Cuidado e questões de gênero: invisibilidade, paternalismo, autossacrifício e a crise de cuidados. Entrevista com Ilze Zirbel / Care and gender issues: invisibility, paternalism, self-sacrifice and the care crisis. Interview with Ilze Zirbel / Cuidado y cuestiones de genero: invisibilidad, paternalismo, autosacrificio y crisis del cuidado. Entrevista con Ilze Zirbel

Este texto apresenta uma conversa-entrevista entre um grupo de pesquisa sobre as práticas de profissionais de saúde atuantes na Atenção Básica em Saúde e a Dra em filosofia Ilze Zirbel, pesquisadora do campo das Teorias do Cuidado. A conversa ocorreu durante um encontro do grupo de pesquisa, na cidade de Santos, no dia 29.11.2019 e foi registrada em áudio sendo, em seguida, transcrita e editada na forma de entrevista. Nela são abordadas questões de gênero, classe e raça envolvidas nas atividades e relações de cuidado, o que toca nas temáticas do privilégio e da exploração, do autossacrifício e da coerção, bem como da autonomia e da interdependência de seres humanos. O pano de fundo é o da necessidade de políticas públicas visando o cuidado da população e desenvolvimento do senso de cuidado tanto em homens quanto em mulheres.

This text presents a conversation-interview between a research group on the practices of health professionals working in Primary Health Care and a researcher in the field of Care Theories. It addresses issues of gender, class and race involved in care activities and relationships, which touches on the themes of privilege and exploitation, self-sacrifice and coercion, as well as autonomy and interdependence. The background is the need for public policies aimed at the care of the population and the development of a sense of care for both men and women.

Este texto presenta una conversación-entrevista entre un grupo de investigación sobre las prácticas de los profesionales de la salud que trabajan en Atención Primaria y un investigador en el campo de las Teorías de la Atención. Aborda temas de género, clase y raza involucrados en las actividades y relaciones de cuidado, que toca los temas de privilegio y explotación, autossacrificio y coacción, así como autonomía e interdependencia. El trasfondo es la necesidad de políticas públicas orientadas al cuidado de la población y al desarrollo de un sentido de cuidado tanto para hombres como para mujeres.

Emotional interdependence: the key to studying extrinsic emotion regulation

The literature on extrinsic emotion regulation or the intention to modify other people's emotions has grown in recent years, accompanied by proposals in which its definition is made more precise, the way to understand it in relation to other related processes is delimited, and the consequences of its use in the quality of close relationships are evidenced. Conceptual reviews on this topic recognize the importance of examining the affect and dyadic dynamics that arise between those who regulate each other extrinsically. This dynamic refers to emotional interdependence, the potential of the members of a dyad to shape each other's emotions reciprocally, particularly in those who share a close bond, such as that of a romantic couple. There is little theoretical development regarding the relevance of this characteristic in relation to EER. This article has two objectives: (1) to make a narrative synthesis of the characteristics that define EER and (2) to expand and complexify the existing model by including the emotional interdependence as a vital component in the understanding of the functioning of EER. Lastly, the role of emotional interdependence in the emergence, maintenance, and satisfaction concerning couple relationships is made explicit through phenomena such as shared reality. (AU)

A etiqueta da violência: mestre, irmãos de treino e família na equipe de MMA / The violence etiquette: master, training brothers and family in the MMA team / La etiqueta de la violencia: maestro, hermanos de treno y familia en el equipo de MMA

O MMA, artes marciais mistas, é um esporte relativamente pouco estudado na Educação Física brasileira. Portanto, esse estudo pretende compreender de que formas as relações entre os atores de uma academia de MMA são construídas e como essas mesmas relações constroem etiquetas para lutar. A partir de uma incursão etnográfica foi possível identificar a existência de relações de interdependência entre os sujeitos da equipe: o "mestre" e os "irmãos de treino". Essas relações foram sustentadas por laços afetivos e um conjunto de etiquetas que permitiram que a equipe se identificasse como uma "família". Dentre as etiquetas que constituíram a "família", destacam-se os diferentes usos e sentidos atribuídos à violência.

MMA, mixed martial arts, is a sport relatively understudied in Brazilian Physical Education. Therefore, this study aims to understand in which ways the relationships between the actors of a mixed martial arts (MMA) gym were built and how these relationships build etiquettes to train? From an ethnographic incursion it was possible to identify the existence of interdependent relationships between the subjects of the team: the "master" and the "training brothers". These relationships were supported by affective ties and a set of etiquettes that allowed the team to identify itself as a "family". Among the labels that constituted the "family", we highlight the different uses and meanings attributed to violence.

El MMA, artes marciales mixtas, es un deporte relativamente poco estudiado en la Educación Física brasileña. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo compreender de qué manera se construyen las relaciones entre los actores de una academia de artes marciales mixtas (MMA) y como essas relaciones construyen etiquetas para entrenar? A partir de una incursión etnográfica fue posible identificar la existencia de relaciones de interdependencia entre los sujetos del equipo: el "maestro" y los "hermanos formadores". Estas relaciones se sustentaron en lazos afectivos y un conjunto de etiquetas que permitieron al equipo identificarse como una "familia". Entre las etiquetas que constituían la "familia" destacan los diferentes usos y significados atribuidos a la violencia.

'A Queda do Céu': reflexões junguianas sobre o alerta xamânico de Davi Kopenawa / 'La caída del cielo': reflexiones junguianas sobre la alerta chamánica por Davi Kopenawa / 'The Falling Sky': Jungian reflections on the shamanic alert by Davi Kopenawa

Neste artigo serão apresentadas algumas considerações junguianas sobre a narrativa etnográfica intitulada "A Queda do Céu", buscando demonstrar, por meio de uma análise comparativo-reflexiva, perspectivas em comum entre a visão do xamã Yanomami, Davi Kopenawa e as ideias do Psiquiatra suíço, Carl Gustav Jung. Para tal, será necessário apresentar alguns princípios da crítica indígena sobre o modo de relação das sociedades tecnológicas com a natureza - marcada pela exploração dos recursos naturais e desrespeito à cultura indígena. Refletir sobre os pontos em comum entre esta visão nativa, descrita na obra em questão e a Psicologia Complexa, sobretudo pelo viés ao qual Jung denominou arquétipo psicóide, em que a relação corpo-mente-mundo encontra-se em ressonância e em íntima relação de interdependência. Sendo assim, o objetivo central deste trabalho é elaborar um diálogo entre o pensar mítico e a teoria junguiana, no sentido de observar de que modo ambas perspectivas apontam conexões intrínsecas entre natureza e cultura. ■

This study brings some Jungian considerations on the ethnographic narrative entitled "The Falling Sky" that will be presented seeking to demonstrate through a comparative-reflective analysis of similarities between the views of the Yanomami shaman, Davi Kopenawa and the ideas of the Swiss Psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung. To this end, it is necessary to present some points of indigenous criticism about the way in which technological societies relate to nature - marked by the exploitation of natural resources and disrespect for indigenous culture, reflecting on the similarities between this native view, described in this study and in Complex Psychology, mainly due to the bias Jung called the psychoid archetype, in which the body-mind-world relationship is in resonance and in an intimate interdependent relationship. Thus, the main objective of this study is to elaborate a dialogue between original thinking and Jungian thinking, in the sense of observing how both perspectives point to intrinsic connections between nature and culture. ■

En este artículo se presentarán algunas consideraciones junguianas sobre la narrativa etnográfica titulada "La caída del cielo", buscando demostrar a través de un análisis comparativo-reflexivo perspectivas en común entre la visión del chamán Yanomami, Davi Kopenawa y las ideas del psiquiatra suizo Carl Gustav Jung. Para ello, será necesario presentar algunos principios de la crítica indígena sobre la forma en que las sociedades tecnológicas se relacionan con la naturaleza, marcada por la explotación de los recursos naturales y la falta de respeto a la cultura indígena. Reflexionar sobre los puntos en común entre esta visión nativa, descrita en la obra en cuestión y la Psicología Compleja, especialmente debido al sesgo que Jung denominó arquetipo psicoide, en el que la relación cuerpo-mente-mundo está en resonancia y en una íntima relación de interdependencia. Por lo tanto, el principal objetivo de este trabajo es elaborar un diálogo entre el pensamiento mítico y la teoría junguiana, con el fin de observar cómo ambas perspectivas apuntan a conexiones intrínsecas entre naturaleza y cultura. ■

"Faça o que eu digo, não o que eu faço?" Um Estudo sobre a Transmissão Valorativa entre Pais e Filhos / ¿"Haz lo que digo, no lo que hago"? Un Estudio sobre la Transmisión Valorativa entre Padres/Madres e Hijos / "Do What I Say, Not What I Do"? A Study of Value Transmission between Fathers/Mothers and Children

Resumo Este estudo objetiva identificar em que medida os valores dos pais/das mães e filhos estão relacionados, considerando o tipo de transmissão (direta ou indireta) e seu poder preditivo. Participaram 204 pares de pais e filhos. Dentre as crianças, a maioria era do sexo feminino (54.7%), com idade média de 11 anos (DP=1.01). Quanto aos pais, a maioria formada por mães (69.6%), com idade média de 38 anos (DP=7.82). Os pais/as mães responderam ao Questionário dos Valores Básicos correspondente ao seu grupo etário e a questões sociodemográficas. Os resultados indicaram que os valores dos filhos são influenciados mais fortemente pelos valores percebidos em seus pais/suas mães do que pelos valores que os pais/as mães priorizam ou almejam para seus filhos, apresentando indicadores significativos nas seis subfunções valorativas. Conclui-se que, por meio do processo de socialização, a criança apreende os valores transmitidos por seus pais/suas mães a partir da observação de seus comportamentos, portanto enfatiza-se que o próprio comportamento é a melhor forma para educar os filhos.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio es identificar en qué medida los valores de los padres/madres e hijos se relacionan, teniendo en cuenta el tipo de transmisión (directa o indirecta) y su poder predictivo. Participaron 204 pares de padres e hijos. La mayoría de los niños era del sexo femenino (54.7%), con edad promedio de 11 años (DE =1.01). En cuanto a los progenitores, la mayoría fueron madres (69.6%), con edad promedio de 38 años (DE=7.82). Los progenitores contestaron la Encuesta de los Valores Básicos correspondiente a su grupo de edad y a cuestiones sociodemográficas. Los resultados señalan que los valores de los hijos son influenciados con más fuerza por los valores percibidos en sus padres/madres, que por los valores que los padres/madres priorizan o desean transmitir a sus hijos, presentando indicadores significativos en las seis subfunciones valorativas. Se concluye que, mediante el proceso de socialización, el niño aprehende los valores transmitidos por sus padres/madres desde la observación de sus conductas; por lo tanto, se enfatiza que el propio comportamiento es la mejor forma de educar a los hijos.

Abstract The objective of the study is to identify to what extent the values of fathers/mothers and children are correlated, taking into account the type of transmission (direct or indirect) and its predictive potential. Participants were 204 pairs of parents and children. Most of the children were female (54.7%), and their average age was 11 (DE=1.01). In the case of the parents, the majority were mothers (69.6%), and their average age was 38 (DE =7.82). The fathers/mothers answered the Basic Values Survey corresponding to their age group and socio-demographic aspects. Results show that children's values are more heavily influenced by the values they perceive in their fathers/mothers, than by the values the fathers/ mothers give priority to and wish to convey to their children, according to significant indicators in the six valuation sub-functions. The study concludes that, through the socialization process, children apprehend the values transmitted by their fathers/mothers by observing their conduct. Therefore, we emphasize that parents' behavior is the best way to educate children.

Educational goals for college students diagnosed with disabilities: from individualist to transformative activist agenda / Metas educacionais para universitários diagnosticados com deficiência: de uma proposta individualista à ativista transformadora / Metas educacionales para estudiantes universitarios diagnosticados con discapacidad: de una propuesta individualista a una activista transformadora

Due to the legal protections and the effects of inclusive reforms introduced in the U.S. in the last decades, the number of students diagnosed with disabilities (SDWD) entering post-secondary education in the country has steadily increased. Nevertheless, SDWD remain significantly underrepresented among the college student population and their graduation rates are lower than those of their able-bodies peers'. Common explanations of unequal outcomes of SDWD in college have invoked issues related to students' transitioning from high school to college and inadequate provision of diversified and adequate support. In this paper, I critically examine the scholarship on academic success of SDWD in higher education that shape institutional discourses and practices around educational and life goals for SDWD. My analysis reveals that narrowly individualistic notions of personal responsibility, autonomy, self-determination and self-advocacy skills dominate such practices and discourses. My contention is that a focus on achieving independence as the ultimate educational goal for SDWD reproduces ableistic assumptions and ultimately disempowers those students. Merging insights from critical disability studies with the Vygotskian socio-historical theory expanded by the Transformative Activist Stance, I propose a radical reconceptualization of developmental goals for SDWD away from the notion of independence of individual learners toward focusing on interdependence, reciprocity, relationality, connectedness and collective agency.

Devido às proteções legais e aos efeitos das reformas inclusivas introduzidas nos EUA nas últimas décadas, o número de alunos diagnosticados com deficiência (SDWD) ingressando no ensino superior no país tem aumentado constantemente. Entretanto, o aluno diagnosticado com deficiência permanece significativamente sub-representado e apresenta taxas de graduação menores entre a população de estudantes universitários. Explicações comuns de desfechos desiguais de alunos com deficiência na faculdade têm invocado questões relacionadas à transição dos alunos do ensino médio para a faculdade e a oferta inadequada de apoio adequado e diversificado. Neste artigo, examina-se criticamente a bolsa de estudos e o sucesso acadêmico dos alunos com deficiência no ensino superior, que molda discursos institucionais e práticas em torno das metas educacionais e de vida para os alunos com deficiência. A análise revela que noções estritamente individualistas de responsabilidade pessoal, autonomia, autodeterminação e habilidades de autodefesa dominam tais práticas e discursos. Discute-se que o foco em alcançar a independência como o objetivo educacional final para o aluno com deficiência reproduz discriminações; em última instância, descapacita esses alunos. Unindo a abordagem de estudos críticos de incapacidade com a teoria sócio histórica vygotskiana expandida pelo Posicionamento Ativista Transformador, propõe-se uma reconceitualização radical dos objetivos de desenvolvimento para o aluno com deficiência, longe da noção de independência dos alunos individuais para focar na interdependência, reciprocidade, conectividade e na importância das relações e ações coletivas.

Debido a las protecciones legales y a los efectos de la reformas inclusivas introducidas en los EE.UU en las últimas décadas, el número de estudiantes diagnosticados con discapacidades que ingresan en la educación superior en el país ha aumentado constantemente. Sin embargo, el número de estudiantes diagnosticados con discapacidad sigue siendo muy pequeño entre la población de estudiantes universitarios y, sus notas de graduación son mas bajas que que las de sus compañeros sin discapacidad. Las explicaciones comunes de esta disparidad entre los estudiantes con discapacidades e sus compañeros sin discapacidad en la universidad han planteado problemas relacionados con la transición de la secundaria a la universidad y la provisión inadecuada de suporte diverso y adecuado. Este artículo examina críticamente los estudios sobre el éxito académico de las personas con discapacidades en la educación superior que respaldan los discursos y prácticas institucionales en torno a las metas educacionales y de vida de los estudiantes diagnosticados con discapacidad. El análisis revela que estas comunicaciones y prácticas son el resultado de una "estrecha" noción individualista de responsabilidad personal, autonomía, autodeterminación y habilidades de autodefensa que dominan tales discursos y prácticas. Se argumenta que el enfoque en el logro de la independencia como objetivo educativo último para los estudiantes con discapacidad reproduce la discriminación; en última instancia, fragiliza a estos estudiantes. Uniendo el enfoque de los estudios críticos de la discapacidad con la teoría socio histórica vygotskiana ampliada por la Postura Activista Transformadora, proponemos una reelaboración radical de los objetivos de desarrollo para los estudiantes diagnosticados con discapacidad, lejos de la noción de independencia de el alumno individualmente, para enfocarse en la interdependencia, reciprocidad, conectividad y la importancia de las relaciones y acciones colectivas.

A Micro Level Investigation of Costs & Returns of Different Agro-ecosystems in Kashmir Region of Jammu and Kashmir: India

The basic objectives of the study were to enquire in to the involvement of various types of costs, the returns per rupee invested and the benefit thereof in different agro-ecosystems in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in general and valley of Kashmir in particular, especially the sampled districts. This study was based upon primary and secondary data. A multi-stage random sampling was utilised for collection of date from 432 respondents of four different agro-ecological zones. For major crops, the cost of cultivation were estimated by concept utilised by Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), Government of India. The results revealed that fruit crop agro-ecosystem is highly remunerative than field crop and crop agro-ecosystems, though the fruit crop involve huge of investment in terms of different costs. The livestock based agro-ecosystem is also dominant in some parts of the Kashmir region with declining trend. The results revealed that the gross returns of paddy and apple, livestock and cash crop were Rs. 23250, Rs. 321000, Rs. 108920 and 106915 respectively. This study had its applicability in the daily routine life of any household dwelling in the sampled agro-ecosystems. The study could be of utmost importance in selecting the crop in which the region/agro-ecosystem had specialisation or absolute advantage.

Interdependencia entre la familia y la escuela: Un nuevo paradigma para reducir la sobreprotección / Interdependence between family and school: A new paradigm to reduce overprotection

Se analiza el rol de la familia en el ejercicio de la parentalidad como factor de protección, imprescindible, para el desarrollo integral de sus hijas e hijos debido la clara desorientación de muchas practicas parentales que provocan un aumento de la sobreprotección. Esta respuesta familiar se debe a la gran diversidad de informaciones en los medios de comunicación y las redes sociales sugiriendo soluciones salomónicas, con enfoques alarmistas, ante la complejidad de la sociedad actual. Esta desorientación adulta se traduce en una distorsión del rol adulto, aumento de temores y desconfianza en relación con la acción educativa y una mayor inmadurez y dependencia en la población infantil y adolescente. Se propone un cambio de paradigma que incida y ofrezca una perspectiva diferente que evite el sentimiento de culpabilidad y dinamice los constantes debates entre las instituciones y las familias evitando el traspaso de responsabilidades especialmente hacia las familias. No es posible que se exija que actúen con criterios educativos y, a la vez, asumir responsabilidades en relación con los rendimientos escolares, ya que se genera, en algunos sectores, una indefensión absoluta. Es preciso este cambio de enfoque para afrontar las dificultades educativas cambiando los objetivos para modelar las relaciones con un enfoque basado en la interdependencia y no desde la perspectiva neoliberal que genera este enfoque clasista y segregador. Sólo de esta manera se puede recuperar la seguridad y reforzar la implicación, de manera cooperativa y compartida, asumiendo las responsabilidades propias sin las exigencias que crean sesgos de clase social.

The role of the family in the exercise of parenthood is analyzed as a factor of protection, essential for the integral development of their children due to the clear disorientation of many parental practices that cause an increase in overprotection. This family response is due to the great diversity of information in the media and social networks suggesting Solomonic solutions, with alarmist approaches, to the complexity of today's society. This adult disorientation translates into a distortion of the adult role, increased fears and distrust in relation to educational action and greater immaturity and dependence in the child and adolescent population. A change of paradigm is proposed that incurs and offers a different perspective that avoids the feeling of guilt and stimulates the constant debates between institutions and families avoiding the transfer of responsibilities especially towards families. It is not possible to demand that they act with educational criteria and, at the same time, assume responsibilities in relation to school performance, since it generates, in some sectors, absolute helplessness. This change of approach is necessary to face the educational difficulties by changing the objectives to model the relationships with an approach based on interdependence and not from the neoliberal perspective generated by this class and segregated approach. Only in this way can security be recovered, and the implication reinforced, in a cooperative and shared way, assuming one's responsibilities without the demands that create lower social class.

El cuidado en el florecimiento o desarrollo humano personal: reflexiones desde la psicología para la bioética del cuidado / Care in personal flowering or personal development: reflections from the psychology for the bioethics of caring / Cuidado no florescimento ou desenvolvimento humano pessoal: reflexões da psicologia para a bioética do cuidado

Resumen Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre el papel del cuidado en el desarrollo personal (o florecimiento personal, términos usados indistintamente). Parte de la consideración del cuidado como una categoría universal y necesaria de la vida humana, y se pregunta qué papel juega y cómo influye el cuidado en el florecimiento personal. Esta reflexión, si bien se ubica en una perspectiva antropológica humanista multidimensional -esto es, que reconoce todas las riquezas de la persona en sus dimensiones biológica, psicológica y social, todas involucradas en su desarrollo-, analiza específicamente el cuidado en relación con la dimensión psicológica bajo tres aspectos que confluyen en un desarrollo personal maduro: recibir cuidado, cuidar de los otros y adquirir conciencia de ambas realidades.

Abstract This paper looks into the place care holds in personal development. It begins considering care as a universal and necessary category for human life and asks about the role it plays and how it influences one's own personal development. Even though the framework that surrounds this reflection is a multidimensional humanistic anthropological perspective-that is, it recognizes the richness of the person with his different dimensions: biological, psychological, and social, all of them involved in personal development-, it specifically analyzes the psychological dimension of care under three aspects: being taken care of, taking care of others, and being aware of both realities.

Resumo O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre o papel do cuidado no desenvolvimento pessoal (ou florescimento pessoal, termos usados indiferentemente). Parte da consideração do cuidado como uma categoria universal e necessária da vida humana, e pergunta qual é o papel que ele desempenha e como o cuidado influencia o florescimento pessoal. Essa reflexão, embora localizado numa perspectiva antropológica humanista multidimensional, isto é, que reconhece todas as riquezas da pessoa em suas dimensões biológicas, psicológicas e sociais, todos os envolvidos no seu desenvolvimento, analisa especificamente o cuidado com relação à dimensão psicológica sob três aspectos que se unem em um desenvolvimento pessoal maduro: receber cuidado, cuidar dos outros e adquirir consciência de ambas as realidades.

Interacciones cardiopulmonares: de la fisiología a la clínica / Cardiopulmonary Interactions: from Physiology to Clinic

Resumen: Las Interacciones Cardiopulmonares (ICP) corresponden al conjunto de interrelaciones entre el sis tema respiratorio y el cardiovascular, durante el ciclo respiratorio y cardíaco. Estas interacciones varían dependiendo de si el paciente se encuentra en ventilación espontánea o mecánica, afectando en distintos grados la precarga y postcarga, tanto del ventrículo derecho e izquierdo. El entender estas interacciones, resulta esencial al momento de manejar pacientes críticamente enfermos, en donde las manipulaciones de la precarga y postcarga, son de especial importancia al momento de optimizar el débito cardíaco y la entrega de oxígeno a los tejidos. En este artículo se presentan los principios fisiológicos que permiten entender las interacciones cardiopulmonares en ventilación espontánea y en ventilación mecánica, aplicadas a situaciones clínicas específicas, lo que nos ayudará a utilizarlas como herramientas en el manejo de los pacientes.

Abstract: Cardiopulmonary Interactions (CPI) refer to the interplay between the respiratory and cardiovascu lar systems during the respiratory and cardiac cycle. These interactions vary depending on whether the patient is in spontaneous or mechanical ventilation and affect the preload and afterload of both ventricles at different levels. Understanding CPI is essential to the management of critically ill pa tients, where preload and afterload manipulations are specialy important to optimize cardiac output and oxygen delivery to the periphery. The present article reviews the physiological principles required to understand CPI in patients both in spontaneous and mechanical ventilation using specific clinical scenarios to facilitate its use as part of day to day clinical practice.

Relationship between dyadic coping and intimacy in gynecological cancer patients and partners / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the dyadic coping and intimacy in gynecological cancer patients and their partners,and to explore the association between the two aspects.Methods:A total of 180 postoperative couples with gynecological cancer from 4 tertiary hospitals were investigated with Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI) and Short Marital Adjustment (MAT).The relationship between couples,dyadic coping and intimacy were analyzed with the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM).Results:APIM result showed that in the actor effect patients' and spouses'supportive dyadic coping,delegated dyadic coping and common dyadic coping were positive associated with their own intimacy (B =1.77-4.41),patients'and spouses'negative dyadic coping were both adversely associated with their own intimacy (B =-2.81,-2.66).The partner effect showed that patients' supportive dyadic coping and delegated dyadic coping were both positive associated with spouses'intimacy (B =1.00,4.07),spouses'delegated dyadic coping and common dyadic coping were both positive associated with patients' intimacy (B =2.67,2.60),patients' and spouses'negative dyadic coping were negatively associated with partner'intimacy (B =-1.67,-1.40).Conclusion:It suggests that the dyadic coping may be associated with both patients'and partners' intimacy.

Ventricular interdependence analysis in patients with congenital heart disease with systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle / Análisis de la interdependencia ventricular en pacientes con cardiopatía congénita con disfunción sistólica y diastólica del ventrículo derecho

Ventricular interdependence (VI) is understood as the response of one ventricle to the changes in pressure and volume in the remaining other. At the time, this behavior in congenital heart disease is not clear, specially in those which affect the right ventricle (RV). Objective: To determine and compare the different types of VI in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) involving RV with systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was performed in patients with CHD with volume overload mechanism (atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection) as well as patients with overload pressure mechanism (Tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and Ebstein's anomaly). An echocardiographic study was performed on every patient and based on each ventricle ejection fraction and tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE and MAPSE, respectively) interdependence was classified as: A (Preserved measurements on both ventricles), B (changes in RV with preserved measurements of the LV) and C (changes in both ventricles). Comparison was made by dysfunction type, time of evolution, the Tei index of myocardial performance (IMF), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and functional class. Results: Out of 86 patients, we found: type A VI in 58%, type B VI in 26% and type C VI in 16% of patients, type C VI was mostly associated with Ebsteins anomaly. The bigger the interdependence, the longer the time of evolution, weight and Tei's Index. Conclusions: Interdependence occurs in CHD where RV is mainly affected. There is an association between type of interdependence and the mechanism of RV dysfunction (systolic or diastolic).

La interdependencia ventricular (IV) se entiende como la respuesta de un ventrículo a los cambios en la presión y el volumen restante en el otro. Hasta hoy, este comportamiento en la enfermedad cardíaca congénita no está claro, especialmente en las que afectan al ventrículo derecho (VD). Objetivo: Determinar y comparar los diferentes tipos de IV en pacientes con enfermedad cardiaca congénita (ECC)) que implica al ventrículo derecho con disfunción sistólica y diastólica. Métodos: Estudio transversal y comparativo que se realizó en pacientes de enfermedad coronaria con mecanismo de sobrecarga de volumen (defectos del tabique auricular, defectos septales ventriculares, ductus arterioso permeable y conexión venosa pulmonar anómala total), así como en pacientes con mecanismo de presión de sobrecarga (tetralogía de Fallot, atresia pulmonar con comunicación interventricular y anomalía de Ebstein). Un estudio ecocardiográfico se realizó en todos los pacientes y con base en cada fracción de eyección del ventrículo y en la excursión sistólica tricúspide y mitral del plano anular (TAPSE y MAPSE, respectivamente) La interdependencia se clasificó como: A (conserva las mediciones en ambos ventrículos), B (cambios en el ventrículo derecho con mediciones conservadas en el ventrículo izquierdo) y C (cambios en ambos ventrículos). Se realizó la comparación por tipo de disfunción, tiempo de evolución, el Índice de Tei de rendimiento miocárdico (IMF), presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar (PSAP) y clase funcional. Resultados: De los 86 pacientes, se encontró: Tipo A IV en el 58%, el tipo B IV en el 26% y el tipo C IV en 16% de los pacientes, Tipo C IV se asocia sobre todo con la anomalía de Ebstein. Cuanto más grande es la interdependencia, mayor será el tiempo de la evolución, peso e Índice de Tei. Conclusiones: La interdependencia ocurre en las enfermedades del corazón, donde el ventrículo derecho se ve afectado principalmente. Existe una asociación entre el tipo de interdependencia y el mecanismo de la disfunción del ventrículo derecho (sistólica o diastólica).

Repensar la Comunidad desde La Base: aportes de una investigación situada

En este artículo reflexionamos en torno a la noción de comunidad, a partir de un proceso de investigación etnográfico. Para realizarlo habitamos durante un espacio-tiempo en el AteneuCooperatiu La Base, una experiencia asociativa en Barcelona. Las nociones que compartimos en este texto, surgen de la articulación de: i) la experiencia de habitar en el colectivo; ii) las diferentes posiciones por las que transita una investigadora-activista y iii) las lecturas relacionadas con el campo-tema. De la articulación construida, surgen tres ejes de análisis que buscan poner en tensión tres nociones básicas sobre la Comunidad: la relación con el territorio (en tanto espacio geolocalizado), la identidad colectiva ylos vínculos. Proponemos tres ejes como posibilidad para la multiplicación del concepto: i) la necesidad del compartir espacio-tiempo de los cuerpos en las dinámicas colectivas, como posibilidad para los buenos encuentros; ii) el partir de la diferencia como herramienta política para la construcción de lo común; iii) la visibilización y el reconocimiento de la interdependencia identificando todas las necesidades, sobre todo las de cuidado y afecto para una vida en comunidad. Poner en tensión la noción de la comunidad, pretende aportar a los debates que surgen en el campo social y político en la actualidad y acompaña la preocupación por la necesidad de mundos vivibles.

Thyroid and Growth Hormones Interdependence: A “Reciprocal Potentiation”, the Synergy for Growth and Development at Childhood.

Aims: To investigate the effect of variations of plasma levels of thyroid and growth hormones on the physical growth indexes, the variation of these hormones with age, correlation of thyroid and growth hormones at varying concentrations of growth hormone in children aged 6-10 years. Study Designed: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, conducted between March 2014 and February 2015. Methodology: Anthropometric uniqueness were described and Body Mass Index calculated for 180 (male 81 and female 99) participants of the study. Thyroid and growth hormones were determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) specific for the various hormones, using STAT FAX 303 microtitre plate reader. Results: Nineteen percent (n=34) had GH values (≤0.6 ng/ml), lower than the expected normal, 64% (n=115) had values between (0.6-10.0ng/ml) while 17% (n=31) had values ≥10.0 ng/ml. Ninety two percent (n=166) of the children had thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) values between 0.35-8.44 μIu/ml; 6.1% (n=11) had values >8.44 μIu/ml which are above normal while1.7% (n=3) had values <0.35 μIu/ml lower than normal. Triiodothyronine appears to increase from birth recording a peak within the first year of postnatal life, and then progressively declining to adult values while GH increases from birth attaining a peak about the age of nine then falling progressively to adult values. Children with apparent GH deficiency had significantly higher T3 and T4 levels and lower TSH, those with high GH values had correspondingly low T3 and T4 values and high TSH. The correlation coefficients of TSH and growth hormones in those with high and low GH (r=-0.05 and r=-0.130) respectively were both negative while that of TSH and GH in those with normal GH was positive (r=0.093), however, physical growth indexes are preserved across board. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that growth failure may be due to failure of both hormones and may likely not occur when an unbroken synergy exist between thyroid and growth hormones during childhood.

Cooperative Learning: A Technique to Excel Learning.

At the early stage of formal education system, formation of learning groups was influenced by various factors but as structure was not defined rationally and as per the need of child. But with the changing time educational objectives have been modified by noting core concern of child‟s need. The present paper throws a light upon innovative small group teaching-learning technique named „Cooperative Learning‟. Over the last three decades, the small group cooperative learning has got broad-based attention from the scholars and teachers. It provides bases for small group instructional systems which not only optimize students learning but also tends to higher various other positive attributes. The present paper gives an overview of the meaning and concept that can be used to comprehend small group learning techniques in Indian classrooms in future. Furthermore it discusses the five-component theory regarding essential elements to make success of cooperative learning as: (a) Positive interdependence; (b) Face-to-face promotive interaction; (c) Individual accountability; (d) Social skills; and (e) Group processing. It highlights various aspects which distinguish cooperative learning from competitive and individualistic learning on four bases: goal; levels of cooperation; interaction pattern; and evaluation of outcomes. It also suggests various steps to implement cooperative learning in classroom.

Lung disease detection using feature extraction and extreme learning machine

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization estimates that by 2030 the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) will be the third leading cause of death worldwide. Computerized Tomography (CT) images of lungs comprise a number of structures that are relevant for pulmonary disease diagnosis and analysis. METHODS: In this paper, we employ the Adaptive Crisp Active Contour Models (ACACM) for lung structure segmentation. And we propose a novel method for lung disease detection based on feature extraction of ACACM segmented images within the cooccurrence statistics framework. The spatial interdependence matrix (SIM) synthesizes the structural information of lung image structures in terms of three attributes. Finally, we perform a classification experiment on this set of attributes to discriminate two types of lung diseases and health lungs. We evaluate the discrimination ability of the proposed lung image descriptors using an extreme learning machine neural network (ELMNN) comprising 4-10 neurons in the hidden layer and 3 neurons in the output layer to map each pulmonary condition. This network was trained and validated by applying a holdout procedure. RESULTS: The experimental results achieved 96% accuracy demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method on identifying normal lungs and diseases as COPD and fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Our results lead to conclude that the method is suitable to integrate clinical decision support systems for pulmonary screening and diagnosis.

Guía de referencia para investigadores no expertos en el uso de estadística multivariada / Reference guide for non-expert researchers in multivariate statistics

Quienes se inician en la investigación suelen encontrarse con dificultades en el análisis estadístico de los datos para la verificación de su hipótesis de trabajo, particularmente en la selección de la técnica estadística apropiada, su aplicación e interpretación. Se plantea que lo anterior resulta de una actitud negativa hacia el análisis cuantitativo, relacionado con dificultades percibidas en clases de estadística y metodología de la investigación en educación superior. El objetivo del presente artículo es ofrecer una guía de referencia para investigadores no expertos en el uso de algunas técnicas estadísticas con amplia aplicación en la generación de conocimiento. Se define cada técnica multivariada presentada y se especifican las condiciones en las cuales es posible su aplicación enumerando los supuestos mínimos que debe cumplir. Adicionalmente, se presentan tres ejemplos que muestran las inconsistencias estadísticas que resultan de no considerar algunos supuestos en el análisis de los datos.

New researchers often face difficulties in the statistical analysis of data for verification of the working hypotheses, particularly in the selection of an appropriate statistical technique, its application and interpretation. It is often argued that the foregoing of a negative attitude toward the quantitative analysis related to perceived difficulties in statistics classes and research methodology in education. The purpose of this article is to provide a reference guide for non-expert researchers in the use of some statistical techniques with broad applications in the generation of knowledge. Each multivariate technique is defined and the conditions under which it is possible its application are enumerated, presenting the minimum conditions to be met. In addition, three examples are presented showing inconsistencies resulting from a wrong use of statistics and assumptions in analyzing the data.

Metas de socialización maternas: relación con edad, formación académica y zona habitacional / Mother´s socialization goals: relation with age, education level and area of residence

En este artículo analizamos como la zona de vivienda (rural/urbana), el nivel de formación académica y la edad de las madres se relacionan con sus metas de socialización. Por medio de una entrevista individual estructurada pedimos a 163 madres de la ciudad de Bogotá y varios municipios de la zona rural cundiboyacense hacer una estimación del valor atribuido a distintas metas en la socialización de sus hijos e hijas de edades entre 3 y 4 años y medio. Con esto buscábamos identificar los valores prioritarios que orientan a las madres en las prácticas educativas con sus hijos Los resultados sugieren que las madres de zonas urbanas, menor edad y mayor nivel de formación académica, se inclinan a dar mayor valor a metas de socialización relacionadas con el fomento de la independencia, mientras que las madres de mayor edad y menor nivel académico valoran más las metas de socialización vinculadas a la interdependencia. Se plantean interrogantes sobre cómo la expansión de la economía de mercado y el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación podrían estar contribuyendo a cambios en los valores que inspiran las prácticas educativas maternas.

Relações de gênero e interdependências: reflexões a partir de mudanças na configuração hospitalar / Gender relations and interdependence: reflections on changes in the hospital configuration

Analisa as mudanças ocorridas no hospital ao longo dos anos destacando a dinâmica das relações de gênero vivenciadas por profissionais da saúde. Para tanto, utiliza as noções de configuração e interdependências a partir da teoria do processo civilizador de Norbert Elias e as discussões sobre as relações de gênero no trabalho, além de reportar-se, com base em Michel Foucault, às práticas disciplinares que atravessam a história do hospital. Aproximar as discussões sobre questões de gênero e relações de interdependências possibilitou um exercício de reflexão sobre conflitos de interesses, disputas de poder e equilíbrio de tensões, com a finalidade de problematizar desigualdades de gênero em prol de um trabalho interdisciplinar, com vistas à promoção e integralidade da atenção à saúde.

The article analyzes changes that have occurred in hospitals over the years, with a focus on the dynamics of gender relations as experienced by healthcare workers. We use the notions of configuration and interdependence, taken from Norbert Elias' theory of the civilizing process, along with discussions of gender relations at work; drawing from Michel Foucault, we also reference the disciplinary practices employed down through hospital history. This linkage of discussions on gender issues and on interdependent relations opens up to a reflection on conflicts of interests, power struggles, and the balance of tensions, which in turn makes it possible to problematize gender inequalities with the ultimate aim of achieving an interdisciplinary effort that will promote health care of an integral nature.

Adaptação brasileira das Escalas de Self Autônomo, Relacionado e Autônomo-Relacionado de Ç. Kagitçibasi / Brazilian adaptation of Ç. Kagitçibasi Scales of Autonomous, Related and Related-autonomous Self / Adaptación brasileña de las Escalas de Self Autónomo, Relacionado y Autónomo-Relacionado de Ç. Kagitçibasi

O desenvolvimento do self assume diversas trajetórias de acordo com modelos culturais, que se constroem em reação a contextos específicos. Este trabalho como objetivo apresentar a adaptação de um instrumento de avaliação dessa variedade de trajetórias de desenvolvimento, desenvolvido por Ç. Kaðitçibaþi. O instrumento é composto de três escalas: Autonomia, Interdependência e Autonomia-relacionada. As escalas foram traduzidas, adaptadas e aplicadas em 207 participantes adultos de ambos sexos. A Análisede Componentes Principais e a Análise Fatorial Exploratória sugerem, com ressalvas, a unidimensionalidade de cada escala. O Alfa de Cronbach revelou consistência interna moderada para todas as três escalas. Os resultados foram discutidos em relação ao modelo teórico. O instrumento pode ser útil em estudos brasileiros de sistemas de crenças e modelos culturais, mas suas limitações foram ponderadas, assim como a necessidade de estudos futuros para o desenvolvimento de um instrumento que avalie as dimensões de agência e distância interpessoal.

Self development follows diverse trajectories according to cultural models, which are build in relation to specific contexts. This study aims to present the adaptation of an instrument for the assessment of those developmental trajectories’ variety, created by Ç.Kaðitçibaþi. It is composed by three scales: Autonomy, Interdependence and Autonomy-related. The scales were translated into Brazilian Portuguese, adapted and administered to 207 adult participants of both sexes. The Principal Components Analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis suggest that each scale is one-dimensional, although with caveats. The Cronbach’s Alpha revealed moderate internalconsistency for the three scales. Results were discussed in relation to the theoretical model. The instrument can be useful for Brazilian studies on systems of beliefs and on cultural models. However, we have pondered about its limitations, as well as about the need of future studies for the development of an instrument that evaluates the dimensions of agency and interpersonal distance.

El desarrollo del self asume diversas trayectorias de acuerdo con los modelos culturales que se generan en respuesta a contextos específicos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar la adaptación de un instrumento de evaluación de esta variedad de trayectorias del desarrollo, elaborado por Ç. Kaðitçibaþi. El instrumento se compone de tres escalas: Autonomía, Interdependencia y Autonomía relacionada. Se han traducido, adaptado y aplicado las escalas en 207 participantes adultos de ambos sexos. El Análisis de Componentes Principales y el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio sugirieron, con reservas, la unidimensionalidad de cada escala. El Alfa de Cronbach reveló una consistencia interna moderada en las tres escalas. Los resultados fueron discutidos con relación al modelo teórico. El instrumento puede ser útil en los estudios brasileños de sistemas de creencias y modelos culturales, pero sus limitaciones fueronponderadas, así como la necesidad de estudios futuros para la elaboración de un instrumento que evalúe las dimensiones de la agenciay la distancia interpersonal.