Temporomandibular joint function 10-15 years after mandibular setback surgery and six weeks of intermaxillary fixation

Abstract Intermaxillary fixation (IMF) is a classic method for immobilization of the mandible after mandibular fractures and corrective surgery. However, it has been suggested that IMF may be a risk for developing temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-related symptoms, especially when applied for longer periods. Objective: To evaluate the clinical function of TMJs and masticatory muscles 10-15 years after mandibular setback surgery and subsequent six weeks of IMF. The patients' self-reported TMJ and masticatory muscle symptoms were also addressed. Methodology: Thirty-six patients (24 women and 12 men) treated with intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies and subsequent six weeks of IMF, underwent a clinical examination of TMJs and masticatory muscles 10-15 years after surgery and completed a five-item structured questionnaire reporting subjective TMJ-related symptoms. Mean age by the time of clinical examination was 34.1 years (range 27.2-59.8 years). The clinical outcome was registered according to the Helkimo clinical dysfunction index. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were performed and level of significance was set to 5%. Results: Mean maximum unassisted mouth opening 10-15 years after surgery was 50.1 mm, (range 38-70 mm, SE 1.2), statistically significantly greater in men compared to women (p=0.004). Mean Helkimo dysfunction group was 1.5 (range 1-3, SE 0.10). Eighty-one percent experienced pain on palpation in either the masseter muscle, temporal muscle or both, and 31% experienced pain when moving the mandible in one or more directions. Thirty-one percent reported pain from palpating the TMJs. In the questionnaire, none reported to have pain during chewing or mouth opening on a weekly or daily basis, but 22% reported difficulties with maximum opening of the mouth. Conclusion: Ten to fifteen years after mandibular setback surgery the patient's mandibular range of movement is good. Despite clinically recognizable symptoms, few patients reported having TMJ- or masticatory muscle-related symptoms in their daily life.

Application of intermaxillary fixation screws in the treatment of oral and maxillofacial bone fracture / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the clinical results of intermaxillary fixation screws used in the management of oral and maxillofacial bone fracture. Methods: The clinical and imaging data of 166 cases of oral and maxillofacial bone fractures treated by intermaxillary fixation screws were analyzed retrospectively with the implant location,numbers and the complications of the treatment. Results: 668 intermaxillary fixation screws were used in the 166 cases,at an average of 4 screws per case. The occlusal relationship of the patients was perfect after 1 week traction. Radiographs showed 105 screws (15. 7％) reached the superficial layer of dentin,middle or deep layer in 14 cases (2. 1％),and root canal injury in 2 cases(1. 2％). No intermaxillary fixation screw was broken,loosened or fallen off. Conclusion: Intermaxillary fixation screws can be effectively used in the management of oral and maxillofacial bone fracture. For the most cases,4-6 screws can meet the needs. Root injuries and other complications should be avoided.

Wire Cutter: Improvised approach with Basic Instrument.

A good armamentarium is basic to a practicing oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Various instruments and equipment are being improvised on a continuous basis to curtail various inherent problems and disadvantages of these instruments. The wire cutter is one such instrument, which is used in day-to-day oral surgical practice and is not free of disadvantage like blunting of sharp edges as a result of repeated usage and sterilization process. In this article, we discuss about a commonly used basic instrument (nail cutter) which can be efficiently used as a wire cutter.

THE SHORT-TERM REMOVABLE INTERMAXILLARY FIXATION CARE BY USE OF AN ADDITIVE INCISION & DRAINAGE ON THE ORAL LACERATION WOUNDS ADJACENT WITH MANDIBULAR COMPOUND FRACTURES: REPORT OF A CASE

Uso de la intubación submentoniana en cirugía buco-maxilofacial / Use of submental intubation in oral and maxillofacial surgery

Diferentes métodos de intubación endotraqueal están disponibles para manutención de las vías aéreas durante el tratamiento quirúrgico de pacientes portadores de fracturas maxilofaciales severas. Cuando los métodos de intubación nasotraqueal y orotraqueal estén contraindicados, la intubación endotraqueal por vía submentoniana es una alternativa útil para esos pacientes severamente traumatizados en los cuales el bloqueo maxilo-mandibular intra-operatorio es necesario. Esta técnica permite el establecimiento de una vía aérea segura y posibilita la realización de fijación intermaxilar durante la cirugía, que es esencial para conseguir un óptimo resultado en la reducción y fijación de las fracturas en los huesos faciales, evitando de esa forma la realización de una traqueotomía y las complicaciones inherentes a ese procedimiento. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir la técnica de intubación submentoniana, sus indicaciones así como relatar un caso clínico

Diferentes métodos de intubação endotraqueal estão disponíveis para manutenção das vias aéreas durante o tratamento cirúrgico de pacientes portadores de fraturas maxilofaciais severas. Quando os métodos de intubação nasotraqueal e orotraqueal estiverem contra-indicados, a intubação endotraqueal pela via submentoniana é uma alternativa útil para esses pacientes severamente traumatizados de face nos quais o bloqueio maxilomandibular intraoperatório é necessário. Essa técnica permite o estabelecimento de uma via aérea segura e possibilita a realização da fixação intermaxilar durante a cirurgia, que é essencial para se conseguir um ótimo resultado na redução e fixação das fraturas nos ossos da face, evitando dessa maneira a realização de uma traqueostomia e as complicações inerentes a esse procedimento. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo descrever a técnica de intubação submentoniana, suas indicações, assim como relatar um caso clinico

Different endotracheal intubation methods are available for airway maintenance during surgical treatment of patients who have severe maxillofacial fracture. When the nasotracheal as well as the orotracheal intubation methods are not indicated, the endotracheal intubation through the submental route is a useful alternative for such patients who have had a severe trauma in their face in which the maxilomandibular intraoperatory is required. Such technique allows the accomplishment of the intermaxilary fixation during the surgery, which is essential in order to get an excellent  result concerning the reduction and fixation of face bone fractures, avoiding this way, the tracheotomy and its complications. The aim of the present research is to report the case of a patient who was victim of a car accident and who presented nasal pyramid fracture, which contraindicated the nasotracheal intubation, besides other fractures in the midface.  The orotracheal intubation would not be viable due to the necessity of reestablishing occlusion of the patient using intermaxilary fixation during the transoperatory. This way the submental intubation technique was indicated for the surgical treatment of this case. In this article we are going to describe and discuss the clinical use of such procedure

Considerations of intermaxillary fixation methods in the management of mandibular fractures

Two part mini-implant as an efficient tool for intermaxillary fixation

A Technique for Assist in Positioning the Proximal Segment during Open Reduction of a Fractured Mandibular Condyle

PURPOSE: After exposure of fracture site, the proximal segment must be reduced to their preinjury position for open reduction of fractured mandibular condyle. We examined the use of inter-maxillary fixation screws or titanium screws tied with stainless steel wire to assist in positioning of proximal segment. Since it enables to make a relatively small preauricular incision by not disturbing the operative field like Moule pin, we can reduce the danger of injury to the facial nerve. METHODS: A preauricular approach was used for exposure, reduction, and rigid fixation in 4 cases of mandibular condylar fractures. Inter-maxillary fixation screws or titanium screws tied with stainless steel wire were used to assist in aligning proximal segment. The joints were submitted to functional exercises and postoperative radiologic and clinical follow-ups were performed. RESULTS: No facial nerve lesions were found in all 4 cases. Radiologic follow-up showed correct reduction and fixation in all 4 cases. Clinical follow-up showed an initial limitation, but normal morbility of the condyle was achieved within 4 months after the operation, with a maximum mouth opening of 34.1+/-5.2 mm after 12 months. There found no occlusal disturbances, no trismus, no lateral deviations of the mandible. CONCLUSION: By using Inter-maxillary fixation screws tied with stainless steel wire, it was shown that reducing the proximal segment to their preinjury position is easy to perform and it enables us to make a minimal dissection below preauricular skin incision to avoid facial nerve injury.

Retrospective study for prognosis after open and closed reduction of the mandibular condyle fractures

0.05). The level of the fracture influenced the ramus length and the degree of coronal change in the closed reduction group(P0.05). From the results obtained in this study, fractured mandibular condyles, were treated by closed reduction, had a tendency that continuous condylar displacement was occurred with aspect to horozontal and coronal plane in treatment period including intermaxillary fixation. And then there was a correlation between the level of the fracture and the position change in close reduction group statistically. These result suggested that care must be taken in basing treatment decisions on the degree of displacement of the condyle and in treating the mandibular condyle fractures for a long time.

Conceptos actuales en el tratamiento de las fracturas mandibulares: Revisión de literatura y reporte de casos

Actualmente la reducción abierta de las fracturas mandibulares y la fijación y estabilización de los segmentos óseos por medio de la fijación interna rígida es considerado el tratamiento de elección versus técnicas mas conservadores como lo son la reducción cerrada y el bloqueo maxilo-mandibular o el uso de osteosíntesis por medio de alambre de acero. La fijación interna rígida es una técnica que brinda la suficiente estabilidad para propiciar un correcto reparo óseo así como brindar al paciente un postoperatorio mas confortable y una reincorporación mas temprana a su vida normal, sin limitar notablemente sus actividades fisiológicas y sociales, en comparación con las técnicas antes mencionadas.

At the moment, the open reduction of the mandibular fractures and the fixation and stabilization of the bone segments by rigid internal fixation is considered the election treatment versus more conservative techniques as are the closed reduction and the intermaxillary fixation or the use of osteosíntesis by steel wire. The rigid internal fixation is a technique that offers enough stability to propitiate a correct bone repair as well as to offer the patient a more comfortable postoperative period and an early reincorporation to a normal life, without limiting his activities, in comparison with the techniques before mentioned.

Atualmente, a redução aberta das fraturas mandibulares e a fixação dos segmentos ósseos por meio da fixação interna rígida é considerado o tratamento de eleição frente a técnicas mais conservadoras como são a redução fechada e o bloqueio maxilo-mandibular, ou o uso de osteosíntesis por meio de fio de aço. A fixação interna rígida é uma técnica que oferece a suficiente estabilidade para propiciar um adequado reparo ósseo, além de oferecer ao paciente um pós-operatório mais confortável e uma reincorporação mais precoce a suas atividades, sem limitar notavelmente suas atividades fisiológicas e sociais, em comparação com as outras técnicas anteriormente mencionadas.

Alternative Intermaxillary Fixation Method Using Drill-Free Screws

In the treatment of maxillofacial surgery, proper intermaxillary fixation is very important in improving bone union and restoration of normal occlusion. Bone screws are placed bicortically in predrilled holes in the maxilla and mandible are commonly used for temporary intermaxillary fixation in the treatment of maxillofacial surgery. Their main advantages are that they are quick and easy to place and remove, save operating time; they reduce the risk of needle-stick injury; they can be used with heavily restored teeth. However, several authors report damage to the roots of teeth in placing these screws with drills and shearing of the screw head. To overcome these disadvantages, a drill-free screw that is self-drilling and self-tapping has been applied. From August, 2003 to May, 2004 drill free scerws have been used in total 11 patients with variable maxillofacial surgery. No complications from the use of these screws were encounterd. Compared with intermaxillary fixation method using predrilled intermaxillary screws, this method is useful, because this method do not cause damage to the roots of teeth and shearing off the screw head.

A clinical consideration of submental intubation at oral and maxillofacial surgery

A study on positional changes of the teeth and mandible according to fixation type during intermaxillary fixation period after mandibular setback

Skeletal relapse is known as a complication following orthognathic surgery of mandibular prognathism and occurring during intermaxillary fixation period. Therefore relapse of teeth and skeleton during intermaxillary fixation period is considered as a important problem of orthognathic surgery. In this study, cephalolateral radiographs taken at pre-operation, immediate post-operation and after release of intermaxillary fixation were measured for evaluation of dental and skeletal relapse in 30 cases. The cases were classified as screw fixation group and plate fixation group, then we compared magnitude of dental and skeletal changes of each group. The results were as follows 1. The 1 SN angle increased at immediate post-operation with a mean value of 0.12 degrees and at intermaxillary fixation period with a mean value of 0.43 degrees (p>0.05). 2. The l .. MP angle decreased with a mean value of 0.14 degrees at immediate post-operation and with a mean value of 1.28 degrees during intermaxillary fixation period but there were not significant difference(p>0.05). 3. There were not significant difference in magnitude of dental position changes between screw fixation group and plate fixation group(p>0.05). 4. Gonial angle increased with a mean value of 0.62 degrees during intermaxillary fixation period. Each group showed changes of gonial angle during intermaxillary fixation period but there were not significant difference(p>0.05).

An Experimental Study Of Effect Of Intermaxillary Fixation And Occusal Splint On Pulmonary Function

Intermaxillary fixation and occusal splint are routine procedure for maxillofacial fracture and orthognathic surgery. When these methods could obstruct oral airway the patients who kept intermaxillary fixation and occusal splint in their mouth, are very difficult to breath after surgery. Nasal bleeding and pharyngeal edema due to nasotracheal intubation, residual effect of muscle relaxants, and anesthetic agent could be contributing factor of airway obstruction. In this study, pulmonary function test was evaluated before and after intermaxillary fixation, and intermaxillary fixation with occusal splint in 22 volunteers. The results were as follows 1. FVC, %FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, PEF, PEF50, MVV without intermaxillary fixtion were 4.45L, 88%, 4.03L, 90.9%, 10.26L/s, 5.53L/s, and 136.14L/min, and with intermaxillary fixation were 3.51L, 68.67%, 3.06L, 69.39L, 6.52L/s, 3.94L/s, and 69.39L/min. The results with intermaxillary fixation and occusal splint were 2.15L, 42.41%, 1.71L, 38.81%, 2.83L/s, 1.74L/s, and 37.14L/min. 2. Compared with before and after intermaxillary fixation, all values of pulmonary function test were decreased and after intermaxillary fixation and intermaixillary fixation with occulasal splint, the results were decreased. 3. MVV and PEF were decreased significantly with interaxillary fixtion and occusal splint, and FVC was less decreased. It meant that intermaxillary fixation and occluasal splint induced reduction of respiratory flow significantly, but less reduction of respiratory volume. 4. Intermaxillary fixation and occulsal splint induced increase of airway resistance, decrease of expiratory volume and air flow. So severe respiratory difficulty could be seen to all volunteers who kept intermaxillary fixtion and occusal splint. 5. In classification of respiratory difficulty, intermaxillary fixation with occulsal splint induced complex respiratory difficulty more than intermaxillary fixation only did. From the above results, doctors who care patients kept intermaxillary fixation and occusal splint should be aware of respiratory depression caused by these treatment.

Clinical Experiences of New Intermaxillary Fixation Method without Tooth Ligation

In the treatment of maxillofacial injuries, proper intermaxillary fixation is very important in improving bone union and restoration of normal occlusion. The traditional methods of intermaxillary fixation consist of interdental wiring and ligating of arch bars to the teeth of each jaw. These methods have their fixation point within the tooth, which may afflict the tooth itself. The tooth ligation method is also unsatisfactory for partially or totally edentulous patients, necessitating adjunctive circumferential wiring and acrylic splint to effect fixation. Furthermore, because of excessive manipulations (about 14-20 wire) during interdental wiring, it increases the possibility of associated gingival and mucosal injuries, and infections acquired during operation due to skin punctures. The authors have devised an improved method of placing miniscrews into the maxilla and mandibular alveolar bone and using these miniscrews for points of intermaxillary fixation. This procedure has been used in 17 patients with variable mandible fracture. In these cases we obtained better results than those with teeth ligating methods. The advantages of author's method include easy placement and removal with minimal wiring, decreased operation time, decreased patient discomfort, reduced risk of tooth, periodontal tissues, and oral mucosa injuries, and reduced risk of delivering blood transmitted diseases (AIDS, hepatitis) by skin puncture. As far as the stabilization and oral hygiene are concerned, fixation method was found to be superior to tooth ligation methods. Moreover, in patients with multiple dental injuries, author's intermaxillary fixation method proved to be simple and safe. With these advantages, new intermaxillary fixation method without tooth ligation is very useful for mandibular fractures and maxillofacial operations.

Skeletal relapse and dental change during intermaxillary fixation after mandibular setback / 대한치과교정학회지

It has been reported that skeletal relapse and dental change after mandibular setback do occur not only after intermaxillary fixation(IMF) removal but also during IMF. The side effects of skeletal relapse during IMF have clinical importance because they can cause many postoperative orthodontic problems. Generally, the prevention of solid union between segments, compensatory tooth movement, anterior openbite, etc. have been cited as the side effects fo jaw displacement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal relapse and dental change during IMF. material consisted of 28 patients who were treated by BSSRO(bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy), wire osteosynthesis, IMF for correction of mandibular prognathism. Through cephalometric analysis, the amount and direction of surgical movement, skeletal relapse and dental change during IMF were measured. The correlation between surgical movement and skeletal relapse, between skeletal relapse and dental changes were evaluated. 1. Distal segment was repositioned backward and upward, proximal segment showed clockwise rotation during surgery. 2. During IMF, anterior portion of distal segment was displaced backward and posterior portion was displaced up ward. Proximal segment was displaced upward with forward movement of Go(gonion of proximal segment). Backward surgical movement of p-Go was significantly correlated with forward displacement of p-Go. 3. Overjet and overbite were not changed during IMF. The compensatory tooth movements during IMF were characterized by retroclination of upper incisors and retroclination, extrusion of lower incisors. These compensatory tooth movements had statistically significant correlation with upward displacement of d-Go(gonion of distal segment).

A Clinical study on Pulmonary Function after Intermaxillary Fixation

Intermaxillary fixation is routine procedure to oral and maxillofacial area in jaw bone fracture, surgical correction of jaw deformity, osseus reconstruction of jaw. After transoral surgery, accompanied by intermaxillary fixation, dysphagia or airway obstruction may be followed due to blood clot, vomitus, or laryngeal spasm resulting from irritation by blood or secretions. Lingual or pharyngeal edema is other contributing factors of airway obstruction. In addition, intermaxillary fixation itself may cause obstruction of airway. In this study, pulmonary function test and arterial blood gas analysis were evaluated before and after intermaxillary fixation in 30 patients suffered from mandibular fractures. Comparative analysis was performed by estimated values. The results were as followed. 1. The spirometric values of FEV1, FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75% without intermaxillary fixation were reduced from 97.57%, 85.1%, 98.3,% to 71.7%, 66.5%, 61.2% with intermaxillary fixation, indicating the presence of obstructive pulmonary impairment. 2. Spirometric value of MVV, as the most influencing value of sensitive to extrapulmonary factors, was changed from 84.5% to 46.48%. 3. After intermaxillary fixation, the spirometric value of FVC, as indicator of restrictive pattern of pulmonary function, was not reduced significantly as measured from 94.47% to 89.97%. 4. O2 saturation of arterial blood gas analysis without intermaxillary fixation was 97.86%. While intermaxillary fixation, O2 saturation was 97.47%. The results indicate that careful airway management is mandatory undergoing intermaxillary fixation of various oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Etiology and prevention of malocclusion after internal fixation in jaw bone fractures / 实用口腔医学杂志

97 cases of jaw bone fractures were treated with rigid internal fixation.16 cases had malocclusion postoperation.The etiology was analyzed and the prevention methods were proposed.Intermaxillary elastic traction or fixation and craniomaxillofacial fixation or craniomentum elastic traction were performed to treat the malocclusion.By this way,14 cases were cured.1 case was operated again to resume the normal occlusion,1 case received occlusal adjustment.Incomplete reduction,incorrect operative performance,deficiency of postoperative intermaxillary fixation and incorrect intermaxillary fixation were the main causes to malocclusion.So anatomic in time reduction,correct operative performance,intermaxillary fixation,application of craniomaxillofacial fixation or craniomentum elastic traction instead of intermaxillary fixation for some special cases are effective methods to correct postoperative malocclusion.

The effect of intermaxillary fixation on the patients’ nutrition.

The effect of intermaxillary fixation on patients’ nutritional status was studied by observing weight reduction after the procedure. From 1985 to May 1986, fifty jaw-fractured patients were treated by this method and have complete body weight records. The average weight of the patients before fixation was 49.99 kgs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the operation, weight changed to 49.03, 48.82, 48.67 and 48.68 kgs respectively, and there was no statistical significance (P = 0.05).