Children Exposed to Interparental Violence: A Study of Portuguese Children from 7-9 Years of Age / Niños expuestos a violencia interparental: un estudio de niños portugueses de 7 a 9 años

Abstract Introduction: Exposure to interparental violence is a type of child maltreatment linked to a higher risk of physical and mental health problems. This research considers the experiences of young Portuguese children exposed to interparental violence. The goal is to explore the associations between interparental conflict in children, their perceptions of conflict properties, threat, self-blame, and the relationship with their parents. Method: The research protocol was applied to 888 Portuguese children between 7 and 9 years of age, of whom 123 are victims of interparental violence. Results: The results showed that witnessing interparental conflict is positively correlated with children's self-blame and insight into conflict properties and negatively correlated with children's insight into the parent-child relationship. Conclusion: These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that witnessing interparental conflict is associated with adverse outcomes in young children. Findings highlight the importance of identifying children exposed

Resumen Introducción: La exposición a la violencia interparental es un tipo de maltrato infantil, y está relacionada con mayor riesgo de desarrollo de problemas de salud física y mental. Esta investigación analiza las experiencias de los niños portugueses expuestos a la violencia interparental. El objetivo es explorar la relación entre el conflicto interparental en los niños, sus percepciones sobre las propiedades del conflicto, la amenaza, la culpabilidad y la relación con sus padres. Método: Se ha aplicado el protocolo de investigación a 888 niños portugueses de entre 7 y 9 años, no víctimas (n = 765) y víctimas de la violencia interparental (n = 123). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que presenciar el conflicto interparental está positivamente asociado a la percepción de culpabilidad de los niños y la percepción de las propiedades del conflicto y negativamente correlacionada con su percepción de la relación padre-hijo. Conclusión: Estos resultados soportan la hipótesis de que presenciar un conflicto interparental está asociado al desarrollo de problemas en niños pequeños. Los resultados destacan la importancia de identificar a los niños que han presenciado el conflicto interparental para desarrollar programas de intervención adecuados.

Correlation among perception of interparental conflict， meaning in life and suicidal ideation in patients with borderline personality disorder / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship among the perception of interparental conflict， meaning in life and suicidal ideation in patients with borderline personality disorder. MethodsA total of 90 borderline personality disorder patients who visited the Psychiatry or Psychological Counseling Department of the Fourth People’s Hospital of Linyi from June 2017 to December 2020 were enrolled as study group. All patients met diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fifth edition， （DSM-5）. Meantime， another 90 freshmen， sophomores and juniors from a university were set as control group. All selected individuals were assessed using Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale （CPIC） and Meaning in Life Questionnaire Chinese Version （MLQ-C）， then Self-rating Idea of Suicide Scale （SIOSS） was utilized in study group to evaluate the suicidal ideation. ResultsCompared with control group， study group had significantly higher total score and each dimension score of CPIC （t=-2.863~4.728， P<0.05 or 0.01） and lower total score and each dimension score of MLQ-C （t=-2.981~3.197， P<0.05 or 0.01）. The total score and each dimension score of CPIC in study group were positively correlated with the total score and each dimension score of SIOSS （r=0.513～0.972， P<0.01）， and total score and each dimension score of MLQ-C were negatively correlated with total score and each dimension score of SIOSS （r=-0.594~-0.237， P<0.05 or 0.01）. The conflict properties and threat items in CPIC and presence of meaning in MLQ-C had predictive value for suicidal ideation （P<0.05）， which accounted for 59.0% of the total variance altogether. Meaning in life played a partial mediating role between perception of interparental conflict and suicidal ideation（β=0.124， P<0.01）， accounting for 25.11% of the total effect. ConclusionPerception of interparental conflict and meaning in life are predictors of suicidal ideation in patients with borderline personality disorder， and the perception of interparental conflict may indirectly affect suicidal ideation through meaning in life.

Relación entre Problemas de Conducta en Adolescentes y Conflicto Interparental en Familias Intactas y Monoparentales / Relationship between Teen Behavior Problems and Interparental Conflict in Intact and Single-Parent Families / Relação entre Problemas de Comportamento em Adolescentes e Conflito Interparental em Famílias Intactas e Monoparentais

El propósito del estudio fue analizar la influencia del conflicto interparental en la aparición de problemas de conducta en adolescentes de familias intactas y monoparentales. Se utilizó un diseño explicativo que consideró prueba de medias y análisis multivariado de varianza. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 466 adolescentes de 12 a 16 años. Para la medición de las variables se utilizaron las escalas Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict (cpic) y Youth Self Report (YSR). Los resultados confirman la asociación entre conflicto interparental y problemas de conducta en los hijos, y muestran que, cuando hay conflicto en las familias intactas, se produce una mayor frecuencia de conductas externalizantes que en familias monoparentales.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of interparental conflict in the emergence of behavior problems in teenagers of intact and single-parent families. An explicative design using mean difference test and MANOVA was used. The sample was comprised of 466 teens from 12 to 16 years old. The variables were measured using the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict (CPIC) and Youth Self Report (YSR) scales. The results confirmed the association between interparental conflict and behavior problems in their children, and also reveal that, when there is conflict in intact families, a higher frequency of externalizing conduct is produced in these than in single-parent families.

O propósito deste artigo foi analisar a influência do conflito interparental no surgimento de problemas de comportamento em adolescentes de famílias intactas e monoparentais. Utilizou-se um desenho explicativo que considerou prova de médias e análise multivariada de variação. A amostra foi composta por 466 adolescentes de 12 a 16 anos. Para a medição das variáveis, foram utilizadas as escalas Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict (CPIC) e Youth Self Report (YSR). Os resultados confirmam a associação entre conflito interparental e problemas de comportamento nos filhos e mostram que, quando há conflito nas famílias intactas, se produz uma maior frequência de comportamentos externalizantes do que em famílias monoparentais.

Conflitos interparentais e individuação em jovens adultos portugueses: papel dos conflitos de lealdade / Interparental conflicts and individuation in young portuguese adults: the role of loyalty conflicts

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar em que medida os conflitos de lealdade e a triangulação a uma das figuras parentais medeiam a associação entre a percepção de conflitos inter-parentais e o processo de individuação de jovens adultos. Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se testar se dimensões positivas da relação parental moderam a associação antes mencionada. Os participantes foram 538 jovens adultos portugueses entre os 18 e os 30 anos de idade, de ambos os gêneros. Para ambas as figuras parentais, a coligação (mas não a triangulação) medeia o efeito dos conflitos inter-parentais na individuação dos jovens, sendo que a percepção de cuidado recíproco e intimidade na relação parental moderam a relação entre conflitos inter-parentais e individuação dos jovens. Os resultados foram discutidos à luz do paradigma da vinculação e da formação da identidade.

The goal of the present study was to examine whether loyalty conflicts and pressure to side to one of the parents mediate the association between the perception of interparental conflicts and the individuation process in young adults. In addition, we wanted to test whether positive dimensions of the parental relationship moderate the above mentioned associations. Participants were 538 Portuguese man and women with ages between 18 and 30 years. The results indicate that coalition mediates the effect of interparental conflict on the individuation of the young adult, and that the perception of reciprocal care and intimacy in the parental relationship moderates the association between interparental conflicts and individuation. Results were discussed according to the attachment theory and the development of the identity of the young adult.

Los adolescentes y el conflicto interparental destructivo: impacto en la percepción del sistema familiar y diferencias según el tipo de familia, la edad y el sexo de los adolescentes / Adolescents and Destructive Interparental Conflict: Impact on the Perception of the Family System and Differences by Adolescents' Type of Family, Age and Sex

En este trabajo se estudiaron las percepciones del conflicto interparental y sus efectos a largo plazo en las emociones, las conductas y las cogniciones en una muestra de 510 adolescentes españoles. Los instrumentos empleados fueron la Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale [CPIC] (Grych, Seid & Fincham, 1992) y la Security in the Family System Scale [SIFS] (Forman & Davies, 2005). CPIC evalúa la naturaleza del conflicto y los factores contextuales del mismo. SIFS mide la seguridad en el sistema familiar, la preocupación y la implicación de los hijos. Se encontró que cuanto más conflicto destructivo hay entre los padres (más intenso, frecuente y sin resolver) más culpados, amenazados, triangulados, preocupados e inseguros se sienten los hijos, más ineficaces piensan que son sus intentos de resolver los problemas de los padres y menos se implican en las discusiones. Se encontraron diferencias entre familias monoparentales y nucleares que hacen patente el impacto del conflicto posdivorcio de los padres. En estos casos es más estable y los padres son más ineficaces en su resolución, por lo que los hijos se sienten más inseguros. Los datos indican que con la edad aumenta la inseguridad de los hijos y que las jóvenes se implican significativamente menos en los conflictos entre los padres.

We studied the perceptions of interparental conflict and its long term effects on emotions, behaviours and cognitions in a sample of 510 Spanish adolescents. The instruments used were the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale [CPIC] (Grych, Seid & Fincham, 1992) and the Security in the Family System Scale [SIFS] (Forman & Davies, 2005). CPIC evaluates the nature of conflict and its contextual variables. SIFS measures the security in the family system, the preoccupation and the disengagement of children. We have found that the more destructive interparental conflict happens (more intense, frequent and unsolved), more guilty, threatened, triangulized, worried and insecure children feel, more useless their attempts to solve parental problems are and more disengage from interparental disagreements. There are differences between single mother families and nuclear families. These depict that post divorce conflict has a great impact on children. In this case, it is more stable and parents are less efficient in solving it, so children feel more insecure. Our data show that, with age, there is an increase in children's insecurity and that girls disengage more than boys when facing interparental conflict.

Adaptação psicossocial e saúde física em crianças de pais separados / Psychosocial adjustment and physical health in children of divorce

OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre os efeitos da separação parental na desadaptação psicológica e nos problemas de saúde física em crianças filhas de pais separados, contribuindo para a integração do conhecimento científico existente à luz do modelo biopsicossocial do impacto da separação na saúde física das crianças de Troxel e Matthews (2004). FONTES DE DADOS: Revisão da literatura utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE e PsycInfo (1980-2007), selecionando os artigos mais representativos do tema. Foi dada especial atenção aos contributos dos investigadores de referência internacional no tema. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A separação pode ser responsável pela diminuição da saúde física e psicológica das crianças. Não é a separação por si própria a que desencadeia a desadaptação desenvolvimental das crianças, mas sim outros fatores de risco associados à mesma, como, por exemplo, o conflito interparental, a psicopatologia de um dos pais, a redução do nível socioeconômico, um estilo parental inconsistente, uma relação coparental paralela e conflituosa e baixos níveis de suporte social. Estes fatores de risco desencadeiam trajetórias desenvolvimentais caracterizadas por inadequada adaptação, com possível sintomatologia psicopatológica, pior rendimento acadêmico, piores níveis de saúde física, comportamentos de risco, exacerbadas respostas psicofisiológicas ao estresse e enfraquecimento do sistema imunitário. CONCLUSÕES: Existem claras ligações entre a experiência de separação parental e os problemas de saúde física e de desadaptação psicológica das crianças. A separação é um estressor que deve ser considerado pelos profissionais superiores de saúde como potencial desencadeador de respostas neuropsicobiológicas desadaptativas e responsável pelo declínio dos índices de saúde física infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the effects of parental divorce over the psychological maladjustment and physical health problems in children of divorced parents, thus contributing to the integration of existing scientific knowledge based on the biopsychosocial model of the impact of divorce on children's physical health as proposed by Troxel and Matthews (2004). SOURCES: Review of the literature using MEDLINE and PsycInfo (1980-2007) databases, selecting the most representative articles on the subject. Special attention was paid to contributions by internationally renowned investigators on the subject. SUMMARY PF THE FINDINGS: Divorce may be responsible for a decline of physical and psychological health in children. The developmental maladjustment of children is not triggered by divorce itself, but rather by other risk factors associated with it, such as interparental conflict, parental psychopathology, decline in socio-economic level, inconsistency in parenting styles, a parallel and conflicting co-parenting relationship between parents and low levels of social support. Such risk factors trigger maladjusted developmental pathways, marked by psychopathological symptoms, poor academic performance, worst levels of physical health, risk behavior, exacerbated psychophysiological responses to stress and weakening of the immune system. CONCLUSIONS: Clear links were observed between experiencing parental divorce and facing problems of physical and psychological maladjustment in children. Divorce is a stressor that should be considered by health professionals as potentially responsible for maladjusted neuropsychobiological responses and for decline in children's physical health.

Apego, conflito e auto-estima em adolescentes de famílias intactas e divorciadas / Attachment, conflict and self-esteem in adolescents from intact and divorced families

Este estudo teve como objectivo analisar a contribuição da estrutura familiar (intacta e divorciada), do conflito interparental, do apego aos pais e aos pares para a auto-estima do adolescente. A amostra foi constituída por 403 adolescentes, entre os 14 e os 19 anos de idade. A análise univariada da variância mostrou que a estrutura familiar não prediz a auto-estima. Contudo, os estilos de apego aos pais derivados das análises de clusters e baseados no modelo bidimensional de Bartholomew foram associados à auto-estima , com níveis mais elevados para adolescentes de estilo seguro. A variância multivariada com o apego aos pais e aos pares como fatores independentes mostraram que o apego aos pares não desempenha um papel moderador na predição da auto-estima nos adolescentes. A regressão múltipla hierárquica indicou que uma elevada qualidade dos apegos aos pais e pares se mostram relevantes na predição da auto-estima.

This study aimed to analyze the differential contribution to adolescent's self-esteem concerning family structure (intact and divorced families), interparental conflict, and attachment to parents and peers. The sample consisted of 403 adolescents, aged from 14 to 19. Univariate ANOVA showed that family structure does not predict self-esteem, but adolescents from intact families with higher levels of interparental conflict presented lower self-esteem. Parental attachment patterns derived from cluster analysis and based on Bartholomew bi-dimensional model were associated with self-esteem, namely, with higher levels for adolescents with a secure style. An ANOVA showed no moderation role in predicting adolescents' self-esteem, when attachment to parents and peers were considered as independent factors. On the other hand, multiple regression results indicated that high quality bonds to parents and peers are predictors of self-esteem.

Effects of Interparental Discords on 7-year-old Children's Problem Behaviors / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of interparentnl discords on 7-year-old children's problem behav- iors,and discuss the reasons of some associations between them.Methods:Questionaires from parents were seperate- ly used to assess frequency of interparental discords and children's problem behaviors.Results:The total score of inter- parental discord (2.35?0.44) predicted children's anxiety withdrawal,and physical complains (?=0.23,0.22, 0.20,P