Avaliação ultrassonográfica do complexo médio-intimal das carótidas comuns em crianças eutróficas e portadoras de sobrepeso/obesidade / Ultrasonographic evaluation of the common carotid intima-media complex in healthy and overweight/obese children

A obesidade é uma epidemia global, inclusive entre as crianças. Diante desse perfil, torna-se necessário identificar precocemente alterações cardiovasculares presentes em crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade. A ultrassonografia no modo B das carótidas comuns avalia, com precisão e em tempo real, as alterações precoces na medição da espessura do complexo médio-intimal (CMI), podendo detectar o início do processo de aterosclerose. Objetivos O presente estudo comparou a espessura do CMI entre crianças escolares com e sem sobrepeso/obesidade. Métodos Foram incluídas 59 crianças de ambos os sexos, entre 7 e 10 anos de idade, oriundas de centros de saúde de São Paulo. As crianças foram caracterizadas de acordo com o escore z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) em dois grupos, com e sem sobrepeso/obesidade. Os grupos foram comparados em relação à espessura do CMI. Resultados Os grupos foram homogêneos em idade e sexo. A medida média do CMI no grupo com sobrepeso/obesidade foi de 0,49 (± 0,07) mm; no grupo não sobrepeso/obeso, foi de 0,41 (± 0,05) mm (p < 0,01). Essas diferenças se mantiveram quando os grupos com e sem sobrepeso/obesidade foram comparados separadamente por sexo e pelos lados direito e esquerdo. O coeficiente de correlação entre a medida do CMI e o escore z do IMC foi de 0,61 (intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,42-0,75). Dentro do mesmo estado nutricional, não houve diferença entre os gêneros, nem entre os lados direito e esquerdo. Conclusões A espessura do CMI de crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade foi maior e diretamente proporcional ao escore z do IMC, denotando maior risco cardiovascular nesse grupo

Obesity is a global epidemic, including among children. It is therefore necessary to identify cardiovascular changes in overweight/obese children as early as possible. Mode B ultrasonography of the common carotids can be used to precisely evaluate in real time early changes in the thickness of the intima-media complex (IMC), which can detect onset of the atherosclerosis process. Objectives This study compared IMC thickness between schoolchildren with and without overweight/obesity. Methods A sample of 59 children of both sexes, aged 7 to 10 years, were recruited from health centers in São Paulo, Brazil. Children were classified by z scores for body mass index (BMI) into two groups, with or without overweight/obesity. These groups were then compared in terms of IMC thickness. Results The groups were homogenous for age and sex. The mean IMC measurement in the group with overweight/obesity was 0.49 (± 0.07) mm, whereas in the group free from overweight/obesity it was 0.41 (± 0.05) mm (p < 0.01). These differences were maintained when groups with and without overweight/obesity were compared separately by sex and for right and left sides. The coefficient for the correlation between IMC measurement and BMI z score was 0.61 (95% confidence interval = 0.42-0.75). Within the same nutritional status group, there were no differences between sexes or between right and left sides. Conclusions Intima-media thickness was greater among children with overweight/obesity and was directly proportional to BMI z score, denoting increased cardiovascular risk in this group

Assessment of intima-media complex in carotid, femoral and right subclavian arteries for early investigation of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients / Avaliação do complexo médio-intimal nas artérias carótidas, femorais e subclávia direita para investigação precoce de aterosclerose em pacientes infectados pelo HIV

Objective To compare automatic and manual measurements of intima-media complex (IMC) in common carotid, common femoral and right subclavian arteries of HIV-infected patients in relation to a control group, taking into consideration the classical risk factors for atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods The study sample comprised 70 HIV-infected patients and 70 non-HIV-infected controls paired according sex and age. Automatic (gold standard) and manual measurements of IMC were performed in the carotid arteries. Manual measurements were also performed in common femoral and right subclavian arteries. Bland-Altman graphs were utilized in the comparison and the adopted level significance was 5%. Results Intima-media complex alterations were not observed in any of the individuals as the mean automatic measurement in the right common carotid (RCC) artery was considered as the gold standard. As the gold standard was compared with the manual measurements (mean, maximum and minimum), no clinically significant alteration was observed. As the gold standard was compared with other sites, the difference was statistically and clinically significant at the origin of right subclavian artery (RCC: 0.51 mm vs. 0.91 mm) (p < 0.001). Conclusion HIV-infected individuals are not at higher risk for atherosclerosis than the control population. .

Dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial e complexo médio-intimal das artérias carótida e braquial: avaliação de indivíduos com e sem fatores de risco para aterosclerose / Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation and intima-media thickness of carotid and brachial arteries: evaluation of individuals with and without risk factors for atherosclerosis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função endotelial em pacientes com fatores de risco para aterosclerose pela dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial (DILA) e complexo médio-intimal (CMI) das artérias carótida e braquial. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, caso controle, no qual foi avaliada a função endotelial pelo DILA e CMI das artérias carótida e braquial e presença ou não de fatores de risco para aterosclerose, em 112 pacientes assim distribuídos: mulheres com fatores de risco (n = 49), mulheres grupo controle (n = 24), homens com fatores de risco (n = 21) e homens grupo controle (n = 18). RESULTADOS: O DILA esteve comprometido significativamente no grupo fator de risco, quando comparado ao controle, independente do sexo: em mulheres, 15,2 × 25,3 (p < 0,01); em homens, 11,8 × 16,8 (p < 0,02). Já o CMI, tanto na braquial quanto na carótida, não foi significativo, independente do sexo: braquial em mulheres, 0,3 × 0,3 (p < 0,06); braquial em homens, 0,36 × 0,23 (p < 0,07); carótida em mulheres, 0,6 × 0,4 (p < 0,07); carótida em homens, 0,85 × 0,38 (p < 0,08). Utilizou-se como índice de significância p < 0,05. CONCLUSÃO: O DILA foi eficiente para atestar comprometimento endotelial em população de risco para aterosclerose.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate endothelial function in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (BAFMD) and intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid and brachial arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, case-control study in which endothelial function was evaluated by measurement of BAFMD and IMT of carotid and brachial arteries and presence or absence of risk factors in 112 patients distributed as follows: women with risk factors (n = 49), women control group (n = 24), men with risk factors (n = 21), men control group (n = 18). RESULTS: BAFMD was significantly compromised in the group with risk factors as compared with the control group, regardless of sex: in women, 15.2 × 25.3 (p < 0.01); in men, 11.8 × 16.8 (p < 0.02). On the other hand, IMT was not significant both for the carotid and brachial arteries, regardless of sex: brachial artery in women, 0.3 × 0.3 (p < 0.06); brachial artery in men, 0.36 × 0.23 (p < 0.07); carotid artery in women, 0.6 × 0.4 (p < 0.07); carotid artery in men, 0.85 × 0.38 (p < 0.08). The significance level was set at 5 percent (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Measurement of BAFMD was effective for detecting endothelial impairment in a population with risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Utilidad de la asociación entre factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y la aterosclerosis carotídea en el diagnóstico de cardiopatía isquémica / Usefulness of the association between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid atherosclerosis in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease

Pacientes cuyo riesgo cardiovascular no es fácilmente estimable pueden beneficiarse de técnicas como el ultrasonido modo B que permite detectar engrosamiento del complejo íntima-media y placas de ateroma en las arterias. Se realizó este estudio para estimar el riesgo de cardiopatía isquémica según lesiones ateroscleróticas encontradas por ultrasonido carotídeo y factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en 74 sujetos sometidos a coronariografía, con diagnóstico presuntivo de cardiopatía isquémica, divididos en 2 grupos: pacientes y controles, los primeros definidos por la coronariografía con lesiones ateroscleróticas oclusivas de más del 50 % de la luz de al menos una coronaria y los controles con lesiones no significativas, en los que se identificaron los factores de riesgo por interrogatorio y por exámenes hemoquímicos. En todos se practicó un ultrasonido modo B de ambas carótidas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre pacientes y controles en las variables sexo masculino, hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, perímetro de cintura, índice de masa corporal, colesterol total, triglicéridos, colesterol en lipoproteínas de alta densidad, colesterol en lipoproteínas de baja densidad, apolipoproteína B, antecedentes patológicos en familiares de primera línea de infarto o muerte súbita antes de los 45 años en hombres y 55 en mujeres. Cada variable mostró un riesgo relativo mayor que 1, excepto el perímetro de cintura. El ultrasonido modo B carotídeo en pacientes que presenten los factores de riesgo siguientes: sexo masculino, índice de masa corporal ≥25, colesterol alto, colesterol en lipoproteínas de alta densidad bajo, antecedentes patológicos en familiares de primera línea, hipertensión arterial y tabaquismo, permite conocer con exactitud el riesgo de desarrollar lesiones coronarias significativas y, por tanto, determinar con mayor exactitud el diagnóstico de cardiopatía isquémica.

Those patients whose cardiovascular risk is not easy to estimate may benefit from techniques such as the B-mode ultrasound that allows to detect the intima-media complex thickness and atheroma plaques in the arteries. This study was conducted to estimate the risk for ischemic heart disease according to atherosclerotic lesions found by carotid ultrasound, and to cardiovascular risk factors in 74 subjects undergoing coronariography with presumptive diagnosis of ischemic heart disease that were divided into 2 groups: patients and controls. The first were defined by coronariography with atherosclerotic occlusive lesions of more than 50 % of the light of at least a coronary artery . In the second group there were no significant lesions and the risk factors were identified by interview and hemochemical tests. All of them underwent a B-mode ultrasound of both carotid arteries. Significant differences were found between patients and controls in the following variables: male sex, hypertension, smoking, waist perimeter , body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, pathological history of infarction and sudden death in first-line relatives before 45 years old in men and 55 years old in women. . Each variable showed a relative risk higher than 1, excepting the waist perimeter. The carotid B-mode ultrasound in patients presenting risk factors such as male sex, body mass index ³ 25, high cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, pathological history in first-line relatives, arterial hypertension and smoking, allows to know with accuracy the risk for developing significant coronary lesions and, therefore, to determine with more precision the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease.