Antibiotics in the times of COVID 19’- A Mixed-Methods study among patients attending OPD of an Urban Health Centre of West Bengal

Introduction: Antibiotic Resistance has become a global threat attributable to the overuse and misuse of Antibiotics and exacerbated by the ongoing COVID19 pandemic. Objective: Present Mixed Methods study, envisages finding out the knowledge and practice regarding Antibiotic usage and exploring changes if any brought about due to the pandemic among patients attending OPD of an Urban Health Centre in Kolkata. Method: Study was conducted from May to July 2021, in the urban field practice area of the institute. The quantitative component was evaluated by interviewing 200 patients using a pretested questionnaire and the Qualitative component was evaluated up to the point of data saturation in 3 FGDs. SPSS was used to analyze the Quantitative component, while the Qualitative component was analyzed thematically. Results: Among the 200 participants, self-medication with Antibiotics was seen in 74.0%; 26.0% had satisfactory Knowledge regarding Antibiotics and their use, whereas only 19.5% had satisfactory Practice regarding the same. Education and Health Literacy Score were significant predictors associated with unsatisfactory Knowledge and Practice regarding Antibiotic usage patterns. Economic constraints, Lack of transportation during the lockdown, and fear of institutional quarantine were some of the major factors which further contributed to Antibiotic misuse during the COVID19 pandemic. Conclusion: Advocacy for increasing health literacy, overall literacy status, and awareness regarding the perils of Antibiotic Resistance using appropriate IEC by health providers would be beneficial in the long run to prevent Antibiotic resistance. With that said, strict government regulations along with curbing the fallacies in the health system would further aid in making people use Antibiotics wisely.

Research progress of intervention effect of physical activity on blood pressure control in survivors of acute type A aortic dissection / 中国实用护理杂志

Blood pressure is A key factor for the prognosis of survivors of aortic dissection. Exercise plays an irreplaceable role in improving blood pressure of Stanford type A aortic dissection survivors. However, Stanford type A aortic dissection survivors generally have the problem of reduced physical activity, which is often ignored by many medical workers and patients. This paper focused on the mechanism, benefits, sports content and intervention strategies of exercise therapy in improving blood pressure in survivors of acute Stanford Type A aortic dissection, in order to improve the attention of medical workers to exercise in survivors of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection survivors to develop exercise program to provide some guidance.

Mechanism and intervention strategies of alexithymia / 四川精神卫生

The purpose of this article is to review the mechanism and intervention strategies of alexithymia， in order to provide a new direction for clinical treatment and research of alexithymia. Alexithymia is not only related to a variety of psychosomatic diseases， but also exists in mental diseases such as depression， anxiety and eating disorders， which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. This article reviews alexithymia and its mechanism in different diseases from cognition， neurological and social-psychological factors， and summarizes the intervention strategies， aiming to provide references for the clinical treatment of alexithymia.

Discalculia del desarrollo (DD) / Dyscalculia of development (DD)

Es relativamente reciente el interés por parte del ámbito científico con respecto al estudio de la cognición numérica. En la actualidad, los hallazgos provenientes de la neurociencia cognitiva y la psicología cognitiva se consideran aportes muy significativos para comprender el desarrollo de la competencia numérica y sus dificultades y a partir de esta evidencia científica, reducir la incertidumbre teórica en el diseño de estrategias de intervención psicopedagógicas y pedagógicas.

The interest of the scientific field with respect to the study of the numerical cognition is relatively recent. Currently, evidence from cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology are considered very significant contributions to understand the development of numerical competence and its difficulties and, based on this scientific evidence, to reduce the theoretical uncertainty in the design of psychopedagogical and pedagogical strategies.

Strategies for Worksite Health Interventions to Employees with Elevated Risk of Chronic Diseases

Chronic disease rates have become more prevalent in the modern American workforce, which has negative implications for workplace productivity and healthcare costs. Offering workplace health interventions is recognized as an effective strategy to reduce chronic disease progression, absenteeism, and healthcare costs as well as improve population health. This review documents intervention and evaluation strategies used for health promotion programs delivered in workplaces. Using predetermined search terms in five online databases, we identified 1,131 published items from 1995 to 2014. Of these items, 27 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria; reporting data from completed United States-based workplace interventions that recruited at-risk employees based on their disease or disease-related risk factors. A content rubric was developed and used to catalogue these 27 published field studies. Selected workplace interventions targeted obesity (n=13), cardiovascular diseases (n=8), and diabetes (n=6). Intervention strategies included instructional education/counseling (n=20), workplace environmental change (n=6), physical activity (n=10), use of technology (n=10), and incentives (n=13). Self-reported data (n=21), anthropometric measurements (n=17), and laboratory tests (n=14) were used most often in studies with outcome evaluation. This is the first literature review to focus on interventions for employees with elevated risk for chronic diseases. The review has the potential to inform future workplace health interventions by presenting strategies related to implementation and evaluation strategies in workplace settings. These strategies can help determine optimal worksite health programs based on the unique characteristics of work settings and the health risk factors of their employee populations.

Retos investigativos en psicología de la salud ocupacional: el estrés laboral / Research challenges in occupational health psychology: work stress / Desafios de pesquisa em psicologia da saúde ocupacional: o estresse no trabalho

El presente artículo tiene como propósito exponer los retos de la investigación en psicología de la salud ocupacional, en particular el estrés en el trabajo, uno de los temas de mayor desarrollo en esta disciplina. El artículo describe los elementos conceptuales y determinantes del estrés en el trabajo, se identifican las dificultades de la investigación en esta área y, se plantean sugerencias metodológicas para enriquecer esta investigación. Los programas de intervención son analizados comparando enfoques, diseños y resultados efectivos. Por último, se proponen directrices para mejorar la investigación en este campo.

This paper aims to present the challenges of research in occupational health psychology, particularly work stress, which is one of the issues of greatest development in this discipline. This paper describes the key conceptual elements of work stress. Furthermore, the difficulties of research in this field are identified and methodological suggestions are presented for enriching research on this issue. Intervention programs in this area are analyzed comparing approaches, designs and effective results. Finally, guidelines are proposed to improve research in this field.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo explicar os desafios da pesquisa em psicologia da saúde ocupacional, incluindo o estresse no trabalho, uma das questões de maior desenvolvimento nessa disciplina. O artigo descreve os aspectos conceituais e determinantes do estresse no trabalho, as dificuldades da pesquisa nessa área são identificadas e, sugestões metodológicas são propostas para enriquecer essa pesquisa. Os programas de intervenção são analisados comparando enfoques, desenhos e resultados efetivos. Finalmente, as diretrizes são propostas para melhorar a pesquisa nesse campo.

Intervention Strategies for Older Adults with Diabetes / 임상당뇨병

Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder in older adults. Understanding the common misconceptions about older adults with diabetes, patient and diabetes educator perspectives on aging are important when designing successful diabetes treatment regiments. Diabetes educators require special intervention strategies for older adults with diabetes. This paper suggests several strategies for optimizing diabetes management in older adults.

Análisis de planes estatales de intervención sobre el suicidio

Con el fin de identificar las estrategias utilizadas con más frecuencia para intervenir sobre el suicidio, se hizo un análisis de contenido de 7 planes estatales de intervención sobre el suicidio. Se identificaron 49 unidades de análisis, a partir de las cuales emergieron 9 categorías inductivas. Así mismo, se realizó la clasificación de las unidades de análisis según el propósito (personas en riesgo o ambiente físico y social), tipo de intervención (promoción, prevención primaria, prevención secundaria y prevención terciaria) y sistemas del modelo ecológico que involucran (microsistema, exosistema, macrosistema y todos los sistemas). Se encontró que la mayoría de estrategias se dirigen a: (a) adquirir información y generar conocimiento relacionado con la problemática, (b) mejorar los procesos de oferta de servicios de salud mental y rutas de detección y atención a los casos de suicidio, (c) afectar al ambiente físico o social, (d) desarrollar actividades de prevención primaria, y, (e) intervenir en el exosistema.

In order to identify the most frequently strategies used for suicidal behavior intervention, a content analysis of 7 plans developed by states or nations to prevent suicidal behavior was carried out. 49 strategies were identified, from these 9 inductive categories emerged. Besides a classification of the strategies was done according to intervention object (directed to the physical or social context or to high risk people), intervention type (promotion, primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention), and systems of the ecological model toward they are directed to (microsystem, exosystem, macrosystema, and all systems). It was established that most of the strategies are directed to: (a) acquiring information and generating suicide related knowledge; (b) improve the mental health offer processes and the detection and attention routes to suicide cases; (c) intervene the physical or the social environment; (d) develop primary prevention actions; and, (e) take part on the exosystem.

Diferentes olhares em relação a uma criança com múltiplos diagnósticos: estabilidade ou possibilidade de mudança? / Different looks for a child with multiple diagnoses: stability or possibility of change?

A atuação profissional voltada para crianças com problemas de origem orgânica, com prognóstico desfavorável, merece reflexão, por sua relação com o desenvolvimento psicológico da criança. Foi realizado o estudo de caso de uma criança com diagnósticos de problemas orgânicos e queixas de comportamentos agressivos e competitivos. Analisou-se sua participação, durante três anos, em projeto de intervenção em grupo, com foco em seus modos de participação e interações com parceiros. Foram identificadas competências e modalidades cooperativas de participação, que se tornaram mais diversificadas e complexas ao longo do período de observação. O estudo permitiu uma ampliação do olhar para as possibilidades e dificuldades da criança, sugerindo análises mais abrangentes do desenvolvimento de crianças com múltiplas queixas.

Professional practice directed to children with organic problems and unfavorable prognosis deserves attention since it is directly related to the psychological development of the child. It is presented the case study of a child with diagnoses of organic problems and behavioral complaints characterized as aggressive and competitive. It was analyzed the participation of the child, during three years, in a project of intervention in groups, with focus on modes of participation and peer interaction. The analysis allowed the identification of competencies and cooperative modalities of participation, which became more diversified and complex during the period of observation. With this study, it was possible to take a wider perspective of the possibilities and difficulties of the child, suggesting the need of broader analyses of the development of children with multiple developmental complaints.

Contingências envolvidas na condução do desenvolvimento verbal de uma criança de 5 anos / Contingencies involved in driving riving the verbal development of a 5 years old child

Comportamento verbal é comportamento operante, sujeito a leis de reforçamento. Contingências de reforçamento podem produzir supressão ou baixa frequência de emissão de respostas verbais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi: levantar hipóteses de possíveis contingências de reforçamento que pudessem provocar supressão e/ou baixa frequência na emissão respostas verbais; observar interações familiares e identificar contingências que pudessem diminuir ou aumentar a frequência de emissão de respostas verbais e comportamentos inadequados; e, desenvolver procedimentos de intervenção através de orientações aos pais e verificar possíveis mudanças na frequência de emissão de respostas verbais de uma criança de cinco anos. Para isso, foram feitas: entrevista para levantamento da história de vida da criança e da queixa; observações semanais de uma hora na residência da criança por um período de sete meses; e, orientações aos pais ao final de cada sessão de observação para que usassem procedimentos tais como reforçamento diferencial de respostas alternativas, ensino de nomeação, reforçamento de mandos vocais, consequenciação de emissão de resposta verbal, alteração na frequência de assistir TV e jogar vídeo-game e extinção para comportamentos inadequados. As interações entre os membros da família durante as sessões de intervenção foram transcritas e categorizadas. Os resultados mostram que a criança em sua história de reforçamento e no início do estudo, foi exposta a contingências desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento de respostas verbais, o que produziu supressão e/ou baixa frequência de emissão de respostas verbais. As orientações emitidas pela pesquisadora parecem ter produzido mudanças nos comportamentos dos pais e consequentemente, nos comportamentos da criança, provocando aumento na frequência de emissão de verbalizações e diminuição dos comportamentos inadequados. Além disso, os dados mostram que ocorreram mudanças na interação de todos os membros da família.

Verbal behavior is operant behavior and, therefore, is ruled by the laws of reinforcement. Reinforcement contingencies may result in suppression or low frequency of verbal responses. The purpose of this study was threefold: To formulate hypotheses of possible reinforcement contingencies that might suppress or lower the frequency of verbal responses; to observe family interactions and identify the contingencies that could lower the frequency of verbal responses and raise the frequency of inappropriate behavior; to develop intervention procedures through parent counseling and to verify possible changes in the frequency of verbal responses emitted by a 5 years old child. In order to accomplish this aim, an interview was conducted to assess the history of the child’s and the parents’ complaints; one hour observation sessions in the child’s home were held over 7 months and, at the end of each observation session, parent counseling took place. The purpose of counseling the parents was to instruct them to differentially reinforce alternative responses, teach naming, reinforce vocal mands, prompt the emission of verbal responses, alter the frequency of watching TV and playing video games, and perform the extinction of inappropriate behavior. The interactions of family members during the intervention sessions were noted and categorized. The results show that the child was exposed to unfavorable contingencies at the beginning of the experiment and in his earlier life, which had given rise to the suppression and/or low frequency of verbal responses. The instructions given by the researcher seem to have produced changes in the parents’ behavior and, consequently, in the child’s behavior, leading to an increased frequency of verbal responses and a decreased frequency of inappropriate behavior. In addition, the data show that changes occurred in the interactions of all members of the family, confirming that verbal behavior is...