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In recent years, with the vigorous marketing of e-cigarette manufacturers, e-cigarettes have become a popular tobacco product for adolescents. The problem of e-cigarette environmental exposure among adolescents is also getting worse and its associated adverse impacts cannot be ignored. However, domestic research on the environmental exposure to e-cigarettes among youth is insufficient, and experience on e-cigarette regulation is also limited. This review first briefly introduced the definition and sources of e-cigarette environment exposure, then focused on the differences of e-cigarette environmental exposure among adolescents with different characteristics to identify possible influencing factors, as well as the impacts of e-cigarette environmental exposure on adolescents, and finally summarized international countermeasures to prevent e-cigarette environmental exposure in adolescents, aiming to provide directional guidance for China to conduct e-cigarette control activities among adolescents.
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The diseases recommended to be treated by acupuncture and the recommendation in the National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) were summarized, and the diseases recommended were analyzed. The guidelines which mentioned acupuncture in NICE and NGC were searched and classified according to the types of diseases and intensity of recommendations. As a result, 45 guidelines in NGC were included, involving 59 recommendations; 29 guidelines in the NICE, involving 29 recommendations. The diseases recommended by NICE and NGC were mainly pain-related diseases, and the diseases recommended by NGC were wider. However, both needed to further describe the specific operation methods of acupuncture.
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Acupuncture TherapyABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of comprehensive intervention measures on submission of microbiological specimens before therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents.Methods August 2014 to August 2015 was as preintervention group,comprehensive intervention measures were started to carry out from September 2015,Septem ber 2015 to September 2016 was as post-intervention group.Microbiology specimen submission rates before therapeutic antimicrobial use,positive rate of blood culture,and rate of antimicrobial use in all departments and key departments were compared between pre-intervention group and post-intervention group.Results The submission rates of microbiological specimens before general,restricted,and special therapeutic antimicrobial use increased from 42.21％,45.19％,and 74.71％ of pre-intervention respectively to 53.54％,55.68％,and 89.70％ of postintervrntion respectively,showing significant difference (all P＜0.01);after intervention,except gastrointestinal surgery and trauma department of orthopedics,the other departments all met the requirements of the microbiological specimen submission rates set by the hospital;but submission rates of microbiological specimens from department of gastrointestinal surgery and trauma department of orthopedics increased from 5.46％ and 11.67％ before intervention to 11.66％ and 29.45％ respectively after intervention,difference was statistically significant (both P＜0.001).The missing report rate of healthcare-associated infection(HAI) dropped from 13.56％ before intervention to 10.98％ (P＜ 0.05),and the use rate of antimicrobial agents decreased from 57.36％ to 54.47％ (P＜0.001).Conclusion Comprehensive intervention measures can effectively improve the submission rates of microbiological specimens before therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents,reduce missing report rates of HAI and utilization rate of antimicrobial agents,and achieve certain clinical effectiveness.
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Objective To understand the differences of brucellosis knowledge and prevention behavior before and after health education,and provide information for targeted health education of brucellosis.Methods Using a method of random cluster sampling,we did health education and behavioral intervention among professional people from January to June in 2016.Anonymous questionnaire was issued among professional people.Consulting knowledge about prevention and control of brucellosis questionnaire in Zhejiang Province to write our questionnaire,and questionnaire survey was conducted before and after the intervention.Results After the health education,the health knowledge rate,reasonable attitude rate and behavior related to brucellosis were all improved from 46.80％ (2 457/5 250),46.13％ (1 453/3 150),45.41％ (1 669/3 675) to 81.93％ (4 277/5 220),80.40％ (2 51813 132) and 67.43％ (2 464/3 654).The differences were statistically significandy before and after the intervention (x2 =902.17,132.11,198.78,P ＜ 0.01).The most popular ways to get knowledge among professional people were TV programme,lecture and handbook.Conclusion Health education is a effective measure in preventing brucellosis among professional people.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of full-time infection control nurses' supervision on the compliance to implementation of comprehensive intervention measures and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).Methods Full-time infection control nurses in the general intensive care unit(ICU) of a hospital were assigned,compliance to comprehensive intervention measures among all patients who were admitted to ICU was monitored.September 2012-April 2014 was pre-intervention stage,May 2014-December 2015 was post-intervention stage.Utilization of ventilator and occurrence of VAP before and after implementing intervention measures were analyzed statistically.Results A total of 1 373 patients were monitored before intervention,1 477 were monitored after intervention.Utilization rates of ventilator before and after intervention were 31.89％ and 40.95％ respectively.Incidence of VAP before and after intervention were 31.97‰ and 17.82‰ respectively,incidence of MDRO infection were 11.99‰ and 6.41‰ respectively.Microbial monitoring results of environmental object surface after intervention were all qualified (all≤5 CFU/cm2).Fluorescence labeling clearance rate and hand hygiene compliance rate increased gradually in each quarter,reached more than 80％ in the latter period;compliance to semireclining position was all 100％ from the fourth quarter of 2014 to the fourth quarter of 2015.Conclusion Through implementation of comprehensive intervention measures by full time infection control nurses,incidence of VAP can be decreased significantly,quality of medical treatment is improved,and safety of patients is ensured.
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Objective To understand the effect of improving compliance rate to multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO)prevention and control measures on reducing MDRO transmission in the intensive care unit (ICU ). Methods All patients in 5 ICUs of a hospital in March-June 2014 were chosen,March 1-April 30,2014 was base-line survey stage,May 1-June 30,2014 was intervention stage (comprehensive intervention measures were taken), the implementation of patients contact isolation measures,as well as awareness of MDRO-related knowledge among health care workers(HCWs)in 5 ICUs before and after intervention were compared respectively. Results HCWs' awareness rates of MDRO transmission modes,contact isolation measures,and informing of department transfer after intervention were all higher than before intervention(100.00% vs 67.22% ,98.89% vs 61.11% ,93.33% vs 45 .56% ,respectively);except single-room isolation,compliance rates to other prevention and control measures (including doctor's advice on isolation,bedside isolation,wearing isolation gowns,adding isolation logo)were all higher than before intervention(>70% vs <50% ,all P<0.01). Detection rate of MDROs after intervention was lower than before intervention (7.16% [90/1257]vs 9.65% [117/1212],χ2= 5.00,P= 0.03). Conclusion Com-prehensive intervention measures can improve HCWs'compliance to prevention and control measures on MDROs, and reduce the transmission of MDROs.
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Objective To investigate the incidence of surgical site infection(SSI)and compliance to bundle inter-vention measures on SSI following total abdominal hysterectomy in patients in department of gynaecology of a tertia-ry first-lass hospital,and evaluate the efficacy of bundle intervention measures in prevention and control of SSI. Methods From March 2014 to October 2015,all gynecology patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were as targeted monitored subjects,March-September 2014 was baseline investigation stage,October 2014 to Oc-tober 2015 was intervention stage(new bundle intervention measures were performed),compliance to bundle inter-vention measures and incidence of SSI before and after intervention were compared.Results A total of 222 episodes of total abdominal hysterectomy were monitored,the incidence of SSI was 5 .86% ,the operation P75 time were 2 hours. Compared with the baseline stage,the compliance to most traditional intervention measures improved after intervention,the largest increase in the compliance to interventions was follow-up after surgery (increased by 64.16% ),followed by preoperative perineal disinfection(increased by 39.07% )and hand hygiene(increased by 21 .34% ). Compliance to new intervention measures was 100.00% . Incidence of SSI following total abdominal hys-terectomy after intervention was significantly lower than before intervention(2.27% [3/132]vs 11.11% [10/90]), difference was significant (χ2= 7.583,P<0.05).Conclusion Targeted monitoring on SSI following total abdomi-nal hysterectomy can improve compliance to bundle intervention measures and decrease incidence of SSI.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for solving the shortage of national essential medicines in Changchun. METH-ODS:According to preliminary work,a questionnaire was conducted to investigate and statistically analyze the shortage situation of essential medicines in 22 higher than secondary and 50 basic medical and health institutions in Changchun;ABC analysis was used to analyze the national essential medicines in shortage;the bid results and shortage causes of the primary and secondary nation-al essential medicines in shortage were inquired. RESULTS:Totally 72 questionnaire were send out,and 72 were recycled with ef-fective recovery of 100%. The investigation results showed there were 19 shortage breeds(22 dosage forms),which lost the bid-ding,and 99 breeds(111 dosage forms)of national essential medicines in shortage,which won the bidding,including 85 kinds of chemical medicines and biological products,14 kinds of Chinese patent medicine in Changchun. Cardiovascular system drugs shows the largest number in the bid chemical medicines and biological products,and the Chinese patent medicine were mainly Fu-zheng agent and Quyu agent(internal medicine). Results of ABC analysis showed,among the 111 bid shortage dosage forms,17 were primary and 23 were secondary. The main causes for them were price raising in raw materials,lack of production,no produc-ing in manufacturers and purchase price higher than winning bids. CONCLUSIONS:Low accessibility of raw material drugs,low enthusiasm to production,lower drug price than a reasonable level,and small clinical requirements can lead to the shortage of na-tional essential medicines. It is suggested to intensify in supervising the raw materials’marketing,raising the enthusiasm of manu-facturers,perfecting the system of drug bidding,developing fixed-point production and building drug reserve system to guarantee the production and supply of national essential medicines,and satisfy clinical demands.
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Objective To explore the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI)and compliance to bundled interven-tion measures,and evaluate the effect of bundled interventions on controlling SSI.Methods From October 2013 to September 2014,three types of surgeries (colorectal surgery,abdominal hysterectomy,and femoral neck repair sur-gery)in 29 hospitals in China were monitored,October 2013 to March 2014 was baseline investigated stage,April 2014 to September 2014 was intervention stage.Results A total of 6 166 episodes of surgeries were monitored,the incidence of SSI was 1 .64%,incidence of SSI following colorectal surgery,abdominal hysterectomy,and femoral neck repair surgery were 4.47%,1 .03%,and 0.21 % respectively.The P 75 time of three types of surgeries were 3,2,and 2 hours respectively.Compared with the baseline stage,the compliance to most intervention measures im-proved after intervention,the largest increase in the compliance to interventions was disinfection with chlorhexidine-containing disinfectant at surgical sites of colorectal surgery (increased by 29.09%),followed by preoperative shower of femoral neck repair surgery (increased by 26.24%),preoperative shower of colorectal surgery(increased by 22.95%),and skin preparation on the day of operation (increased by 20.75%).Incidences of SSI in three types of surgeries were not significantly different before and after intervention(all P >0.05).Conclusion The incidences of SSI are different among different types of surgeries,the compliance to most bundled intervention measures has im-proved to some extent after intervention,but effectiveness of intervention measures needs to be further observed.
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Objective To realize current status of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)in a neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)of a hospital,and evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention measures.Methods HAI in NICU was monitored,targeted intervention measures were implemented,incidence of HAI before and after inter-vention was compared.Results The implementation rates of intervention measures at intervention stage was higher than that of pre-intervention stage,the difference was significant(all P <0.001 ).Incidence of HAI at intervention stage was lower than that of pre-intervention stage(5.64%[46/816]vs 13.45% [46/342],χ2 =20.12,P <0.001). The main infection site was lower respiratory tract (38.04% [35/92]).Incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and catheter-related bloodstream infection after intervention were both lower than pre-intervention stage (0.38‰ vs 3.30‰,0.12‰ vs 1 .18‰,respectively).The main isolated pathogens before and after intervention were both gram-positive bacteria,accounting for 58.09% and 51 .16% respectively.Conclusion Routine HAI monitoring can reflect the weak links in infection control practice,HAI can be controlled effectively by carrying out intervention measures.
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Objective The stress reaction in double-balloon enteroscopy was investigated,the influencing factors and intervention countermeasures were studied.Methods Cardiovascular effects and physiological reactions of 60 double-balloon enteroscopy patients were surveyed.The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the cardiovascular effects to underwent single factor analysis of related factors.Results The incidence of physiological reactions was 68.3%,the incidence of cardiovascular reactions was 56.7%.Evident difference existed in blood pressure,heart rate and blood oxygen saturation rate before,during and after examination.The grouping analysis showed cardiovascular effects were influenced by many kinds of factors.Conclusions Different degrees of the stress reactions in double-balloon enteroscopy might appear.The influencing factors included the enteroscopy mode and time,gender,age,mood,and physician operation experience.The stress reactions might be reduced by taking the corresponding intervention measures according to the influencing factors.
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0.05).The usage rate of antimicrobial agents in inpatients and outpatients was 74.65% and 45.52% respectively,with a significant difference(P