Síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria fetal: fisiopatología, desenlaces y estudio ecográfico prenatal / Feltal inflamatory response syndrome: Pathophysiology, outcomes, and prenatal ultrasound study

Resumen OBJETIVO: Ofrecer al lector información amplia y suficiente acerca de este síndrome, con hincapié en el reconocimiento del daño multiorgánico fetal, que permita darle herramientas para establecer el diagnóstico oportuno y disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad fetal y neonatal. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio retrospectivo con base en la búsqueda en las bases de datos de PubMed, EBSCO y Ovid de 2016 a 2021 de artículos de revisión, investigaciones originales, guías de práctica clínica y protocolos. Además, artículos clásicos y los correspondientes a búsquedas manuales para lograr la contextualización de los puntos tratados. RESULTADOS: Cuando la infección llega al feto, se despliega una respuesta proinflamatoria con secreción de citocinas, que son la base para el diagnóstico de síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria fetal. Cuando esta respuesta a la infección es desregulada, termina por generar un daño multiorgánico que puede ser reconocido por medio de herramientas no invasivas, como el ultrasonido fetal avanzado. Este reconocimiento permite iniciar la atención oportuna a fin de reducir las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal. CONCLUSIÓN: La infección microbiana de la cavidad amniótica y del feto, con la generación subsecuente del síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria fetal, se asocia con daño multiorgánico que puede reconocerse en el ultrasonido avanzado y lograr la atención óptima y mejores desenlaces perinatales.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To provide the reader with ample and sufficient information about this syndrome, with emphasis on the recognition of fetal multiorgan damage, to provide tools to establish a timely diagnosis and reduce fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective study based on the search in PubMed, EBSCO and Ovid databases from 2016 to 2021 of review articles, original research, practice guidelines and protocols. In addition, classic articles and those corresponding to manual searches to achieve contextualization of the points discussed. RESULTS: When infection reaches the fetus, a proinflammatory response with cytokine secretion unfolds, which are the basis for the diagnosis of fetal inflammatory response syndrome. When this response to infection is deregulated, it ends up generating multiorgan damage that can be recognized by means of noninvasive tools, such as advanced fetal ultrasound. This recognition allows initiating timely care in order to reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Microbial infection of the amniotic cavity and fetus, with subsequent generation of fetal inflammatory response syndrome, is associated with multiorgan damage that can be recognized on advanced ultrasound and achieve optimal care and better perinatal outcomes.

Complicaciones neonatales asociadas al diagnóstico de corioamnionitis histológica en pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo en un hospital de alta complejidad en Colombia / Neonatal complications associated with the diagnosis of histological chorioamnionitis in patients with spontaneous preterm delivery in a highly complexity hospital in Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: La corioamnionitis histológica (CH) es causa importante de parto pretérmino y se asocia a resultados neonatales adversos, con secuelas del neurodesarrollo. Ocurre en alrededor de un 20% de embarazos a término y 60% de pretérmino. Este proceso está asociado a varias complicaciones neonatales, entre las más frecuentes: sepsis neonatal temprana, menor edad gestacional y mayor estancia hospitalaria. OBJETIVO: Establecer la asociación de complicaciones neonatales con el diagnóstico de CH en pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo en un hospital de alta complejidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, se incluyeron 160 pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo con estudio histopatológico de la placenta según protocolo institucional. Se recolectan las características basales de la gestante y complicaciones neonatales. Se calcula la prevalencia de CH, y se comparan dos grupos (con y sin) la asociación de complicaciones neonatales, distribuidas por edad gestacional y peso neonatal. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de CH es de 69% (IC95%: 61-76). Al distribuir por edad gestacional se reporta: 87% en 34 (IC 95%: 45 -67). La CH entre las 28 - 34 y > 34 semanas, se asocia a mayor sepsis neonatal temprana (p 2000 g se asocia con sepsis neonatal (p<0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de CH es alta, principalmente a menor edad gestacional, se asocia a complicaciones neonatales como la sepsis neonatal temprana.

INTRODUCTION: Histological chorioamnionitis (HC) is an important cause of preterm delivery and is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, with sequelae of neurodevelopment. It occurs in about 20% of full-term and 60% preterm pregnancies. This process is associated with several neonatal complications, among the most frequent: early neonatal sepsis, younger gestational age, and longer hospital stay. OBJECTIVE: To establish the association of neonatal complications with HC diagnosis in patients with spontaneous preterm delivery in a highly complexity hospital in Colombia. RESULTS: The prevalence of HC is 69% (95% CI: 61-76). When distributed by gestational age, it is reported: 87% in 34 (95% CI: 45-67). HC between 28 - 34 and > 34 weeks, is associated with higher early neonatal sepsis (p 2000 g is associated with early neonatal sepsis (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HC is high, mainly at a lower gestational age, it is associated with neonatal complications such as early neonatal sepsis.

Chorioamnionitis: From pathogenesis to therapeusis / 医学研究生学报

Chorioamnionitis is associated with high maternal and neonatal morbidity and serious complication. In developed countries, due to timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is getting a great progress in the treatment of chorioamnionitis. In the developing countries, where lack the healthcare facilities and effect diagnosis, women are frequently overlooked and not properly treated. In addition to its impact on maternal health, a significant morbidity and mortality will happen in neonate. We discuss chorioamnionitis from pathogenesis to therapeutic environment.

Bacterial growth in placental swab cultures done among women who received Ampicillin Prophylaxis for term prelabor rupture of membranes: Matched cohort study

Background@#Term prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) increases the risk of maternal and neonatal infections. @*Objective@#To compare rates of positive bacterial growth in placental swab cultures done among women who received ampicillin prophylaxis at different timings after term PROM. @*Design@#Matched cohort study. @*Setting@#Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Southern Philippines Medical Center in Davao City, Philippines. @*Participants@#120 pregnant women aged ≥18 years old, at ≥37 weeks age of gestation, with PROM: 40 women received ampicillin within 6 hours (6H group), 40 within >6 to 12 hours (12H group), and 40 within >12 to 18 hours (18H group) of onset of PROM. @*Main outcome measures@#Rates of positive bacterial growth in postpartum placental swab cultures; most common bacterial isolates; and signs of intraamniotic infection (IAI).

Síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria fetal (FIRS): adaptación cardiovascular: [revisión] / Fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS): cardiovascular adaptation: [review]

Introducción: el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria fetal es una condición caracterizada por reacción inflamatoria sistémica acompañada de alteraciones bioquímicas como la elevación de la interleucina 6 (IL-6). Se describió por primera vez hace una década y surgió como la necesidad de entender el comportamiento fetal en muchas situaciones clínicas conocidas. El propósito de esta revisión es brindar al lector las bases que le permitan conocer la entidad y de esta manera mejorar el oportuno diagnóstico. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de la literatura existente de acuerdo a las bases de datos MEDLINE vía PubMed, EBSCO, Ovid y ProQuest desde el año 2000 hasta el 2009. Se incluyeron artículos de revisión e investigaciones originales. Resultados: los fetos con ruptura prematura de membranas presentan alteraciones en el llenado pasivo ventricular (E) y la contracción auricular (A). Esta relación es valorable clínicamente mediante la fórmula E/A, además de la evaluación del índice de rendimiento miocárdico, la cual es aplicable en ambos ventrículos. Los cambios en las características morfológicas de las ondas a la evaluación Doppler en fetos con ruptura prematura de membranas sugieren alta distensibilidad del ventrículo izquierdo, especialmente en fetos con infección intraamniótica. Es posible que fetos incapaces de lograr el cambio de distensibilidad cardíaca no logren mantener el volumen latido y por lo tanto no alcancen una adecuada perfusión cerebral, creándose el microambiente ideal para el desarrollo de alteraciones en el sistema nervioso central. Conclusión: la infección e invasión microbiana de la cavidad amniótica están asociadas a cambios en la función cardiovascular fetal consistentes principalmente en un aumento de la distensibilidad ventricular.

Introduction: fetal inflammatory response is a condition which is characterized by systemic inflammatory reaction accompanied by biochemical alterations such as raised interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels. It was first described over a decade ago and emerged from the need to understand fetal behavior in many known clinical situations. The purpose of this review was to provide the reader with the basis for understanding the entity and thus improve early diagnosis. Materials and methods: a review of the pertinent literature from 2000 to 2009 was made by searching MEDLINE databases via PubMed, EBSCO, Ovid and ProQuest. Review articles and original research were included. Results: fetuses having premature rupture of membranes (PROM) present alterations in passive ventricular filling (E) and atrial contraction (A). Such relationship is clinically evaluated by using the E/A formula and the myocardial performance index which is applicable in both ventricles. Changes in morphological characteristics regarding waves in Doppler evaluation in fetuses suffering PROM suggest high distensibility of the left ventricle, especially in fetuses exposed to intraamniotic infection. Fetuses which do not manage to change cardiac distensibility may not maintain stroke volume and thus may not achieve suitable cerebral perfusion, thereby creating an ideal microenvironment for alterations to develop in the central nervous system. Conclusion: microbial infection and invasion of the amniotic cavity are associated with changes in fetal cardiovascular function, this being mainly consistent with increased ventricular distensibility.

The relationships between serum interleukin-18 and resistin for predicting intraamniotic infection / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To study the relationships between serum intedeukin-18(IL-18)and resistin for predicting intraamniotic infection.Method Serum levels of IL-18 and resistin were measured in 43 pregnant women with intraamniotic infection (infection group)and 40 normal pregnant women(control group).Results The level of IL-18 in infection group[(38.7±10.4)μg/L]was higher than that in control group [(23.5±5.6)μg/L],there was significant difference between two groups (P＜0.01).The level of resistin in infection group[(24.84±5.32)μg/L]was higher than that in control group[(17.3±5.15) μg/L],there was significant difference between two groups(P＜0.01).The levels of resistin and IL-18 were correlated in pregnant women with intraamniotic infection(r=0.61,P＜0.01).Conclusion Detecting the levels of IL-18 and resistin in pregnant women can identify intramnniotic infection.

Becteria-induced Preterm Delivery and the Effects of Antibiotics on its Prognosis in the Rabbit / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Bacterial infection has been implicated in premature labor in human. But it is impossible to undergo human study of bacteria-induced preterm delivery. If we carry out animal experiment which simulate human preterm delivery induced by bacteria, studies for mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of preterm delivery will be progressed rapidly. To elucidate mechanisms and potential intervention strategies in preterm pregnancy loss, we observed bacteria-induced preterm labor and the protecting effect of administration of antibiotics with hysteroscopy-guided intracervical inoculation of Escherichia coli. Sterile saline solution(group I, n=5) or 2x10(7)cfu (colony-forming units) of E. coli bilaterally in the cervix of pregnant New Zealand White rabbits on day 20 or 21(70% of gestation) by hysteroscopy was inoculated and rabbits were assinged to ampicillin-sulbactam therapy beginning at 0hr(group II, n=4), 2 hr(group III, n=4), 4 hr(group IV, n=2), and 16 hr(group V, n=2) after inoculation with E. coli, or to no antibiotic therapy(group VI, n=3). Unasyn(ampicillin-sulbactam) was used and its daily dosage was 100 mg/kg/day. The occurrence of vaginal bleeding or preterm birth was observed every two hours. If one rabbit fetus was found to be delivered, exploratory laparotomy was done. Amniotic fluid culture on each sac, decidual culture on each uterine cavity, and pathologic examinations on each placenta were done. The results of experiments are as follows. In control group(0.2cc sterile saline inoculation only), there was no preterm labor and no bacterial growth in culture. In all three rabbits in group VI, preterm delivery occurred and the culture results were all positive in maternal blood, decidua, and amniotic sacs. Preterm delivery also occurred in group V, but results of maternal blood culture were all negative. Increased trend in the occurrence of preterm delivery was statistically significant in the order(p < 0.05) : group I(0/5), group II(0/4), group III(0/4), group IV(0/2), group V(2/2), and group VI(3/3). Pregnancy outcomes on the basis of the number of living fetus, dead fetus, and macerated fetus, have significant trend in the above order. Amniotic fluid culture results also had significant relationship(p < 0.05) : group I(0.20), group II(20/26), group III(18/30), group IV(10/11), and group VI(7/7). In group V, amniotic fluid fail to be obtained due to severe oligohydramnios. Decidual culture results also had an increased trend; group I(0/32), group II(21/29), group III(20/30), gorup IV(16/16), gorup V(11/11), and group VI(25/25). It is statistically significant(p < 0.05) Incidence of histologic chorioamnionitis was also significantly increased from group I to VI. These results indicate that E. coli inoculation has induced preterm delivery and antibiotic therapy has somewhat prevented preterm birth, amniotic fluid infection, decidual infection, and histologic chorioamnionits. Antibiotic effects were attenuated in cases of delayed antibiotic administration.