nivel fronterizo. Diferencias estadísticamente significativas FE: Flexibilidad cognitiva; Fijación de Metas; y Procesamiento de la Información. Calidad de Vida: déficit leve en el dominio Escolar (score Z, -0.88 ± 0.87) y en el Psicosocial (score Z, -0.63 ± 1.06), en el reporte de niños TxHep. Conclusiones: una muestra mas amplia podría diferenciar las FE y CV entre FHF y otros diagnósticos. La intervención oportuna del diagnóstico y terapia neurocognitivos favorecen el neurodesarrollo acompañando la sobrevida (AU)


Purpose: To describe executive functions (EF) and quality of life (QOL) in children between 8 and 12 years of age who underwent liver transplantation (LTx). Methods: Patients from the list of LTx patients in follow-up were evaluated (37 children). Excluded 7: 6 because of intellectual disability: 16.6%, 1 dropped out. Tools: Graffar index, WISC III, NEPSY II, d2, Trail Making Tests A and B, and Peds QL. EF: 30 LTx and 30 controls. (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versión 11.5). Results: 53.3% had a diagnosis of acute liver failure (ALF), 70% of LTx had difficulties in their school performance. Total IQ: a significant statistical difference was found: p < 0.023; Student's t test (StT), between patients with ALF (82 ± 8.2) and the remaining LTx patients (75.43 ± 6.5). Sixty percent had a borderline level. Statistically significant differences in EF: Cognitive flexibility; Goal setting; and Information Processing speed. QOL: A mild deficit in the School (Z-score, -0.88 ± 0.87) and Psychosocial Domain (Z score, -0.63 ± 1.06) in the LTx children's report. Conclusions: A larger study sample will be useful to differentiate EF and QOL in LTx children with ALF and those with other diagnoses. Early intervention after diagnosis and neurocognitive therapy is important to improve patients' quality of survival (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Quality of Life , Liver Transplantation/psychology , Executive Function , Neuropsychological Tests , Neuropsychology , Case-Control Studies , Cognition , Cognitive Neuroscience
3.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 63(3): 218-223, sep. 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-749963

ABSTRACT

Numerosos estudios han intentado demostrar que la duración de la lactancia materna se relaciona con un mejor desarrollo cognitivo en la edad escolar. En el presente estudio se evalúa el potencial efecto beneficioso a largo plazo de la alimentación con leche materna durante los primeros meses de vida, mejorando el desarrollo cognitivo y aquellas funciones relacionadas con la Comprensión Verbal, Razonamiento Perceptivo, Memoria de Trabajo y Velocidad de Procesamiento. Un total de 103 niños, escolarizados en primer curso de Educación Primaria, 6 años de edad, (47 niños y 56 niñas), en diferentes colegios de la provincia de Granada, en áreas urbanas, semiurbanas y rurales. Se evaluó la capacidad cognitiva global y algunos dominios específicos de inteligencia a través de la escala de inteligencia Wechsler para niños -IV. Los resultados demuestran una asociación estadísticamente significativa, entre las mejores puntuaciones en el cociente intelectual (CI) y en los cuatro índices medidos mediante el test WISC-IV, con una mayor duración de la lactancia. Resulta altamente significativas (p=0,000) la asociación entre las mejores puntuaciones en el test y 6 meses de lactancia, lo que valida nuestra hipótesis. Como medio de prevención de diferentes déficit intelectuales se debe reforzar el consejo de lactancia materna exclusiva durante al menos los 6 primeros meses de vida.


Some scientific evidence support that a better cognitive development during the school age is related with breastfeeding. In this study, the potential benefit of breastfeeding duration is evaluated, related to Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. A total of 103 children, first year of Primary School, six-year-old, (47 boys and 56 girls), were included from different schools in the province of Granada (Spain) at urban, semi-urban and rural areas. The global cognitive capability, as well as some specific intelligence domains which permit a more precise and deeper analysis of the cognitive processes, was evaluated through the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - version IV. The results prove an association, statistically signnificative, between the best values of IQ and the other four WISC-IV indexes and a longer breastfeeding. There is a highly significant (p=0,000) association between the best scores and those children who were breastfed during 6 months, which validates our hypothesis. The advice of breastfeeding during at least the first six months of life should be reinforced to reduce learning difficulties.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Breast Feeding , Child Development/physiology , Cognition/physiology , Wechsler Scales , Cross-Sectional Studies , Spain , Time Factors
4.
Psico USF ; 18(1): 45-52, jan.-abr. 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-674414

ABSTRACT

O presente trabalho descreve o efeito Flynn, entendido como os ganhos verificados nas medidas de inteligência ao longo do tempo. Para viabilizar a compreensão do efeito, são apresentadas algumas concepções psicométricas sobre a inteligência, sobretudo as que sugerem uma organização hierárquica das capacidades cognitivas, diferenciando fatores mais gerais de fatores mais específicos. O efeito Flynn tende a ser mais consistentemente observado em testes que avaliam a inteligência geral e a inteligência fluida. As possíveis causas explicativas do efeito Flynn são igualmente apresentadas e discutidas, dentre elas: os anos de escolaridade, a nutrição, a complexidade dos ambientes mais atuais, a atitude assertiva para resolver testes e a heterose.


The present paper describes the Flynn effect, understood as the gains observed in measures of intelligence over time. To facilitate the understanding of the effect some ideas about psychometric intelligence are presented, especially those that suggest a hierarchical organization of cognitive abilities, differing more general factors over specific factors associated with learning. The Flynn effect tends to be more consistently observed in tests of general intelligence and fluid intelligence. Possible causes of the Flynn effect and the abilities in which it is most likely to manifest itself are also presented and discussed.


En este trabajo se describe el efecto Flynn, entendido como las ganancias observadas en las medidas de inteligencia a lo largo del tiempo. Para facilitar la comprensión del efecto, se describen algunas concepciones psicométricas sobre la inteligencia, especialmente aquellas que sugieren una organización jerárquica de las capacidades cognitivas, diferenciando factores más generales de factores más específicos asociados con el aprendizaje. El Efecto Flynn tiende a ser más consistentemente observado en las pruebas de inteligencia general y de inteligencia fluida. Las posibles causas explicativas del efecto Flynn son igualmente presentadas y discutidas.


Subject(s)
Intelligence , Intelligence Tests
5.
Acta colomb. psicol ; 11(1): 127-134, jun. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-635200

ABSTRACT

La esquizofrenia ha generado el interés de muchos profesionales de la salud, considerada desde un principio como un síndrome clínico que afecta diferentes procesos como el pensamiento, la emoción, los movimientos, el comportamiento, y aspectos cognitivos como la atención, la memoria, el lenguaje y especialmente las funciones ejecutivas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las funciones ejecutivas en pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia para verificar si existe alguna relación con el Cociente Intelectual. Se tomaron 30 pacientes con un mínimo de escolaridad de tres años, que se encontraban recibiendo tratamiento farmacológico y sin evidencia de un retardo mental previo; se les aplicó el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) para evaluar las habilidades implicadas en la función ejecutiva y la escala de Inteligencia de Weschler para adultos (WAIS) para determinar el Cociente Intelectual, CI verbal, manipulativo y global. En la población estudiada, se encontró que los pacientes presentaron un deterioro global en cada una de las habilidades implicadas en la función ejecutiva, y se ubicaron en un rango de deficiencia mental en la escala de inteligencia, confirmándose que aunque existe deterioro de las funciones ejecutivas y un nivel de cociente intelectual bajo en los pacientes, no existe correlación entre estas dos variables.


Schizophrenia, considered from the beginning as a clinical syndrome that affects different processes such as thinking, emotions, movements, and behaviour, as well as cognitive aspects such as attention, memory, language and especially the executive functions, is an entity that has arisen the interest of many health professionals. The objective of the present study was to assess the above mentioned functions in patients who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and later verify if there was a relation with their intellectual quotient. The sample for this research was composed of 30 patients with no evidence of previous mental retardation, who had studied for at least three years and who were receiving the suitable pharmacological treatment. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was administered to assess the abilities involved in the executive function, and the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), to determine the verbal, manipulative and global intellectual quotient (IQ). The research results showed that the patients presented a global deterioration in each one of the abilities involved in the executive function and were located within the rank of mental deficiency in the intelligence scale, thus confirming that although patients showed deterioration of the executive functions and a low level of intellectual quotient, there is no correlation between these two variables.


A esquizofrenia tem despertado o interesse de muitos profissionais da saúde. É considerada uma síndrome clínica que afeta diversos processos, como o pensamento, a emoção, os movimentos, o comportamento; e processos cognitivos como a atenção, a memória, a linguagem e, especialmente, as funções executivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as funções executivas nos pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, para comprovar si há relação com o quociente intelectual. Intervieram 30 pacientes com escolaridade mínima de três anos, que estavam recebendo tratamento farmacológico, e no tinham evidência de atraso mental prévio. Aplicou-se o Wisconsin Card Sorting Tets (WCST) para avaliar as habilidades envolvidas na função executiva e a Escala de Inteligência de Weschler para adultos (WAIS) para determinar o quociente intelectual, o QI verbal, manipulador e global. Foi achado os pacientes apresentarem um deterioro global em cada uma das habilidades envolvidas na função executiva e situarem em um rango de deficiência mental na escala da inteligência. Isto confirma que mesmo se há deterioro das funções executivas e um nível baixo de quociente intelectual nos pacientes, não existe correlação entre estas duas variáveis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Schizophrenia , Executive Function , Intelligence
6.
Med. leg. Costa Rica ; 24(2): 81-98, sept. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-585449

ABSTRACT

A través de la historia los seres humanos se han encargado de descubrir, medir e investigar la inteligencia humana y las emociones. Es así como se logró llegar a un fin común en donde tanto la inteligencia racional como la emocional son determinantes en nuestro desempeño diario. Por lo que resulta primordial el desarrollo de diferentes estrategias de evaluación y de enseñanza en las instituciones, con el fin de promover al máximo todos los tipos de inteligencia, principalmente la inteligencia emocional. Así como el reconocimiento de todos que todo ser humano, independientemente de su edad puede expresar su inteligencia a través de distintas manifestaciones, no solo a través de calificaciones, escalas o evaluaciones, para poder expresar y lograr sus objetivos individuales y sociales.


Through history the human beings have been in charge to discover, to measure and to investigate human Intelligence and the emotions. He is as well as he managed himself to arrive at an aim common in where as much rational intelligence as the emotional one is determining in our daily performance. Reason why the development is fundamental from different strategies from evaluation and education in the institutions, with the purpose of promoting to the maximum all the types of intelligence, mainly emotional intelligence. As well as the recognition of all which all human being, independently of its age can express its intelligence through different manifestations, nonsingle through qualifications, scales or evaluations, to be able to express and to obtain its individual and social objectives.


Subject(s)
Humans , Intelligence , Knowledge , Personality
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