Effect of parent-child cohesion on internalizing problems of junior high school students: the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of sibling relationships / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of self-esteem and sibling relationships on the links of parental cohesion and internalizing problems in junior high school students based on the family system theory.Methods:A total of 565 junior high school students were investigated with the sibling relationship questionnaire, parent-child cohesion questionnaire, self-esteem scale and internalizing problems questionnaire from April to June 2021.SPSS 26.0 was used for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis.PROCESS was used to examine the mediating and moderating effect.Results:Maternal-child cohesion was positively correlated with self-esteem and sibling warmth ( r=0.36, 0.58, both P<0.01), while it was negatively correlated with internalizing problems and sibling conflict ( r=-0.29, -0.25, both P<0.01). Similarly, paternal-child cohesion was positively correlated with self-esteem and sibling warmth ( r=0.37, 0.51, both P<0.01), and it was negatively correlated with internalizing problems and sibling conflict ( r=-0.36, -0.21, both P<0.01). The self-esteem played a partial mediating role between maternal-child cohesion and internalizing problems ( β=-0.09, 95% CI=-0.14--0.05), and the mediating value was 30.13%.The self-esteem also played a partial mediating role between paternal-child cohesion and internalizing problems ( β=-0.07, 95% CI=-0.11--0.04), and the mediating value was 25.36%.Sibling warmth could improve the positive effect of maternal-child cohesion on self-esteem ( β=0.06, 95% CI=0.01-0.11), while could offset the negative effects of low level of maternal-child cohesion against the internalizing problems ( β=0.10, 95% CI=0.04-0.16). But sibling conflict did not significantly predict the effects of maternal-child cohesion on self-esteem and internalizing problems.Similarly, sibling warmth could improve the positive effect of paternal-child cohesion on self-esteem ( β=0.05, 95% CI=0.01-0.09), while could offset the negative effects of low level of paternal-child cohesion against the internalizing problems ( β=0.09, 95% CI=0.03-0.15). But sibling conflict could reduce the positive impact of paternal-child cohesion and self-esteem ( β=-0.05, 95% CI=-0.09--0.01), while had no effect on the impact of paternal-child cohesion and internalizing problems. Conclusion:Parent-child cohesion not only directly affects the internalizing problems, but also indirectly affects the internalizing problems through the self-esteem.Positive parent-child cohesion and sibling warmth relationships can improve the individual's self-esteem level and reduce the internalizing problems.

Hábitos de sono e relação com indicadores de saúde mental na infância / Sleep habits and relationship with mental health indicators in childhood / Hábitos de sueño y relación con indicadores de salud mental en la infancia

Este estudo investigou a relação entre hábitos de sono e indicadores de saúde mental na infância relatados por cuidadores, além de buscar evidências de validade e precisão da adaptação para o Brasil do Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Participaram 60 crianças, entre 4 e 10 anos, de uma escola pública da região central de São Paulo, em 2019. A média geral no CSHQ-BR foi 49,08. Não houve diferenças de sexo nos escores do CSHQ e do Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Houve correlações positivas e significativas entre o CSHQ e o SDQ, especificamente entre dificuldades, parassonias e distúrbios respiratórios do sono com problemas emocionais e hiperatividade. Hábitos de sono explicaram 23% da variância no SDQ. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach do CSHQ-BR foi 0,75, indicando consistência interna adequada. Esses achados apontam evidências de validade e precisão do CSHQ-BR. Hábitos de sono estão associados a indicadores de problemas emocionais e comportamentais.

This study investigated the relationship between sleep habits and mental health indicators in childhood reported by caregivers, in addition to seeking evidence of validity and reliability of the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Brazilian version (CSHQ-BR). Sixty children participated, between 4 and 10 years old, from a public school in the central region of São Paulo, in 2019. The overall mean of the CSHQ-BR score was 49.08. There were no differences between sex in the CSHQ and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores. Positive and significant correlations were observed between the CSHQ and the SDQ, specifically between difficulties, parasomnias, sleep-disordered breathing with emotional problems, and hyperactivity. Sleep problems explain 23% of the variance of the SDQ scores. The Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient was 0.75, indicating adequate internal consistency. These findings point to evidence of the validity and accuracy of the CSHQ-BR. Sleep habits are associated with indi-cators of emotional and behavioral problems

Se investigó la relación entre hábitos de sueño y indicadores de salud mental infantil reportados por cuidadores, además de buscar evidencia de validez y precisión de la adaptación del Cuestionario de Hábitos de Sueño Infantil (CSHQ) para Brasil. En 2019 participaron 60 niños de 4 a 10 años de una escuela pública de la región central de São Paulo. El promedio general en el CSHQ-BR fue 49,08. No hubo diferencias de género en las puntuaciones del CSHQ y del Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Dificultades (SDQ). Hubo correlaciones positivas y significativas entre CSHQ y SDQ, específicamente entre dificultades, parasomnias y trastornos respiratorios del sueño con problemas emocionales e hiperactividad. Hábitos de sueño explicaron 23% de la variación en el SDQ. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de CSHQ-BR fue 0,75, indicando una consistencia interna adecuada. Estos hallazgos apuntan evidencia de validez y precisión del CSHQ-BR. Hábitos de sueño están asociados con indicadores de problemas emocionales y de comportamiento.

Problemas internalizantes e externalizantes de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Internalizing and externalizing problems of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis / Problemas de internalización y externalización de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística

A fibrose cística é uma doença genética, ainda sem cura, provocada por mutações cromossômicas, que pode afetar vários sistemas, dentre os quais o respiratório e o digestivo são os mais comumente atingidos. O adoecimento crônico traz alterações psicológicas para os pacientes e seus cuidadores. Com o objetivo de avaliar problemas internalizantes e externalizantes, e também competências de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística, foram entrevistados 31 cuidadores familiares, majoritariamente mães de pacientes na faixa etária de 6 a 18 anos, em salas de espera de três centros de referência no tratamento da doença na cidade de São Paulo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e da Adolescência e diário de campo. Os resultados apontaram a prevalência de problemas internalizantes em adolescentes com fibrose cística. A análise do diário de campo indicou dificuldades na adesão ao tratamento e demandas de atendimento psicológico não assistidas em pacientes e seus cuidadores familiares. A ausência de profissional de Psicologia nas equipes multiprofissionais configurou-se como um prejuízo frente as condições psicológicas dos pacientes de fibrose cística e seus cuidadores familiares.(AU)

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, still without cure, caused by chromosomal mutations that can affect various systems, the respiratory and digestive systems being the most common. Chronic illness brings psychological changes to patients and their caregivers. Aiming to evaluate internalizing and externalizing problems, and competences of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, we interviewed 31 family caregivers, mostly mothers, of patients aged 6 to 18 years in waiting rooms of three Reference Centers in the treatment of the disease in the municipality of São Paulo, state of São Paulo. The instruments used were: Child behavior checklist and Field Diary. The results pointed out the prevalence of internalizing problems in patients with cystic fibrosis in adolescence. Field diary analysis indicated difficulties in adherence to treatment and unassisted demands for psychological care in patients and their family caregivers. The absence of a Psychology professional in the multiprofessional teams showed to be prejudicial to the psychological conditions of cystic fibrosis patients and their family caregivers.(AU)

La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad genética, aún sin cura, causada por mutaciones cromosómicas y que puede afectar varios sistemas, entre ellos los sistemas respiratorio y digestivo son los más comunes. La enfermedad crónica trae cambios psicológicos a los pacientes y sus cuidadores. Para evaluar los problemas de internalización y externalización, así como las competencias de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística, se entrevistó a 31 cuidadores familiares, en su mayoría madres de pacientes de 6 a 18 años de edad, en salas de espera de tres centros de referencia en el tratamiento de la enfermedad en la ciudad de São Paulo. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Inventario del Comportamiento de Niños y Adolescentes y diario de campo. Los resultados mostraron la prevalencia de problemas de internalización en pacientes con fibrosis quística en la adolescencia. El análisis del diario de campo indicó dificultades en la adherencia al tratamiento y demandas de asistencia psicológica no asistida en pacientes y sus cuidadores familiares. Se hace necesario un profesional de psicología en los equipos multiprofesionales ante las condiciones psicológicas de los pacientes con fibrosis quística y sus cuidadores familiares.(AU)

Problemas internalizantes em adultos / Internalizing problems in adults

RESUMO são escassas as investigações sobre problemas internalizantes em adultos brasileiros. Estudos epidemiológicos apontam que ansiedade e depressão são mais comuns em mulheres. Este estudo apresenta uma investigação com 240 adultos de diferentes municípios da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista, com uso do Adult Self Report . Dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial, considerando a variável sexo. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres da amostra em termos de problemas internalizantes, ansiedade/depressão, retraimento e queixas somáticas. Resultados são discutidos à luz de dados epidemiológicos sobre transtornos mentais em outros recortes populacionais brasileiros. Ficam sugeridos novos estudos com ampliação de amostra.

ABSTRACT investigations on internalizing problems in Brazilian adults are scarce. Epidemiological studies indicate that anxiety and depression are more common among women. This study presents an investigation with 240 adults from different municipalities in the Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region, using the Adult Self Report. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, considering as variable the gender. No significant differences were found between men and women in the sample in terms of internalizing problems, anxiety/depression, withdrawal and somatic complaints. Results are discussed in the light of epidemiological data on mental disorders in other Brazilian population segments. New studies with sample expansion are suggested.

Empatia e problemas emocionais e de comportamento infantil / Empathy and child emotional and behavioral problems / Empatia y problemas emocionales y de conducta infantil

Empatia é uma resposta emocional que se assemelha à emoção sentida pelo outro. Baixos níveis de empatia repercutem nas relações sociais, associando-se a problemas emocionais e de comportamento. Objetivou-se comparar grupos de crianças com e sem indicadores clínicos de problemas internalizantes, externalizantes e escalas sindrômicas relacionadas quanto a empatia. Participaram do estudo 106 crianças matriculadas do 1° ao 3° anos do ensino fundamental e seus responsáveis, que responderam aos instrumentos: Escala de Empatia Infanto-juvenil, Questionário de Dados Sociodemográficos e Inventário dos Comportamentos de Crianças e Adolescentes. Testes de comparação (tstudent e Mann-Whitney) indicaram que crianças com problemas externalizantes apresentaram maior média de preocupação com o outro, crianças com comportamentos de quebrar as regras e sintomas internalizantes exibiram índices mais altos de envolvimento emocional com o outro. Os resultados sugerem que altos níveis de empatia afetiva podem aumentar a vulnerabilidade ao desenvolvimento de problemas emocionais e de comportamento neste período de desenvolvimento da criança (AU).

Sentimientos de soledad y problemas internalizantes frente al distanciamiento social y confinamiento preventivo por el coronavirus COVID-19 / Feelings of Loneliness and Internalizing Problems as a Result of Preventive Social Distancing and Lockdown due to the Coronavirus COVID-19

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre sentimientos de soledad y problemas internalizantes producto del distanciamiento social y el confinamiento, para comprender el impacto psicológico en la población. Metodología: estudio de diseño mixto descriptivo-correlacional de alcance temporal transversal. Instrumentos: Perceptions of the Adult US Population regarding the Novel Coronavirus, Three-Item Loneliness Scale y el Adult Self Report. Muestra: 653 casos respondieron una encuesta online en marzo 2020. Resultados: mayores niveles de soledad y problemas internalizantes en sujetos jóvenes convivientes con sus padres y en adultos que viven solos. Hay correlaciones significativas entre sentimientos de soledad y problemas internalizantes: ansiedad-depresión (r =,636, p<.001) y quejas somáticas (r=,422, p<.001). Prevalencia de problemas internalizantes: preocupación general, inquietud por el futuro y trastornos del sueño. Discusión: los resultados del estudio identificaron dos grupos de riesgo: los jóvenes convivientes con sus padres y los adultos que viven solos(AU)

The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between feelings of loneliness and internalizing problems as a result of social distancing and lockdown, in order to understand the psychological impact on the population. Methodology: mixed descriptive-correlational design study with a transversal temporal scope. Instruments: Perceptions of the Adult US Population regarding the Novel Coronavirus, Three-Item Loneliness Scale and the Adult Self Report. Sample: 653 individuals answered an online survey in March 2020. Results: higher levels of loneliness and internalizing problems in young adults living with their parents and in adults living alone. There are significant correlations between feelings of loneliness and internalizing problems: anxiety-depression (r = .636, p = .000) and somatic complaints (r = .422, p = .000). Prevalence of internalizing problems: general concern, concern about the future and sleep disorders. Discussion: the study identified two groups at risk: young people living with their parents and adults living alone(AU)

Role of parenting styles in internalizing, externalizing, and adjustment problems in children / Papel de los estilos parentales sobre los problemas internalizantes, externalizantes y de adaptación en niños

Abstract Introduction Different studies have reported the relationship of parenting styles with adjustment problems in children. However, it has not been specified which aspects of parenting styles play a central role in the manifestation of such psychological problems. Objective To increase the knowledge about the role of which parental educational styles are associated with internalizing, externalizing, and adjustment problems in Colombian children. Method Through structural equations, the fit of the proposed model was verified. Participants were 422 parents and children aged between 8 and 12 years, enrolled in public schools in Bogota, Colombia. The Parental Educational Styles Questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Parent Format and Self-assessment Multifactorial Adjustment test were applied. Results Family dynamics and parental practices have effects on internalizing, externalizing, and general maladjustment problems. Parental roles and practices show indirect effects on general maladjustment through externalizing problems. Discussion and conclusion The models tested show that conflicts at home, parental overload, impulsivity, permissive, ambiguous/non-consistent styles, and dysfunctional reaction to disobedience play a role in the manifestation of internalizing, externalizing, and adjustment problems in children.

Resumen Introducción Diferentes estudios han reportado la relación de los estilos de crianza con problemas de adaptación en niños. Sin embargo, no se ha especificado qué aspectos de los estilos de crianza desempeñan un papel central en la manifestación de tales problemas psicológicos. Objetivo Incrementar el conocimiento acerca del papel de qué estilos educativos parentales se asocian con los problemas internalizantes, externalizantes y de adaptación en niños colombianos. Método Por medio de ecuaciones estructurales se probó el ajuste al modelo. Los participantes fueron 422 padres con hijos de entre 8 y 12 años, matriculados en colegios públicos en Bogotá, Colombia. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Estilos Educativos de los Padres, la Lista de Chequeo del Comportamiento Infantil, el Formato para padres y el Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de adaptación. Resultados Las dinámicas familiares y las prácticas parentales tienen efectos sobre los problemas internalizantes, externalizantes y de adaptación general. Los roles y las prácticas parentales muestran efectos indirectos sobre la desadaptación general a través de problemas externalizantes. Discusión y conclusión Los modelos probados muestran que los conflictos en el hogar, la sobrecarga de los padres, la impulsividad, los estilos permisivos, ambiguos/no consistentes y la reacción disfuncional a la desobediencia desempeñan un papel en la manifestación de los problemas internalizantes, externalizantes y de adaptación en los niños.

The relationship of internalizing problems with emotional intelligence and social skills in secondary education students: gender differences

Internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, social anxiety, somatic complaints, post-traumatic symptoms, and obsession-compulsion) are very important in adolescents' development. These problems can be related with people who lack social skills and poorly handle their emotions. This study assessed 1358 secondary education students (12-17 years) to analyze the relationship linking internalizing problems, emotional intelligence, and social skills. The results showed not only how these constructs were related, but how students' internalizing problems varied according to their emotional intelligence and social skills. They also indicated that two in every three males, and just over one in every two females, obtained high scores for internalizing problems. The model showed a good fit: χ2(85) = 201.161 p <0.001; X2/g/ = 2.367; CFI = 0.919; NFI = 0.869; TLI = 0.900; RMSEA = 0.075, IC 95% (0.062-0.089). Finally, gender influenced the way that internalizing problems, emotional intelligence, and social skills were related, and an inverse relation appeared to link internalizing problems, emotional intelligence (r = - .77), and social skills (r = - .52) for females, while this relationship was poorer for males. By way of conclusion, we state that internalizing problems are related with emotional intelligence and social skills in secondary education students, but this relationship differs according to gender.(AU)

Patrones de disponibilidad emocional y los problemas de salud mental del pre-escolar / Patterns of emotional availability and preschool mental health problems

Resumen: En este estudio se examinaron los patrones de disponibilidad emocional de sesenta díadas de madre e hijo en una sesión de juego semiestructurado y los problemas de salud mental de un grupo de preescolares. Se analizó la asociación entre la disponibilidad emocional y los problemas de los niños; así como las diferencias en el nivel de problemas externalizados e internalizados según los patrones de interacción. Se utilizó la Escala de Disponibilidad Emocional (The Emotional Availability Scales; Biringen, 2008) y el Cuestionario sobre el comportamiento de niños (as) de 1.5-5 años (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL 1.5-5]; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000). Altos puntajes en sensibilidad materna, ausencia de intrusión de las madres, así como en capacidad de respuesta e involucramiento de los niños se asociaron a un menor nivel de problemas en los niños. Se conformaron tres patrones de disponibilidad emocional diádica: de alto, medio y bajo funcionamiento. Los niños del patrón de baja disponibilidad emocional mostraron un mayor nivel de aislamiento, de problemas internalizados, y de total de problemas en comparación con los niños del patrón de alto funcionamiento. El estudio aporta evidencia de la importancia de la evaluación de las relaciones entre padres e hijos en la edad preescolar.

Abstract: This study examined patterns of emotional availability among sixty mothers and their children in a semi-structured play situation and the mental health problems of a group of Mexican preschoolers. The aims of the study were to analyze the association between emotional availability and children's problems; as well as the differences in the level of child externalizing and internalizing problems according to the interaction patterns. The Emotional Availability Scales (Biringen, 2008) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 1.5-5; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000) were used. A high maternal sensitivity and nonintrusiveness, as well as a high child responsiveness and child involvement were associated with a lower level of child problems. A cluster analysis revealed three dyadic patterns of emotional availability: Low-functioning, average-functioning and high-functioning pattern. Children in the low-functioning pattern showed higher levels of internalizing problems, withdrawn and total problems than children in the high-functioning pattern. This study contributes to the importance of the assessment of parent-child interactions at preschool age.

Afrontamiento y algunos problemas internalizados y externalizados en niños / Internalizing and externalizing problems in children in relation to coping

Resumen: Se propuso conocer cuáles eran las estrategias de afrontamiento que con mayor frecuencia utilizaban un grupo de escolares, analizar su relación con los problemas internalizados y externalizados e indagar sobre el impacto de las estrategias de afrontamiento en estos problemas. Participaron 394 niños (48% varones y 52% niñas), EdadM = 9.4 años (DE = 1.09), inscritos en escuelas primarias de la Ciudad de México. Se aplicó una ficha socio-demográfica para niños, la escala infantil de afrontamiento (EIA) y el cuestionario de problemas internalizados y externalizados para niños (CPIEN). Se solicitaron los permisos en las escuelas para aplicar los instrumentos con ayuda de dos psicólogas entrenadas en la evaluación de niños. Los datos se analizaron con el programa SPSS v.22. Los resultados indicaron un mayor uso del afrontamiento funcional; correlaciones negativas entre el afrontamiento funcional y los problemas externalizados; correlaciones positivas entre el afrontamiento disfuncional y el centrado en la emoción con los problemas internalizados y externalizados. Finalmente, se observó que el afrontamiento centrado en la emoción explica en mayor medida los problemas internalizados, mientras que el afrontamiento disfuncional explica en mayor medida los problemas externalizados. Estos hallazgos pueden apoyar el diseño de intervenciones que fomenten el bienestar emocional de los niños.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to know which coping strategies were used more frequently by children; analyzing their relationship with internalizing and externalizing problems and to search how coping strategies impact on these problems. The participants were394 children of elementary schools at Mexico City (48% boys and 52% girls), AgeM = 9.4 years old (S.D. = 1.09). Data were collected using a Socio-demographic Questionnaire for Children, the Children's Coping Scale and the Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Questionnaire for Children. Permission from the schools was obtained in order to administer the questionnaires. Two psychologists trained in the management of groups and children's assessment, collaborated in the administration of the instruments. The data were analyzed with the SPSS v.20 program. The results indicated a more frequent use of functional coping; as well as negative relations of functional coping with externalizing problems; positive correlations of dysfunctional coping and focusing on emotion with internalizing and externalizing problems. Finally, it was observed that focusing on emotion coping explains the internalizing problems to a greater extent, while dysfunctional coping explains the externalizing problems to a greater extent. These results provide support for the design of interventions that promote the emotional well-being of children.

Relação entre práticas parentais e problemas de externalização e internalização: papel mediador do vínculo de apego / Relationship between parenting and internalizing and externalizing problems: the mediating role of attachment

Os problemas emocionais e comportamentais infantis têm sido alvo de crescente investigação devido a sua alta estabilidade e por precederem os transtornos psicopatológicos na vida adulta. Esse estudo objetivou investigar o papel mediador do vínculo de apego na relação entre práticas parentais eproblemas externalizantes (agressividade/delinquência) e internalizantes (retraimento social/ansiedade/depres-são). Um total de 289 crianças (M = 10,5 anos, DP = 0,77) responderam à Security Scale e 181 mães responderam ao Child Rearing Practices Report­Q e, também, ao Child Behavior Checklist. Os resultados revelaram o papel mediador do vínculo de apego materno nos problemas externalizantes, mas não nos internalizantes, e salientam a importância de se considerar a qualidade do apego nas relações entre práticas parentais e problemas emocionais e comportamentais na infância

Children emotional and behavioral problems have been a topic of increasing investigation due to its high stability and its role as a predictor to psychopathological disorders in adulthood. This study investigated the mediating role of attachment to the association between parenting practices externalizing problems (aggression and delinquency) and internalizing (social withdrawal and anxiety / depression). A total of 289 children (Mage = 10,5; SD = 0,77) answered the Security Scale, an instrument about parenting practices (PRRC) and the Child Behavior Checklist. The results indicated that the quality of maternal attachment played a mediating role on externalizing problems, but not on internalizing which emphasize the important role that attachment quality can play in the association between parenting practices and emotional and behavioral problems in childhood

Controle Psicológico Materno e Problemas Internalizantes em Pré-Escolares / Maternal Psychological Control and Internalizing Problems of Preschool Children

RESUMOO estudo investigou as relações entre o controle psicológico e o controle comportamental materno e os problemas internalizantes de crianças entre 3 e 5 anos. Participaram 103 mães que responderam ao CBCL e à Entrevista Estruturada sobre Práticas Educativas Parentais e Socialização Infantil. Os resultados revelaram que duas das síndromes que representam o agrupamento de problemas internalizantes, ansiedade/depressão e retraimento, estiveram positivamente correlacionadas ao controle crítico, uma das dimensões do controle psicológico. É possível que o controle crítico materno limite o desenvolvimento socioemocional da criança e o acesso a reforçadores, contribuindo para o surgimento do retraimento e de sintomas de ansiedade/depressão. Discute-se também a relevância de outras variáveis para a compreensão dos problemas internalizantes, como as práticas de socialização emocional.

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated relations between maternal psychological control and behavior control and internalizing problems of preschool children, with ages varying between three and five years. Participants in the study were 103 mothers who completed the CBCL and the Child Socialization and Parental Childrearing Practices Structured Interview. The results showed that two of the syndromes representing the group of internalizing problems, anxiety/depression and withdrawal, were positively correlated with critical control, which is a dimension of psychological control. It is possible that maternal critical control limits the socio-emotional development of children and their access to reinforcers, contributing to the emergence of withdrawal and symptoms of anxiety/depression. The relevance of other variables for the understanding of internalizing problems, as emotional socialization practices, is also discussed.

Discriminant Validity of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 in Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and clinical cutoff score of the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 1.5-5 (CBCL 1.5-5) for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: 44 ASD infants and 100 normal infants participated. T-test, discriminant analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and odds ratio analysis were performed on the data. RESULTS: Discriminant validity was confirmed by mean differences and discriminant analysis on the subscales of Withdrawn, Attention problems, Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, Total problems, and all Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-oriented scales between the two groups. ROC curve analysis showed that Withdrawn, Attention problems, Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, Total problems, DSM pervasive developmental problems, DSM attention deficit/hyperactivity problems, and DSM oppositional defiant problems significantly predicted ASD infants compared to normal infants. In addition, the clinical cutoff score criteria adopted in the Korean CBCL 1.5-5 for subscales of Withdrawn, Attention problems, Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, Total problems, DSM pervasive developmental problems, DSM attention deficit/hyperactivity problems, and DSM oppositional defiant problems were shown to be valid. CONCLUSION: The subscales of Withdrawn, Attention problems, Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, Total problems, DSM pervasive developmental problems, DSM attention deficit/hyperactivity problems, and DSM oppositional defiant problems significantly discriminated for the diagnosis of ASD.

Efeitos de uma intervenção com foco nas práticas de socialização parentais sobre os problemas internalizantes na infância / Effects of an intervention focused on parental socialization practices on internalizing problems in childhood

Este estudo avaliou a eficácia de uma intervenção com foco nas práticas de socialização com 13 mães e um pai de crianças entre três e seis anos, com perfil internalizante, divididos em dois grupos: intervenção e comparação. O BCL/1½-5 anos e o CBCL/6-18 anos foram utilizados para avaliar os problemas internalizantes e indicaram somente uma redução significativa nas queixas somáticas do grupo intervenção do pré para o pós-teste. Essa redução pode estar associada aos seguintes fatores: (a) aumento da previsibilidade das contingências da relação pais-criança, diminuindo seu caráter aversivo e levando à extinção respondente das respostas fisiológicas que estariam relacionadas às queixas somáticas; e (b) substituição de práticas superprotetoras e coercitivas por práticas facilitadoras do desenvolvimento socioemocional, que levaria à extinção respondente de respostas fisiológicas ligadas a emoções eliciadas pelas práticas coercitivas e superprotetoras. Discutem-se as limitações da intervenção e de aspectos metodológicos comuns a estudos realizados em contexto clínico.

This study evaluated the efficacy of an intervention focused on socialization practices with 13 mothers and one father of children between three and six years with internalizing profile, divided into two groups: intervention and comparison. The CBCL/1½-5 years and CBCL/6-18 years were used for assess internalizing problems, indicating only a significant reduction in somatic complaints in the intervention group from pre to post-test. This reduction may be associated with the following factors: (a) increase of the predictability of contingencies parent-child relationship, decreasing its aversive character and leading to respondent extinction of physiological responses that are related to somatic complaints and (b) replacement of overprotective and coercive practices by facilitating socioemotional development leading to the extinction of respondent physiological responses related to emotions elicited by coercive practices and overprotection. The limitations of intervention and methodological aspects common in studies conducted in clinical settings are discussed.

Problemas de comportamiento y competencias psicosociales en niños y adolescentes institucionaliz / Behavior Problems and Psychosocial Skills in Institutionalized Children and Adolescents

El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar los problemas de comportamiento de una muestra de preadolescentes y adolescentes venezolanos institucionalizados (acogimiento residencial), de edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 16 años. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 111 participantes institucionalizados en asociaciones civiles y entidades de protección del Estado y 111 controles igualados, provenientes de colegios tanto públicos como privados o subsidiados. Se evaluaron las habilidades psicosociales y académicas y los problemas de comportamiento internalizados y externalizados reportados por los informes de los padres, los cuidadores y los autoinformes mediante el Youth Self-Report (YSR) y la Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Los resultados del estudio muestran que los niños y adolescentes institucionalizados tienen menores competencias psicosociales y académicas, así como más problemas de comportamiento que los jóvenes que conviven con sus padres. Los padres y cuidadores apreciaron menores diferencias entre ambos grupos.

The main objective of this study is analyze behavior problems of a sample of institutionalized (residential care) Venezuelan tweens and teens, ages between 11 and 16. The sample consisted of 111 participants institutionalized in civil associations and institutions state protection, and 111 matched controls from schools public and private or subsidized. The psychosocial and academic was assessed skills and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems reported by the reports of parents, carers and self reports. The Youth Self-Report (YSR) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were completed. The results of the study show that children and adolescents are less institutionalized psychosocial and academic skills, as well as, more externalized behavior problems and internalized self-reported that young people living with their parents. Parents, teachers and caregivers appreciated minor differences between the two groups. Findings obtained support the influence of early deprivation on psychosocial skills, emotional issues and behavioral in children and adolescents. It is considered that institutionalization is a risk factor for the harmonious development of young people.

Externalizing and internalizing problems: contributions of attachment and parental practices / Problemas externalizantes e internalizantes: contribuições do apego e das práticas parentais

The relation between attachment and parental practices with externalizing (aggression and delinquency) and internalizing (social withdrawal and anxiety/depression) behavioral problems were investigated in this study. Participants were 289 children (from 9 to 12 years old) and 205 caregivers who answered distinct questionnaires: the formers on attachment and the later on parental practices. Results indicated that poor maternal attachment relationships, high levels of parental rejection and being a boy predicted aggression. Moreover, poor paternal attachment and father's low education predicted social withdrawal. Finally, parental rejection was marginally associated with anxiety/depression. The results reinforce, partially, the existing literature and help to understand the complex relationship between parenting and behavioral problems...

As relações do vínculo de apego e das práticas parentais com problemas externalizantes (agressividade e delinquência) e internalizantes (retraimento social e ansiedade/depressão) foram investigadas neste estudo. Os participantes foram 289 crianças (9 a12 anos de idade) e 205 cuidadores que responderam questionários sobre vínculo de apego e sobre práticas parentais. Os resultados indicaram que vínculo frágil de apego materno, altos níveis de rejeição parental e o fato de ser menino predizem agressividade. Ademais, vínculo frágil de apego paterno e baixa escolaridade paterna predizem retraimento social. Finalmente, rejeição parental associou-se marginalmente à ansiedade/depressão dos filhos. Os resultados reforçam parcialmente a literatura e auxiliam na compreensão da complexa relação entre parentalidade e problemas comportamentais...

O impacto da depressão materna nos problemas internalizantes de pré-escolares / The impact of maternal depression on preschoolers internalizing behavior problems

Este estudo comparou a frequência de queixas de ansiedade, depressão, retraimento, reatividade emocional e sintomas somáticos em filhos de mães com indicadores de depressão, com a frequência das mesmas queixas em filhos de mães sem indicadores de depressão, avaliados pela escala de problemas internalizantes do CBCL-1½-5. Participaram do estudo 25 mães de meninos no 36° mês de vida, divididas em dois grupos: grupo com indicadores de depressão e grupo sem indicadores de depressão. As mães responderam individualmente ao BDI e ao CBCL-1½-5. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos no total de problemas internalizantes e mais especificamente na síndrome de reatividade emocional, ambas com maiores escores no grupo de filhos de mães com indicadores de depressão. Discute-se a relevância de algumas dimensões do temperamento infantil e de mecanismos de transmissão genética para o entendimento das relações entre depressão materna e problemas internalizantes em pré-escolares.

This study compared the frequency of complaints of anxiety, depression, withdrawal, emotional reactivity, and somatic symptoms in children whose mothers showed depression indicators, with the frequency of such complaints in children whose mothers presented no depression indicators, assessed by the scale of internalizing problems of CBCL-1½-5. Twenty-five mothers of thirty-six-month-old boys divided into two groups took part in the study, one group with depression indicators and another without depression indicators. Mothers responded individually to the BDI and CBCL-1½ -5. Significant differences were found between the groups on total internalizing problems and more specifically on emotional reactivity syndrome, with both scores higher in children whose mothers presented depression indicators. The relevance of some dimensions of infant temperament and mechanisms of genetic transmission for understanding the relationship between maternal depression and internalizing problems on preschoolers is discussed.

Correlatos e consequências do retraimento social na infância / Correlates and consequences of social withdrawal in childhood / Correlatos y consecuencias del aislamiento social en la infancia

O retraimento social na infância é desafiador para a clínica e para a pesquisa do desenvolvimento infantil, em função de suas consequências para o bem-estar psicológico e a adaptação psicossocial da criança. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma síntese da produção científica sobre o tema a partir da revisão sistemática da literatura em bases de dados nacionais e internacional. Espera-se, com esse trabalho, contribuir para a fundamentação teórica de pesquisas que busquem compreender a complexa rede de influências que leva as primeiras inibições comportamentais a evoluírem para o retraimento social na infância e, possivelmente, culminarem nos problemas internalizantes na adolescência:

Social withdrawal in childhood is a challenge for child development research and clinic due to its implications for child psychological well-being and psychosocial development. The goal of this article is to present a synthesis of the scientific literature on the subject based on a systematic review of national and international databases.It is expected that this work will add one step forward in the theoretical support for empirical research on the understanding of the complex interwoven factors that lead the first signs of inhibited behavior to evolve into shy and social withdrawal during childhood and, eventually, culminate in internalizing problems during adolescence:

El aislamiento social en la infancia es un desafío para la clínica y la investigación del desarrollo infantil, por sus implicaciones para el bienestar psicológico y el ajuste psicosocial de los niños. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una síntesis de la literatura científica sobre el tema a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre las bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Se espera, con este trabajo, contribuir a la investigación que busca entender la compleja red de influencias que conducen a las primeras inhibiciones conductuales para evolucionar hacia el aislamiento social en la infancia, y, finalmente, culminar en problemas de internalización en la adolescencia:

Clinical Characteristics in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with/or without Developmental Coordination Disorder Patients

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the clinical differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). METHODS: Participants were 49 children and adolescents with ages between 6 and 18 years. These subjects were placed into 2 groups: ADHD without DCD (24) and ADHD with DCD (25). We used several evaluation tools on both groups: the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean Version (K-SADS-PL), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-IIII), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and Bruininks-Osretsky Test of Motor (BOT-2). RESULTS: Patients with both ADHD and DCD had a lower performance intelligence quotient and more internal and external behavioral symptoms than patients with ADHD but not DCD. It is possible that patients with ADHD and motor coordination problems should be noticed earlier and given intensive treatment.

Clinical Characteristics in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with/or without Developmental Coordination Disorder Patients

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the clinical differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). METHODS: Participants were 49 children and adolescents with ages between 6 and 18 years. These subjects were placed into 2 groups: ADHD without DCD (24) and ADHD with DCD (25). We used several evaluation tools on both groups: the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean Version (K-SADS-PL), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-IIII), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and Bruininks-Osretsky Test of Motor (BOT-2). RESULTS: Patients with both ADHD and DCD had a lower performance intelligence quotient and more internal and external behavioral symptoms than patients with ADHD but not DCD. It is possible that patients with ADHD and motor coordination problems should be noticed earlier and given intensive treatment.