Medical and forensic aspects of performing a remote interrogation of persons with disabilities / Aspectos médicos y forenses de la realización de un interrogatorio a distancia a personas con discapacidad / Aspectos médicos e forenses da realização de um interrogatório remoto de pessoas com deficiências

The purpose of the study is to develop new proposals for improving criminal procedural legislation in the field of conducting remote investigative actions with disabled persons, taking into account their physiological and functional characteristics. Research material and methods: This study is based on an analysis of the norms regarding the criminal procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and a number of foreign states that regulate the procedure for conducting remote investigative actions - as well as scientific publications on the research topic in the field of psychology and medicine. An integrated approach involves considering the studied phenomena of communication during an investigative action as a set of interconnected and interdependent elements, i.e., consideration of the issue from the medical, psychological and legal points of view. Situational and systemic types of analysis, complex sociological analysis, diagnostics and forecasting investigative situation were also used. Methods of analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis were employed to clarify the legal essence of the studied phenomenon. Findings: practical recommendations aimed at improving and developing the performance of remote investigative actions involving persons with disabilities (further ­ FWDs) y creating optimal conditions for the transfer of verbal, medical, and psychological information, as well as technical and forensic support for conducting RIAs. The following conclusions were made: in order to improve the current legislation, it is advisable to consider the issue of developing and including a special norm in the legislation, taking into account the characteristics of the communicative competencies of persons with disabilities. This norm regulates the procedure for conducting investigative actions involving the mute, deaf, blind and other persons with disabilities.

El objetivo del estudio es elaborar nuevas propuestas de mejora de la legislación procesal penal en el ámbito de la realización de actuaciones de investigación a distancia con personas con discapacidad, teniendo en cuenta sus características fisiológicas y funcionales. Material y métodos de investigación: Este estudio se basa en un análisis de las normas relativas a la legislación procesal penal de la República de Kazajstán y de una serie de Estados extranjeros que regulan el procedimiento para llevar a cabo acciones de investigación a distancia -, así como publicaciones científicas sobre el tema de investigación en el campo de la psicología y la medicina. Un enfoque integrado implica considerar los fenómenos estudiados de comunicación durante una acción de investigación como un conjunto de elementos interconectados e interdependientes, es decir, considerar la cuestión desde los puntos de vista médico, psicológico y jurídico. También se utilizaron los tipos de análisis situacional y sistémico, el análisis sociológico complejo, el diagnóstico y la previsión de la situación de investigación. Se emplearon métodos de análisis y síntesis, inducción, deducción, métodos de análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo para aclarar la esencia jurídica del fenómeno estudiado. Conclusiones: recomendaciones prácticas destinadas a mejorar y desarrollar la realización de acciones de investigación a distancia en las que participen personas con discapacidad (en adelante - RIA) y crear condiciones óptimas para la transferencia de información verbal, médica y psicológica, así como apoyo técnico y forense para la realización de las RIA. Se llegó a las siguientes conclusiones:con el fin de mejorar la legislación actual, es aconsejable considerar la cuestión de desarrollar e incluir una norma especial en la legislación, teniendo en cuenta las características de las competencias comunicativas de las personas con discapacidad. Esta norma regula el procedimiento para llevar a cabo acciones de investigación en las que estén implicadas personas mudas, sordas, ciegas y otras personas con discapacidad.

O objetivo do estudo é desenvolver novas propostas para aprimorar a legislação processual penal no campo da realização de ações investigativas remotas com pessoas com deficiência, levando em conta suas características fisiológicas e funcionais. Material e métodos de pesquisa: Este estudo baseia-se em uma análise das normas relativas à legislação processual penal da República do Cazaquistão e de vários países estrangeiros que regulamentam o procedimento para a realização de ações investigativas remotas, bem como em publicações científicas sobre o tópico de pesquisa no campo da psicologia e da medicina. Uma abordagem integrada envolve a consideração dos fenômenos estudados de comunicação durante uma ação investigativa como um conjunto de elementos interconectados e interdependentes, ou seja, a consideração da questão dos pontos de vista médico, psicológico e jurídico. Também foram usados tipos de análise situacional e sistêmica, análise sociológica complexa, diagnóstico e previsão da situação investigativa. Métodos de análise e síntese, indução, dedução, métodos de análise qualitativa e quantitativa foram empregados para esclarecer a essência legal do fenômeno estudado. Resultados: recomendações práticas com o objetivo de aprimorar e desenvolver o desempenho de ações investigativas remotas envolvendo pessoas com deficiência (mais adiante - FWDs), criando condições ideais para a transferência de informações verbais, médicas e psicológicas, bem como suporte técnico e forense para a realização de RIAs. Foram feitas as seguintes conclusões: para aprimorar a legislação atual, é aconselhável considerar a questão do desenvolvimento e da inclusão de uma norma especial na legislação, levando em conta as características das competências comunicativas das pessoas com deficiência. Essa norma regulamenta o procedimento para conduzir ações investigativas envolvendo pessoas mudas, surdas, cegas e outras pessoas com deficiência.

Registro de datos sobre riesgo quirúrgico en historias clínicas de Estomatología General Integral / Recording surgical risk data in comprehensive dental care medical records

Introducción: La atención estomatológica integral al paciente de riesgo quirúrgico resulta un reto en la actualidad. El profesional de la estomatología necesita herramientas que permita profundizar en los riesgos quirúrgicos, entre esas herramientas puede contarse la correcta confección de historia clínica. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de la confección de historia clínica en los pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico en la Clínica Estomatológica "Salvador Allende". Métodos: Se revisaron 108 historias clínicas de todos los pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico ingresados en la consulta de estomatología general integral en el archivo de la Clínica "Salvador Allende" del municipio Cerro, La Habana, correspondientes a un periodo de tres meses. Resultados: Un 41,6 por ciento de pacientes presentó hipertensión arterial, seguidos de pacientes con dos o más enfermedades (37,0 por ciento). El 56,4 por ciento de las historias clínicas abordó sobre el uso de medicamentos para la enfermedad de base, los restantes acápites tuvieron bajos porcentajes en relación con el completamiento de la información. El 79,6 por ciento de los pacientes de riesgo recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: La enfermedad de riesgo más frecuente es la hipertensión arterial seguida por los pacientes con dos o más enfermedades. No se recogen los datos necesarios en la atención del paciente de riesgo quirúrgico y las propuestas plasmadas permitirán realizar cualquier ejercicio de la profesión de manera más eficaz y con menor riesgo(AU)

Introduction: Comprehensive dental care of surgical risk patients is a current challenge. Dental care professionals should have access to tools allowing them to expand their knowledge about possible surgical risks. Appropriately developed medical records are an example of such tools. Objective: To describe the process of development of medical records of surgical risk patients at Salvador Allende dental clinic. Methods: A total 108 medical records were reviewed, corresponding to all the surgical risk patients admitted to the general comprehensive dental care service of Salvador Allende dental clinic in the municipality of Cerro, Havana, in a three months' period. Results: Of the patients studied, 41.6 percent had arterial hypertension, followed by patients with two or more conditions (37.0 percent). It was found that 56.4 percent of the medical records contained information about the use of drugs for the underlying condition. The remaining items exhibited low percentages of data completion. 79.6 percent of the risk patients received surgical treatment. Conclusions: The most common risk condition is arterial hypertension, followed by patients with two or more diseases. The data required for the care of surgical risk patients are not recorded. The proposals put forth will make it possible to perform any professional practice in a more effective manner and with a lower level of risk(AU)

Interrogatorios y contrainterrogatorios en niños(as) testigos víctimas de delitos sexuales

El testimonio infantil en delitos sexuales ha sido un tema investigado. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo, analizar las preguntas del interrogatorio y contrainterrogatorio, realizadas a niños(as) cuando rinden testimonio presumiéndose víctimas de delitos sexuales, bajo un estudio cualitativo con un diseño narrativo. Las unidades de análisis fueron las preguntas que hicieron la Fiscalía, Defensa, ministerio público y el juez en interrogatorio y contrainterrogatorio a niños(as) como víctimas en audiencias de juicio oral. Se contabilizaron 1126 preguntas, clasificadas en dos categorías orientadoras: tipos de preguntas y elementos de apoyo. Respecto a la primera, se generaron los siguientes códigos: preguntas frecuentes y necesarias, de hechos específicos, prohibidas e inadecuadas, aclaratorias del juez, preguntas de opinión del niño(a) y objetadas; la segunda categoría se codificó en los medios electrónicos, los juegos, dibujos anatómicos, láminas y videos. Los datos se analizaron con el software ATLAS.ti 7.5.4. La investigación demuestra que los actores judiciales deben considerar la forma en que hacen las preguntas para cumplir con los mínimos estándares legales, además de preservar el bienestar integral de los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA), por lo que se sugiere fomentar la formación en quienes interrogan.

The testimony of children in sexual crimes has been a subject investigated, but its study is not frequent when children are called as witnesses. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the interrogation and cross-examination questions made to children when they testify presuming victims of sexual crimes. It is a qualitative study, under a Narrative Design. The questions were obtained from eight videos of children giving testimony in oral hearing. The units of analysis were the questions asked by the Office of the Prosecutor, Defense, Public Pros ecutor and the Judge in the practice of the cross-examination and cross-examination. There were 1126 questions, classified into two guiding categories: types of questions and support elements. The data was analyzed with Atlas Ti software. Regarding the types of questions, the following codes were generated: Frequent and necessary questions, questions of specific facts, forbidden and inadequate questions, clarifying questions of the Judge, questions of opinion of the child and questions objected. And regarding the support elements, electronic media, games, anatomical drawings, pictures and videos. The investigation shows that judicial actors must not only consider the way in which they ask questions, in order to comply with the minimum legal standards, but that the children be considered as a psychological subject, whose integral welfare should be preserved, so it is suggested to encourage training in those who question.

Experiences of magnetic resonance imaging scanning in patients with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Despite the U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration approving a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-conditional pacemaker system in 2011, many physicians remain reluctant to perform MRI scanning in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the real-world safety of MRI in these patients. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study examined the interrogation data and outcomes of patients with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators who underwent MRI. MRI interrogation data were collected pre- and post-MRI and after 1 month of follow-up; these included the lead impedance, measured P- and R-wave amplitudes, and capture threshold. We compared these results between the magnetic resonance (MR)-conditional and conventional groups. RESULTS: From September 2013 to December 2015, 35 patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices underwent 43 MRI scans, with a mean follow-up of 5 months. Among these 35 patients, 14 (40%) had MR-conditional devices and 21 (60%) had conventional devices. Seven patients had high voltage devices, which were all the conventional type. There were no adverse events associated with MRI during the follow-up period, and there were no significant differences in the interrogation data changes between the conventional and MR-conditional groups. CONCLUSIONS: This single-center retrospective study found that MRI can be performed safely in patients with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators, regardless of the MRI support, as long as appropriate precautions are taken.

Study and Application of Ontology Knowledge Base of Maternal Intelligent Interrogation / 医学信息学杂志

The paper introduces domestic and overseas current situation of ontology knowledge base,expounds on the buiding method,instrument and specific realization of ontology knowledge base of maternal intelligent interrogation,poins out that the knowledge base is able to provide pregnant women and puerperants with customized diagnosis and treatment service and thus further promotes the application of "Internet + Medical" in the field of maternal and child healthcare.

Screenplay dialogue model application analysis in the second classroom inquiry / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the screenplay dialogue pattern in the interrogation of the second classroom training effect, so as to improve the quality of the inquiring teaching.Methods 69 five-year students of clinical medicine specialty of Grade 2014 in our university were randomly divided into the control group (34 persons) and the experimental group (35 persons), The students in the control group, during the second class-room training, received the consent of the patient, and informed the patient,to answer the illness according to the truthdo not disclose the diagnosis and treatment after hospitalization and other matters needing attention. Besides, we also arranged for students to conduct repeated bedside inquiry training. While the experimental group carried out the script dialogue model training on the campus. The teacher provided a script for interroga-tion. Students answered in accordance with the principle ofdon't ask don't answer, don't say anything other than the question, don't miss the question, don't answer the question wrongly. SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis, and the comparison of measurement data between groups was performed by t test.Results There was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the inquiry and assessment. The results showed that the training effect of the two groups was basically the same. Through the analysis of various aspects of inquiry, the chief complaint and communication ability of students in the experimental group were better than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant, which showed that the script dialogue model promoted students' ability of inducing complaints and their language ability when they did medical history collection.ConclusionTaking screenplay dialogue mode in the second classroom practice is good, which improves the students' enthusiasm, trains their clinical thinking and improves the teaching quality.

Safety and efficiency of emergency department interrogation of cardiac devices

OBJECTIVE: Patients with implanted cardiac devices may wait extended periods for interrogation in emergency departments (EDs). Our purpose was to determine if device interrogation could be done safely and faster by ED staff. METHODS: Prospective randomized, standard therapy controlled, trial of ED staff device interrogation vs. standard process (SP), with 30-day follow-up. Eligibility criteria: ED presentation with a self-report of a potential device related complaint, with signed informed consent. SP interrogation was by company representative or hospital employee. RESULTS: Of 60 patients, 42 (70%) were male, all were white, with a median (interquartile range) age of 71 (64 to 82) years. No patient was lost to follow up. Of all patients, 32 (53%) were enrolled during business hours. The overall median (interquartile range) ED vs. SP time to interrogation was 98.5 (40 to 260) vs. 166.5 (64 to 412) minutes (P=0.013). While ED and SP interrogation times were similar during business hours, 102 (59 to 138) vs. 105 (64 to 172) minutes (P=0.62), ED interrogation times were shorter vs. SP during non-business hours; 97 (60 to 126) vs. 225 (144 to 412) minutes, P=0.002, respectively. There was no difference in ED length of stay between the ED and SP interrogation, 249 (153 to 390) vs. 246 (143 to 333) minutes (P=0.71), regardless of time of presentation. No patient in any cohort suffered an unplanned medical contact or post-discharge adverse device related event. CONCLUSION: ED staff cardiac device interrogations are faster, and with similar 30-day outcomes, as compared to SP.

Los psicólogos y el uso de tortura en interrogatorios / Psychologists and the use of torture in interrogations

En este artículo se argumenta que los psicólogos no deben participar en los interrogatorios que hacen uso de la tortura u otras formas de trato cruel, inhumano o degradante. La utilización de métodos de tortura es evaluada primero la luz de los códigos de ética profesional y de la ley internacional. A continuación, se hace una revisión de la investigación sobre los interrogatorios y confesiones falsas y se cuestiona su relevancia para los interrogatorios a base de tortura. Por último, se resume la investigación sobre las consecuencias negativas de la tortura para la salud mental en sobrevivientes y perpetradores. Basados en todo ello, llegamos a la conclusión de que la labor de los psicólogos en la planificación, el diseño, la asistencia o participación de interrogatorios que hacen uso de tortura u otros tratos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes es una violación de los principios éticos fundamentales y una violación del derecho internacional y nacional, a la vez que un modo ineficaz de extraer información fiable. La tortura produce traumatismos severos y de larga duración, así como otras consecuencias negativas para los individuos y para las sociedades que la apoyan. El artículo concluye con una serie de recomendaciones acerca de cómo la APA y otras organizaciones profesionales deben responder a la participación de psicólogos en los interrogatorios que hacen uso de la tortura u otras formas de trato cruel, inhumano o degradante...

This article argues that psychologists should not be involved in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment. The use of torture is first evaluated in light of professional ethics codes and international law. Next, research on interrogations and false confessions is reviewed and its relevance for torture-based interrogations is explored. Finally, research on the negative mental health consequences of torture for survivors and perpetrators is summarized. Based on our review, we conclude that psychologists' involvement in designing, assisting with, or participating in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment is a violation of fundamental ethical principles, a violation of international and domestic law, and an ineffective means of extracting reliable information. Torture produces severe and lasting trauma as well as other negative consequences for individuals and for the societies that support it. The article concludes with several recommendations about how APA and other professional organizations should respond to the involvement of psychologists in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment.

El largo camino de la American Psychological Association hacia la redención / The long road of the American Psychological Association to redemption

En su convención anual de Agosto 2015, la American Psychological Association finalmente comenzó a enfrentar su vergonzosa historia de colusión con la inteligencia y el ejército de los Estados Unidos en el marco de la "guerra contra el terrorismo". De particular interés es la importante, recientemente adoptada política que ahora prohíbe a los psicólogos participar en interrogatorios de seguridad nacional. Pero el daño causado por el fracaso de la APA en defender el principio ético de no dañar es muy amplio, y una reparación significativa requerirá un compromiso integral y permanente con la transparencia, la rendición de cuentas y la reforma. Este breve ensayo ofrece una revisión y evaluación crítica del momento actual, el inquietante pasado y el futuro incierto. Se identifican y discuten algunos retos y obstáculos específicos que enfrenta la APA en su búsqueda de la redención...

At its recent annual convention, the American Psychological Association finally began to confront its shameful history of "war on terror" collusion with the U.S. military and intelligence establishment. Of particular note, an important, newly adopted policy now prohibits psychologists from participating in national security interrogations. But the damage caused by the APA's failure to defend the profession's do-no-harm ethics is extensive, and meaningful repair will require a comprehensive and ongoing commitment to transparency, accountability, and reform. This brief essay offers a review and critical assessment of the current moment, the disturbing past, and the uncertain future. Specific challenges and obstacles the APA faces in pursuing redemption are identified and discussed.

Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disorder in arrhythmic patients and adjunctive effects of proton pump inhibitors on comorbid atrial fibrillation.

Background: Although the coexistence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) has been reported, the prevalence of GERD in arrhythmic patients remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between GERD and several kinds of arrhythmia, and the therapeutic effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) on AF. Methods: In Study 1, patients with various kinds of arrhythmia (n=147) including AF (n=98) were administered a GERD-specific questionnaire (F-scale). In Study 2, patients with AF and GERD (n=27) responded to an AF-specific questionnaire (AFQLQ) before and after the additive PPI therapy to explore the effects of PPI on comorbid AF. In Study 3, device memory was assessed as it is related to PPI administration in pacemaker patients with GERD and AF (n=5) to study the effects of PPI on device-documented AF. Results: Left atrial (LA) size and F-scale scores in AF patients were the largest among the arrhythmic patients in Study 1. Logistic regression analysis showed no independent determinants of GERD. F-scale scores and AFQLQ scores showed temporal and partial correlations and significant improvement after starting PPI in Study 2. However, device interrogation confirmed limited AF improvement by starting PPI in Study 3. Conclusions: GERD is prevalent in AF patients. LA size is not an independent determinant of GERD. Symptoms of AF were improved, whereas device-documented paroxysms of AF were not ameliorated by PPI administration. A large-scale prospective study is required to conclude the efficacy of PPI on the comorbid AF.

Functions of domestic interrogation mobile medical APP / 中华医学图书情报杂志

After the commonly used domestic interrogation mobile medical APP were classified, the functions of different APP were analyzed according to the experiences of their users, and their development was prospected.

Knockout confirmation for Hurries: rapid genotype identification of Trypanosoma cruzi transfectants by polymerase chain reaction directly from liquid culture

Gene knockout is a widely used approach to evaluate loss-of-function phenotypes and it can be facilitated by the incorporation of a DNA cassette having a drug-selectable marker. Confirmation of the correct knockout cassette insertion is an important step in gene removal validation and has generally been performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays following a time-consuming DNA extraction step. Here, we show a rapid procedure for the identification of Trypanosoma cruzi transfectants by PCR directly from liquid culture - without prior DNA extraction. This simple approach enabled us to generate PCR amplifications from different cultures varying from 106-108 cells/mL. We also show that it is possible to combine different primer pairs in a multiplex detection reaction and even to achieve knockout confirmation with an extremely simple interpretation of a real-time PCR result. Using the “culture PCR” approach, we show for the first time that we can assess different DNA sequence combinations by PCR directly from liquid culture, saving time in several tasks for T. cruzi genotype interrogation.

Errores más frecuentes al interrogar y su asociación con la certeza diagnóstica / Most common errors and their association to examine the diagnostic accuracy

Introducción: la entrevista es un encuentro del facultativo con el enfermo donde se desarrolla la mayor parte del ejercicio asistencial en el ámbito de la salud, tiene diferentes etapas en las cuales se pueden cometer errores. Objetivo: determinar si existe asociación entre los errores al interrogar y la certeza del diagnóstico nosológico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo mediante la observación de 75 interrogatorios por 36 médicos de la especialidad de Medicina Interna del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" en el periodo de enero-julio del 2006. Se utilizó una guía de observación. Los datos se expresaron en valores absolutos y relativos y se organizaron en tres grupos, según fueran los diagnósticos: correctos, incorrectos y solo el diagnóstico nosológico correcto. La asociación se calculó mediante la prueba de Ji cuadrado con significación estadística para p<0,05. Resultados: los errores más frecuentes se relacionaron con el completamiento de la información, presente en el 44-68 % de las entrevistas, pero sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de certeza. Conclusiones: no existe asociación entre los errores de completamiento de información y la certeza del diagnóstico nosológico.

Introduction: the interview is an encounter of the physician with the patient where it develops most of the care exercise in the health field; it has different stages in which mistakes can be made. Objective: to determine the association between errors in questioning and nosological diagnostic certainty. Methods: a descriptive study was made by observation of 75 interviews conducted by 36 doctors, specialists in internal medicine at the military hospital, from January to July 2006. We used an observation guide. Data are expressed in absolute and relative values and they were organized into three groups, according to the diagnoses which turned to be correct, incorrect, and the single correct nosological diagnosis. The association was calculated using the Chi-square test with p <0.05 statistical significance. Results: we detected 12 types of errors. The most common were related to the completion of the information in 44-68% of the interviews, but no statistically significant differences between groups of certainty were observed. Conclusion: there is no association between completeness of information errors and nosological diagnostic certainty.

El metodo clinioo y su valor para el diagnostico / The Clinical Method and its importance for the diagnosis

El método clínico cuyos principios se desarrollan a partir del método científico no es más que la aplicación de este método a la atención individual de enfermos. La importancia que para el diagnóstico tienen las habilidades clínicas, a saber, el interrogatorio y el examen físico se ha demostrado a través de los años por muchos y renombrados autores. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo entre los meses de enero a septiembre de 2004, mediante el cual se determinó el valor conferido por los especialistas en Medicina General Integral, a la anamnesis, el examen físico y los complementarios en el diagnóstico. Se exploraron estos criterios en diez enfermedades o síndromes y en la práctica médica en general. Paralelamente, se establecieron las preferencias de los enfermos a la hora de ser atendidos en relación con los citados elementos del método clínico. Se utilizó una escala cualitativa ordinal como instrumento de evaluación. De un total de 492 especialistas evaluados, los de menos de seis años le confirieron más de 55% de valor al interrogatorio en su práctica habitual, cifra que ascendió a 85% cuando se le añadió el examen físico. Menos de 20 % de todos los médicos encuestados consideraron los exámenes complementarios como el elemento más importante para el diagnóstico. En todas las enfermedades o síndromes explorados se consideró que alrededor de 60% de los diagnósticos se realiza por la anamnesis y el examen físico llegando a 70% o más en 8 de ellas. En cuanto a los pacientes, 80% de los entrevistados le confirió mayor valor al interrogatorio y el examen físico.

The Clinical Method, which principles are based on the Scientific Method is the application of this method to the individualized attention of patients. The importance of clinical abilities for the diagnosis such as clinical background and physical exam has been quoted by numerous authors through time. A descriptive study was designed from January to September 2004 to determine the conferred validity of Family Medicine Specialists to the clinical background, the physical exam and the diagnosis tests. These criterions were explored in ten diseases or syndromes in the current clinical practice. At the same time, patient's preferences were established when being attended by these means. An ordinal qualitative scale was utilized as an instrument of evaluation. Out of 492 graduated specialists of less than six years gave a 55 % of value to interrogation in their current practice, this number increased to an 85% when added the physical exam. Less than 20% of all the questioned doctors consider the diagnostic tests as fundamental to diagnosis. Of all the diseases and syndromes that were explored, a 60% of their diagnosis is made by interrogation and physical exam, being of a 70 % in 8 of them. Concerning the patients, an 80% of them conferred more importance to interrogation and physical exam.

Application of four diagnostic methods in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases / 中华中医药杂志

Based on the study of four diagnostic methods in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases,this dissertation analysed the cause of differentiation of syndrome unavailable,and indicated that:differentiation of syndrome unavailable resulted from multi-reasons.The patients who had symptoms and signs but all the modern physics and chemistry index were normal,the data get from traditional four diagnostic methods were useful to discriminate and estimate diseases.Modern physics and chemistry index can help in improving exactitude,but we cannot ignore traditional diagnostic methods.