Procesamiento emocional en niños y adolescentes según sexo / Emotional Processing in Children and Adolescents According to Sex

Resumen Objetivo: analizar el procesamiento emocional en niños, niñas y adolescentes argentinos de edad escolar según sexo. Método: estudio descriptivo-comparativo con un diseño ex post facto, transversal. Participaron en la investigación 67 mujeres y 74 varones escolarizados de entre 7 y 14 años dividido en tres franjas etarias. Para evaluar el procesamiento emocional se utilizaron las 60 imágenes específicas para niños y adolescentes del International Affective Picture System (IAPS), y para medir los juicios evaluativos se utilizó el Self Assessment Manikin (SAM). Resultados: la distribución de las imágenes muestra una correlación moderada negativa entre dos dimensiones afectivas básicas del procesamiento emocional, la valencia afectiva y la activación fisiológica, con valores similares en ambos sexos. Las mujeres puntuaron más bajo que los varones en valencia y arousal, aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los varones evaluaron los estímulos aversivos con menor grado de activación y los estímulos agradables con mayor activación. En general, se observa mayor agrupamiento de las imágenes desagradables y neutras en las mujeres respecto de las de los varones. Conclusión: en ambos sexos se presentó una relación inversa entre valencia y arousal, evidenciada en mayor activación ante imágenes desagradables, lo cual demostraría una tendencia reaccionaron a las imágenes desagradables con mayor intensidad mientras que los varones, valoraron las imágenes agradables con mayor intensidad.

Abstract Objective: to analyze emotional processing in Argentine school-age children and adolescents according to sex. Method: descriptive-comparative study with an ex post facto, cross-sectional design. 67 girls and 74 schooled boys aged between 7 and 14, participated in the research divided into three age ranges. The 60 specific images for children and adolescents from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were used to assess emotional processing, and the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) was used to measure evaluative judgments. Results: the distribution of the images shows a moderate negative correlation between valence and arousal, with similar values in both sexes. Women scored lower in valence and arousal compared to men, although without statistically significant differences. The men evaluated the aversive stimuli with a lower degree of activation and the pleasant stimuli with greater activation. In general, a greater grouping of unpleasant and neutral images is observed in women compared to those of men. Conclusion: in both sexes there was an inverse relationship between valence and arousal, evidenced in greater activation in the face of unpleasant images, which would demonstrate an avoidance trend when arousal levels are high. Females reacted to unpleasant images with greater intensity while males rated pleasant images with higher degree.

Valores normativos del sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas en población mexicana: diferencias entre Estados Unidos, Colombia y México / Normative Values of the International Affective Picture System in Mexicans: Differences between USA, Colombia and Mexico

Resumen Uno de los instrumentos con mayor evidencia empírica y versatilidad para el estudio de las emociones y la motivación es el Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas (International Affective Picture System, IAPS). Sin embargo, no ha sido probado en población mexicana. Por esta razón el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo determinar los valores normativos en valencia, arousal y dominancia para los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 del IAPS en población mexicana, e identificar las diferencias con países de América (Colombia y Estados Unidos). Participaron 408 estudiantes quienes evaluaron 238 imágenes del IAPS a través del Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Los resultados mostraron que la distribución de las imágenes en el espacio afectivo bidimensional (valencia-arousal) adoptan la forma esperada de boomerang, coincidiendo con lo encontrado en otras poblaciones. Sin embargo, en población mexicana es más fuerte la relación entre valencia apetitiva y arousal que entre valencia aversiva y arousal. En conclusión, los valores normativos de los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 pueden ser utilizados en población mexicana para el estudio objetivo de las emociones.

Abstract The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is an instrument to the study of emotions and motivation with a high empirical evidence and versatility. However, it has not been tested in Mexican population, for that reason the aim of this study was to determine the normative values of valence, arousal and dominance for the IAPS sets of pictures 13, 14, 19 and 20 in Mexican population. Participants were 408 students who assessed 238 images of the IAPS through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). The results showed that the pictures distribution on the two-dimensional affective space (valence-arousal); take a boomerang form, which is consistent with the findings in other populations. Nevertheless, in the Mexican population there was a stronger relationship between appetitive valence and arousal than the one observe in aversive valence and arousal. In conclusion the normative values in the IAPS sets of pictures 13, 14, 19 and 20 can be used in the study of emotions in Mexican people.

Effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive evaluation of affective picture / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To explore the effect of sleep deprivation (SD) on cognitive evaluation of affective picture. Methods Korty-three undergraduates were recruited and assigned to sleep deprivation group (n 23) and sleep control group (n=20). Because two students in the sleep control group did not participate in retest task and one student data of the test were bst. 17 people was eventually included in the sleep control group. The students in the sleep deprivation group received sleep deprivation at the end of the test (from 22:00 to next day 8:00). The sleep control group had no intervention. A total of 206 affective pictures (108 test and 108 retest) were selected from International Affective Picture System (1APS) and categorized as positive, neutral and negative pictures. The Positive and Negative Affect Scale ( PANAS) was used to investigate the subjective mood ratings of participants at test and retest in two groups and to evaluate the effect of SD on cognitive evaluation of affective pictures. Results SD showed no significant effect on the evaluation of positive and negative pictures, but it showed a negative bias in valence ratings for neutral pictures, with significant difference found for neutral pictures between test and retest in sleep deprivation group (P<0. 01). but not in the sleep control group (P= 0.12). After controlling covariance subjective emotion, the negative bias caused by SD still existed for the neutral pictures. The arousal ratings for affective pictures in sleep deprivation group was significantly higher than that in sleep control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Our results indicate that sleep is important in emotional evaluation, and SD can lead to a negative bias for neutral stimuli.

Assessment of emotional valence of the neutral pictures: it depends on the category / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore which category of pictures could induce neutral emotion better for male and female respectively,and investigate the effects of inducing neutral emotion with eight categories of neutral pictures,including the nature,plants,animals,humans,culture,death-waste,food and computer graphics.Methods Using selected stimuli from the simple version (revised by Huang and Luo(2004)) of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS),the rating of calm-mood degree were collected for 135 neutral pictures based on 186 undergraduate students (78 male and 108 female).Results The pictures in the categories of plants(6.87 ±1.53),nature(7.00 ± 1.73) and culture(6.93 ± 1.37) induced neutral emotion significantly better than human (5.89 ± 1.49),computer graphics (5.94 ± 1.93) and food (5.87 ± 2.03) (P ＜ 0.05) which were better than animals (5.03 ± 1.70) and death-waste (4.71 ± 1.94) (P ＜ 0.05).In addition,gender difference was found in rating calm-mood degree for death-waste,people and animals categories.For these categories males showed higher rating for the calm-mood degree than females (P＜ 0.05),while for the other categories,there was no gender difference.Conclusion The ideal categories of neutral pictures that inducing neutral emotion are plants,nature and culture.This study provide empirical evidences for selecting and using pictures to induce relative calm mood in the emotional study,and the contribution of this study to the clinical research is discussed.

International affective picture system (IAPS) in Chile: a cross-cultural adaptation and validation study / El sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas (International Affective Picture System-IAPS) en Chile: estudio de adaptación y validación transcultural

The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (Lang, Ohman, & Vaitl, 1988) is a standardized set of photographs to induce emotions in the context of experimental investigations. The aim of this study was determine the psychometric behavior of the IAPS for the preparation of standards in the Chilean population and the subsequent validation of the instrument for its use in Chile. 208 university students participated (40 percent men) and had an affective experience induced using the presentation of visual stimuli extracted from sets 7 and 14 of the IAPS. In order to evaluate valence, arousal and dominance, the self-assessment manikin (SAM) was used, made up of pictographic scales for each dimension and a scale of continuous variation of emotional reactions. The IAPS showed psychometric behavior comparable to the original, with the same boomerang-shaped distribution of scores being found in the valence/arousal relationship. The IAPS is a reliable tool for inducing emotions in studies related to affectivity.

El Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas (International Affective Picture System-IAPS) (Lang, Ohman, & Vaitl, 1988) es un conjunto estandarizado de fotografías para la inducción de emociones en el contexto de investigaciones experimentales. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el comportamiento psicométrico del IAPS para la confección de normas en la población chilena y la validación consiguiente del instrumento para su uso en Chile. Participaron 208 estudiantes universitarios (40 por ciento hombres) a quienes se les indujo una experiencia afectiva mediante la presentación de estímulos visuales extraídos del set 1 y 14 del IAPS. Para evaluar valencia, arousal y dominancia, se utilizo el maniquí de auto-evaluación o SAM (Self - Assessment Manikin), compuesto por escalas pictográficas para cada dimensión y una escala de variación continua de reacciones emocionales. El IAPS muestran un comportamiento psicométrico comparable al original, encontrándose la dispersión de puntajes de boomerang en la relación Valencia/Arousal. El IAPS es una herramienta confiable para la inducción de emociones en estudios ligados a la afectividad.

Um estudo dos relatos afetivos subjetivos a estímulos do International Affective Picture System em uma amostra geriátrica brasileira / Subjective affective ratings to photographic stimuli of the International Affective Picture System in a Brazilian elderly sample

INTRODUÇÃO: A literatura científica indica a possibilidade de a percepção da emoção e a formação da memória emocional serem discordantes entre jovens e idosos. A mesma é pobre ao explorar essa possibilidade. Neste estudo, relatamos os resultados obtidos em um experimento-piloto com uma amostra de idosos brasileiros, que classificaram subjetivamente, através da escala Self Assessment Manikin, imagens oriundas do International Affective Picture System. MÉTODO: Quarenta e oito idosos voluntários da Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade, saudáveis clínica e cognitivamente, avaliaram o caráter alertante e a valência afetiva de 71 imagens do International Affective Picture System, aleatoriamente escolhidas. RESULTADOS: O grau de alerta reportado por idosos diante de um estímulo emocional é tanto maior quanto menor o prazer provocado por essa imagem-estímulo, resultando na existência de uma forte correlação negativa (r = 0,93) entre o grau de alerta e o estímulo desprazeroso. Em uma comparação do acima obtido com outro experimento normativo semelhante feito com jovens brasileiros e americanos, apontou-se para uma possível diferença cultural na forma de relatar subjetivamente um estímulo emocional. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos com esta amostra estudada sugerem que pode existir uma diferença nos relatos afetivos entre os jovens e idosos, onde uma normatização do International Affective Picture System para uma amostra maior, representativa da população de idosos, seria útil para responder esta questão.

INTRODUCTION: The scientific literature points to a possible bias in the form perception and emotional memory are constructed when elderly and young individuals are compared. However, this possibility is underexplored. This paper presents the results obtained from a pilot study based on an elderly emotional subjective report after evaluation using the International Affective Picture System images and Self Assessment Manikin scale scores. METHOD: Forty-eight clinically and cognitively capable elderly volunteer subjects from the Third Age Open University evaluated 71 randomly chosen images of the International Affective Picture System in terms of arousal and affective valence. RESULTS: For the elderly, the greater the arousal, the smaller the pleasure resulting in a strong negative correlation (r = 0.93) observed between arousal and negative valence. A comparison with another similar normative experiment performed in young Brazilian and American individuals showed a possible cultural difference in subjective reports of emotional stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation indicates that there may be a difference between elderly and young individuals when affective reports of arousal are studied. A normalization of the International Affective Picture System for the elderly in a larger sample, representative of the population, might be useful to address this issue.

Native Assessment of International Affective Picture System among 116 Chinese Aged / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To carry out the native assessment of International Affective Picture System(IAPS) among Chinese older adults.Methods:Altogether 116 Chinese older adults,including 51 male and 65 female,from three communities in Dalian City,aged from 60 to 80 years,rated 60 pictures(positive:25,neutral:12,negative:23) selected from the IAPS in terms of valence,arousal and dominance with Self-Assessment Manikin(SAM).The mean affective ratings were compared to the normative ratings of USA National Institute of Mental Health(NIMH).Result: Reliability analysis indicated that the affective ratings of our sample were stable and highly internally consistent.The affective ratings of Chinese older participants were strongly correlated with the normative ratings of NIMH(r=0.92,0.54 and 0.88 respectively for valence,arousal and dominance,P0.05).Conclusion: IAPS is highly internationally accessible just as the expectation of its designers.However,considering about great differences in many aspects such as culture,social living and age between Chinese aged and NIMH sample,they may have different affective experiences to the same emotional stimuli.Therefore it is necessary to do some revisal before the IAPS is applied to Chinese aged.