Interzygomatic and Intercanthal width - Gender determination methods in forensic dentistry

Background: Personal identification is a subtle perception and often one of the most significant priorities in the investigation of criminal cases, mass disasters, and in forensic concerns. Gender determination is one of the important parameters in forensic identification. The study of anthropometric characteristics is of fundamental importance to solve problems related to such cases. Aim: This study aimed to determine gender using physical anthropometric methods like interzygomatic and intercanthal width. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 individuals (30 males and 30 females) in the department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College and Hospital Srinagar. Interzygomatic width, and intercanthal width was determined using a digital sliding caliper. All the measurements were taken twice. The final value was the average of the two obtained values. Results: There was significantly higher mean interzygomatic and intercanthal width in males as compared to females. Conclusion: Interzygomatic and intercanthal measurements may serve as diagnostic markers for gender identification in forensic applications like mass disasters.

A study to correlate various facial landmarks with intercanine distance

Ideal interaction of dental and facial beauty proportions highly influences a harmonious facial appearance. Racial anatomical variations have been significantly noted and using these norms during prosthodontic rehabilitation will be greatly helpful in successful treatment outcome. Aim: The present study aims to correlate various facial landmarks (interpupillary distance [IPD], intercanthal width, bizygomatic width [BZW], and interalar width) with intercanine distance (ICaD) in Indian young adults to determine the mesiodistal width of the maxillary anterior teeth in edentulous patients. Setting and Design: This is an observational cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 500 individuals ranging in age from 18 to 28 years. IPD, intercanthal width, BZW, and interalar width were measured with a digital caliper (accuracy - 0.01 mm). A “T-” shaped flat metal plate called “canine tip marker” was made to mark the tips of the maxillary canines, which were further measured with the digital caliper. The data were summarized in table form and were statistically analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used: Student's t-test and ANOVA test were used. Results: A significant correlation (P < 0.001) was found between these landmarks with ICaD, in which interalar width shows highest degree of correlation (r = 0.639). ANOVA test showed that maximum number of individuals had < 5% variability range between actual values and calculated values of ICaD for all extraoral facial landmarks except intercanthal width. Conclusion: Combination of various facial and oral factors should be considered while selecting artificial teeth. Regression equations obtained can be well used during teeth selection to achieve a significant result.

Relación entre distancia intercantal y ancho de dientes anterosuperiores en jóvenes chilenos / Relationship between intercanthal distance and width of maxillary anterior teeth in young chilean population

RESUMEN: Objetivo: La distancia intercantal (DIC) es utilizado para la selección de los dientes anterosuperiores y es la dimensión más estable en el tiempo Sin embargo, es variable entre razas y poblaciones, particularmente en Sudamérica. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la correlación entre DIC y el ancho de los dientes maxilares anteriores en una población adulta jóven del sur de Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. Participaron 111 estudiantes voluntarios (promedio edad 22.4 años; 65.7% hombres) de la ciudad de Valdivia, sur de Chile. Se midió DIC y el ancho mesiodistal del incisivo central superior, la distancia lineal de los cuatro incisivos superiores y de los seis dientes anterosuperiores en modelos de estudio. Se analizó la diferencia de las mediciones según sexo (test de Student; p<0.05) y la correlación lineal entre DIC y las medidas dentales (r=0.8; p<0.05. STATA v.10.0) Resultados: Todas las mediciones fueron significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres (p<0.05). Se observó una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la DIC y la distancia lineal de los cuatro incisivos superiores (p=0.04) y de los seis dientes anterosuperiores (p=0.03). Se obtuvo una razón de 1:0.94 y 1:1.28 de DIC con la distancia lineal de los cuatro incisivos superiores y los seis dientes anterosuperiores, respectivamente. Conclusión: La DIC presentó una correlación lineal y proporcional con los dientes anteriores, pudiendo estimar el ancho lineal de los dientes anterosuperiores en una población adulta joven del Sur de Chile.

ABSTRACT: Objective: Intercanthal distance (ICD) is a parameter used to select the upper anterior teeth and the most stable measurement overtime. However, it is variable between race and populations, particularly in South America. The aim of this study was to establish the correlation between ICD and the width of maxillary anterior teeth in young adult population from southern of Chile. Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional study was designed. One Hundred eleven volunteers students (average age 22.4 years; 65.7% men) from Valdivia city (southern of Chile) were included. ICD and mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor, linear distance of the four upper incisors and linear distance of the six upper front teeth in plaster study models weremeasured. The mean of difference measurement between sex (ttest; p<0.05) and the linear correlation between DIC and the width of the upper anterior were analyzed (r=0.8; p<0.05; STATA v.10.0). Results: All measurement were significantly higher in male than female (p<0.05). A statistically significant correlation between ICD and distance of the four upper incisors (p=0.04) and the six upper front teeth (p=0.03) were observed. A 1:0.94 and 1:1.28 ratios between ICD with the linear distance of the upper incisors and the six maxillary anterior were obtained respectively. Conclusion: ICD presented a linear and proportional correlation with maxillary anterior teeth. With these results it is possible to estimate the linear width of the upper front teeth in young adult population from southern of Chile.

Photographic Estimation of Intercanthal Width of Bangladeshi Women.

Background: Estimation of intercanthal width and biocular breadth from digital photography is important in the evaluation of several systemic syndromes, craniofacial abnormalities and in surgical treatments of post-traumatic telecanthus. Dysmorphologists employ canthal measurements in evaluating the degree of hypertelorism. So intercanthal width and biocular breadth values are very important for clinicians, ophthalmologists, plastic and reconstructive surgeons. The reliability of estimation of intercanthal width from biocular breadth by using multiplication factor is high. Objective: To make an attempt to determine the multiplication factor for estimation of intercanthal width. Materials and method: This is a cross sectional study conducted in the Anatomy department of Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2010 to June 2011. One hundred Bangladeshi 25 to 45 years old women were selected purposively for the study. Results: The mean±SD intercanthal width was 3.456±0.3585 cm. Multiplication factor for measuring intercanthal width from biocular breadth (9.348±0.7174 cm) was 0.369±0.0232 cm. The mean±SD of estimated intercanthal width was 3.449±0.2647 cm. No significant difference was found between the measured and estimated intercanthal width. Conclusion: Multiplication factor can be used to determine intercanthal width in Bangladeshi women though agreement test would have been done to generalize the finding.

The Relationship between the Iris Diameter, Palpebral Fissure Width and Intercanthal Distance for Beautiful Eye

Double-fold blepharoplasty is one of the most common cosmetic procedures performed on Northeast asians. Generally, the majority of People regards that big eye is beautiful, which gives an attractive impression. If the obscure concept of beautiful eye is reconstructed and ideal palpebral fissure width is confirmed, It may be the useful marker of double-fold operation. The aims of this study were to find out which anthropometrical data of beautiful eye by analysis about the ratio of intercanthal distance(medial to lateral canthus), palpebral fissure width and iris diameter. A total of 112 women underwent the examination, their age ranged from 20 to 29 years. Anterior facial picture was taken by digital camera(7.1 megafixels, Cannon PowerShot G6(R), Japan) without strove light to prevent the blinking phenomenon. Among 112, 27 women were selected as beautiful eye group, and 27 women were selected as unattractive eye. The captured images were analyzed about the ratio of intercanthal distance, palpebral fissure width and iris diameter by using the computer measurement tool(Adobe photoshop 6.0, USA). We observed that the ideal ratio of intercanthal distance, palpebral fissure width and iris diameter is 0.94 : 2.23 : 1.00. The ratio of intercanthal distance and iris diameter between the attractive eye group and unattractive eye group was significantly different. Also the ratio of palpebral fissure width and diameter of iris between the attractive eye group and unattractive eye group was significantly different. The attractive eye group has more high score of palpebral fissure width/intercanthal distance. We concluded that the attractive eye is build by increasing ratio of intercanthal distance/iris diameter, palpebral fissure width/iris diameter. So the extensive operation is required not only the fold incision but also management levator palpebral muscle, debulking pretarsal tissue and plication of pretarsal skin flap.