ABSTRACT
El control del dolor es uno de los desafíos más importantes en el ámbito de cuidados paliativos y tiene un profundo impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. En la mayoría de los casos, el dolor crónico oncológico severo puede ser controlado con opioides; sin embargo, hay una población de pacientes, estimada entre 10 a 20%, que experimenta dolor refractario que requiere abordajes más complejos. En pacientes con dolor intratable o efectos adversos intolerables, la terapia basada en la infusión intratecal de opioides debe ser considerada como parte de la estrategia terapéutica. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con un tumor maligno de mediastino anterior con dolor refractario a pesar de altas dosis de opioides y coadyuvantes. Dada la refractariedad del síntoma, se decide colocar bomba intratecal de morfina para disminuir dosis de opioides y optimizar analgesia. La dosis inicial se titula progresivamente en respuesta al reporte de la paciente y la evaluación clínica. La paciente falleció tranquila y sin dolor, con una dosis de morfina intratecal de 4500 µg/día. Se concluye que la administración intratecal de analgésicos opioides mediante el implante de dispositivos programables de infusión continua para pacientes con dolor oncológico refractario es una estrategia efectiva y segura, basada en la evidencia, que permite optimizar la analgesia cuando otras técnicas han fallado.
Pain control is one of the most important challenges in the field of palliative care and has a profound impact on patients' quality of life. In most cases, severe oncological chronic pain can be managed with opioids; however, there is a population of patients, estimated to be between 10% and 20%, who experience refractory pain that requires more complex approaches. In patients with intractable pain or intolerable adverse effects, therapy based on intrathecal opioid infusion should be considered as part of the therapeutic strategy. We present the case of a patient with a malignant tumor in the anterior mediastinum who had refractory pain despite high doses of opioids and adjuvants. Given the refractory nature of the symptom, it was decided to place an intrathecal morphine pump to reduce opioid doses and optimize analgesia. The initial dose is titrated progressively in response to the patient's reports and clinical evaluation. The patient passed away peacefully and painlessly, with an intrathecal morphine dose of 4500 µg/day. It is concluded that the intrathecal administration of opioid analgesics through the implantation of programmable continuous infusion devices for patients with refractory oncological pain is an effective and safe strategy, based on evidence, that allows for the optimization of analgesia when other techniques have failed.
O controle da dor é um dos desafios mais importantes no campo dos cuidados paliativos e tem um profundo impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Na maioria dos casos, a dor crônica oncológica severa pode ser controlada com opioides; no entanto, há uma população de pacientes, estimada entre 10% e 20%, que experimenta dor refratária e requer abordagens mais complexas. Em pacientes com dor intratável ou efeitos adversos intoleráveis, a terapia baseada na infusão intratecal de opioides deve ser considerada como parte da estratégia terapêutica. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente com um tumor maligno no mediastino anterior que apresentava dor refratária, apesar de altas doses de opioides e coadjuvantes. Dada a refratariedade do sintoma, decidiu-se implantar uma bomba intratecal de morfina para reduzir as doses de opioides e otimizar a analgesia. A dose inicial é titulada progressivamente em resposta aos relatos da paciente e à avaliação clínica. A paciente faleceu tranquila e sem dor, com uma dose de morfina intratecal de 4500 µg/dia. Conclui-se que a administração intratecal de analgésicos opioides por meio do implante de dispositivos programáveis de infusão contínua para pacientes com dor oncológica refratária é uma estratégia eficaz e segura, baseada em evidências, que permite otimizar a analgesia quando outras técnicas falharam.
Subject(s)
Infusion Pumps , Cancer Pain/therapy , Morphine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Introducción: La síntesis intratecal de anticuerpos contra algunos virus neurotrópicos como sarampión, rubéola y virus varicela zoster en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple, con una frecuencia muy superior a la esperada, llevó a la introducción de la reacción sarampión-rubéola-varicela. La presencia de anticuerpos específicos detectados en el líquido cefalorraquídeo contra dos o más de estos virus apoyó el diagnóstico no solo de la esclerosis múltiple, sino de otras enfermedades autoinmunes que involucran al sistema nervioso central. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de respuesta inmune intratecal poliespecífica en pacientes pediátricos con proceso neuroinflamatorio independiente del agente biológico involucrado. Presentación de caso: Se estudiaron ocho niños a los cuales, mediante inmunodifusión radial simple y por ensayo inmunoenzimático, se les cuantificaron las concentraciones de inmunoglobulina G y albúmina en suero, y líquido cefalorraquídeo, lo que permitió determinar la síntesis intratecal de inmunoglobulinas. Por métodos inmunoenzimáticos se cuantificaron las concentraciones de IgG específica contra los virus estudiados en suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo, con lo cual se determinó el índice de anticuerpo específico. La reacción sarampión-rubéola-varicela fue positiva en cinco pacientes y los valores medios de este índice se encontraron por encima de 1,5 para citomegalovirus y virus herpes simple. Conclusiones: Se identificaron repuestas neuroinmune antiviral poliespecífica en pacientes pediátricos con proceso neuroinflamatorio(AU)
Introduction: The intrathecal synthesis of antibodies against some neurotropic viruses such as measles, rubella and varicella zoster virus in patients with multiple sclerosis, with a frequency much higher than expected, led to the introduction of the measles-rubella-varicella reaction. The presence of specific antibodies detected in cerebrospinal fluid against two or more of these viruses supported the diagnosis not only of multiple sclerosis, but also of other autoimmune diseases involving the central nervous system. Objective: To identify the presence of polyspecific intrathecal immune response in pediatric patients with neuroinflammatory process independent of the biological agent involved. Case presentation: Eight children were studied and their serum and cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G and albumin concentrations were quantified by simple radial immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis. The concentrations of specific IgG against the viruses studied in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods, thus determining the specific antibody index. The measles-rubella-varicella reaction was positive in five patients and the mean values of this index were found to be above 1.5 for cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus. Conclusions: Polyspecific antiviral neuroimmune antiviral responses were identified in pediatric patients with neuroinflammatory process(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Immunity/immunology , Antibodies/cerebrospinal fluidABSTRACT
Introducción: Se describe la evolución de un paciente que recibe morfina intratecal mediante una bomba de infusión, que le fuera implantada hace 14 años para tratamiento de su dolor lumbar crónico post-laminectomía. Material y método: Requería la administración de 60 mg/día de morfina subcutánea que le provocaban efectos secundarios que no toleraba, y múltiples internaciones para control del dolor. Se le implantó una bomba de infusión continua (Isomed) conectada a un catéter subaracnoideo, que libera 1 ml/día, y requiere ser llenada cada 60 días. Resultados: Se observó una disminución del dolor promedio de 50% al año, y de 75% a los 6 y 14 años. Requirió un aumento progresivo de las dosis de llenado, que pasaron de 30 mg de morfina (0.5 mg/día) al inicio, a 40 mg de morfina (0.66 mg /día) al año, a 70 mg de morfina (1.16 mg/día) a los 6 años, a 140 mg (2.33 mg/día) a los 14 años. No se registraron complicaciones médicas graves. Mantuvo constipación y sudoración durante todo el período, e instaló un hipogonadismo secundario con trastornos de la libido y de la erección que fueron corregidos con la administración de testosterona. No requirió más internaciones por dolor. No se observaron complicaciones relacionadas con el funcionamiento o llenado de la bomba, ni vinculadas al catéter. El paciente manifestó estar satisfecho con el implante. Discusión: A pesar del aumento de las dosis de llenado, expresión del desarrollo de tolerancia, las dosis de morfina/día requeridas son francamente inferiores al límite recomendado. Conclusiones: El balance del riesgo-beneficio del implante resultó positivo, considerando el mejor control del dolor logrado, las menores dosis de morfina utilizadas, así como la ausencia de complicaciones graves y de internaciones para control del dolor.
Introduction: The evolution of a patient receiving intrathecal morphine through an infusion pump that was implanted 14 years ago for the treatment of chronic post-laminectomy low back pain is described. Material and method: It required the administration of 60 mg / day of subcutaneous morphine that caused side effects that did not tolerate, and multiple hospitalizations for pain control. He was implanted with a continuous infusion pump (Isomed) connected to a subarachnoid catheter, which releases 1 ml / day, and needs to be filled every 60 days. Results: An average pain decrease of 50% per year, and 75% at 6 and 12 years was observed. It required a progressive increase in filling doses, which went from 30 mg of morphine (0.5 mg / day) at the beginning, to 40 mg of morphine (0.66 mg / day at the first year, to 70 mg of morphine (1.16 mg / day) at the sixth year, at 140 mg (2.33 mg / day) at the fourteen year. No serious medical complications were recorded, he maintained constipation and sweating throughout the period, and installed secondary hypogonadism with libido and erection disorders, that were corrected with the administration of testosterone. No further hospitalizations were required due to pain. No complications were observed related to the operation or filling of the pump or linked to the catheter. The patient stated that he was satisfied with the implant. Discussion: Despite the increase in filling doses, expression of tolerance development, the required morphine / day doses are frankly below the recommended limit. Conclusions: The risk-benefit balance of the implant was positive, considering the best pain control, the lowest doses used, the absence of serious complications, and the lack of hospitalizations for pain control.
Introdução: Descreve-se a evolução de um paciente que recebeu morfina intratecal através de uma bomba de infusão, implantada há 14 anos para o tratamento de lombalgia crônica pós-laminectomia. Material e método: Necessitou de administração de 60 mg/dia de morfina por via subcutânea, que provocou efeitos colaterais intolerantes, e múltiplas internações para controle da dor. Foi implantada uma bomba de infusão contínua (Isomed) conectada a um cateter subaracnóideo, que libera 1 ml/dia, necessitando de reenchimento a cada 60 dias. Resultados: Observou-se redução média da dor de 50% em um ano e 75% em 6 e 14 anos. Foi necessário um aumento progressivo das doses de enchimento, que passaram de 30 mg de morfina (0,5 mg/dia) no início, para 40 mg de morfina (0,66 mg/dia) por ano, para 70 mg de morfina (1,16 mg/dia) dia) aos 6 anos, para 140 mg (2,33 mg/dia) aos 14 anos. Não foram registradas complicações médicas graves. Manteve constipação e sudorese durante todo o período e desenvolveu hipogonadismo secundário com distúrbios de libido e ereção que foram corrigidos com administração de testosterona. Ele não necessitou de mais hospitalizações por dor. Não foram observadas complicações relacionadas à operação ou enchimento da bomba, ou relacionadas ao cateter. O paciente afirmou estar satisfeito com o implante. Discussão: Apesar do aumento das doses de enchimento, expressão do desenvolvimento da tolerância, as doses necessárias de morfina/dia são francamente inferiores ao limite recomendado. Conclusões: A relação risco-benefício do implante foi positiva, considerando o melhor controle da dor alcançado, as menores doses de morfina utilizadas, bem como a ausência de complicações graves e internações para controle da dor.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Infusion Pumps, Implantable , Low Back Pain/drug therapy , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Morphine/administration & dosage , Pain Measurement , Injections, Spinal , Treatment Outcome , Risk Assessment , Catheters , Chronic Pain/drug therapy , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Morphine/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The Cesarean section is the most frequently performed surgical intervention in most countries, in Chile there are approximately 80,000 cases per year. In the postoperative period, effective analgesia is essential since patients define the absence of intra- and post-cesarean pain as priorities. On the other hand, entities such as cronical pain and postpartum depression have been associated with persistent postoperative pain and difficulty in mother-child interaction. Intrathecal morphine (ITM) was first described in obstetric analgesia in the 1980s and has since become widely used for post-cesarean section analgesia due to its prolonged analgesic action. In this review we will focus on the most relevant aspects that may lead to the incorporation of MIT in the Analgesia protocols for Cesarean section in our country.
La Operación Cesárea es la intervención quirúrgica más frecuentemente realizada en la mayoría de los países, en Chile son aproximadamente 80.000 casos por año. En su posoperatorio la analgesia eficaz es fundamental, dado que las pacientes definen la ausencia de dolor intra y poscesárea como prioritarios. Por otra parte, entidades como dolor cónico y depresión posparto han sido asociados con dolor posoperatorio persistente y dificultad en la interacción madre-hijo. La morfina intratecal (MIT) se describió por primera vez en analgesia obstétrica en la década de 1980 y desde entonces se ha vuelto ampliamente utilizada para la analgesia poscesárea debido a su prolongada acción analgésica. En esta revisión nos centraremos en los aspectos más relevantes que puedan conducir a la incorporación de MIT en los protocolos de Analgesia para Cesárea en nuestro país.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Cesarean Section/methods , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Morphine/administration & dosage , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Injections, Spinal , Analgesia, Obstetrical , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Morphine/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Resumen: Se realiza una revisión descriptiva sobre la inyección de ácido tranexámico en el espacio subaracnoideo. Se destaca que un error puede tener consecuencias catastróficas sobre el paciente, con un alto porcentaje de mortalidad. Se analizan las posibles causas que pueden llevar a la inyección errónea. Se advierte sobre la existencia de preparaciones de ácido tranexámico de similar apariencia a las de la bupivacaína de uso intratecal. Se describe el cuadro clínico de la complicación, el mecanismo de toxicidad, los tratamientos utilizados, y la evolución de los casos relatados en las referencias encontradas. Se discuten estrategias para evitar la complicación, señalando que la seguridad no debe basarse en la perfección humana, sino en medidas que dificulten cometer errores.
Summary: A descriptive review of tranexamic acid injection in the subarachnoid space is performed. A point is made that this error may have catastrophic consequences on the patient with a high percentage of mortality. Possible causes that can lead to an erroneous injection are analyzed. A warning is made about tranexamic acid preparations being similar in appearance to those of bupivacaine for intrathecal use. The study describes the clinical manifestation of this complication, the toxicity mechanism, treatments used, and the evolution of the cases reported in the references found. Strategies to avoid complications are discussed, pointing out that safety should not be based on human perfection, but on measures that make it difficult for humans to make mistakes.
Resumo: Faz-se uma revisão descritiva sobre a injeção de ácido tranexâmico no espaço subaracnóideo. Ressalta-se que é um erro que pode ter consequências catastróficas para o paciente com um elevado percentual de mortalidade. Faz-se uma análise das possíveis causas que podem levar ao uso equivocado de ácido tranexâmico devido a existência de preparações semelhantes em aparência às da bupivacaína para uso intratecal. Descreve-se o quadro clínico da complicação, o mecanismo de toxicidade, os tratamentos utilizados e a evolução dos casos relatados nas referências encontradas. Discute-se estratégias para evitar complicações, ressaltando que a segurança não deve ser baseada na perfeição humana, mas em medidas que dificultem o erro do ser humano.
Subject(s)
Tranexamic Acid , Injections, Spinal/adverse effects , Medical Errors , Subarachnoid SpaceABSTRACT
Elective caesarean section is one of the surgeries with the highest intraoperative incidence of nausea, retching and vomiting (IONV), due, among other causes, to the use of anesthetics during the procedure. Some clinical trials have associated the use of low-dose intrathecal (IT) fentanyl with a lower incidence of nausea, retching and vomiting compared to other anesthetics used during caesarean sections. In this context, the objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the decrease in the appearance of nausea and vomiting during elective caesarean section with the application of IT fentanyl when compared with the use of intravenous ondansetron (EV). A systematic search was conducted in the main databases (PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar) for Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) that evaluated the use of IT fentanyl compared to ondansetron EV to decrease the occurrence and incidence of IONV during elective caesarean section. The meta-analysis showed a reduction in the incidence of nausea (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.93, P = 0.03), gagging (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0, 18-0.88, P = 0.02) and vomiting (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11-0.64, P = 0.003) in the group of patients treated with IT fentanyl compared to the group treated with EV ondansetron. From the results, it is suggested that the administration of 12.5 to 20 µg of IT fentanyl may decrease the incidence of IONV in patients undergoing elective caesarean section, although the importance of more high-quality RCTs is highlighted.
La cesárea electiva es una de las cirugías con mayor incidencia intraoperatoria de náuseas, arcadas y vómito (NAV), debido entre otras causas, al uso de anestésicos durante el procedimiento. Algunos ensayos clínicos han asociado el uso de fentanilo intratecal (IT) a dosis bajas con una menor incidencia de náuseas, arcadas y vómito en comparación con otros anestésicos usados durante las cesáreas. En este contexto el objetivo de este metaanálisis fue evaluar la disminución en la aparición de náuseas y vómito durante cesárea electiva con la aplicación de fentanilo IT al compararlo con el uso de ondansetrón intravenoso (EV). Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las principales bases de datos (PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library y Google Scholar) para ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) que evaluaron el uso del fentanilo IT en comparación con ondansetrón EV para disminuir la aparición e incidencia de IONV durante cesárea electiva. En el metaanálisis se evidenció una reducción en la incidencia de náusea (RR 0,52, 95% IC 0,29-0,93, P = 0,03), arcada (RR 0,39, 95% IC 0,18-0,88, P = 0,02) y vómito (RR 0,26, 95% IC 0,11-0,64, P = 0,003) en el grupo de pacientes tratados con fentanilo IT comparado con el grupo tratado con ondansetrón EV. A partir de los resultados, se sugiere que la administración de 12,5 a 20 µg de fentanilo IT puede disminuir la incidencia de NAV intraoperatorias en pacientes sometidas a cesárea electiva, aunque se resalta la importancia de más ECA de alta calidad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Vomiting/prevention & control , Cesarean Section , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Nausea/prevention & control , Ondansetron/administration & dosage , Elective Surgical Procedures , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/prevention & control , Anesthesia, Intravenous , Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Anesthesia, SpinalABSTRACT
OBJETIVES: 100 mcg intrathecal morphine (ITM) for hip arthroplasty provides adequate functional recovery and reduces associated complications but is not exempt from opioid-related adverse effects. We evaluate efficacy of a reduced dose of ITM (80 mcg) in terms of anesthetic quality, postoperative analgesia, complication rates and early recovery. METHODS: Case-control study. Patients under hip arthroplasty were treated on a specific protocol, using neuraxial anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 10.5-13.5 mg plus 80 mcg ITM versus controls with 100 mcg ITM. Demographic variables, intra and perioperative course were extracted from medical records. Pain severity and morphine associated complications were blindly assessed at regular intervals postoperatively. p < 0.01 were considered significant. RESULTS: 82 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 64.21 years, 62.20% women and 70.73% ASA-2. Main endoprosthesis indication was arthrosis (58.53%). No statistically significant differences in demographic and operative data were found between groups, including surgical time, ambulation time, length of stay, and patient satisfaction for pain management. Mean VAS for pain during first 24 hours was 0.24 for the low ITM group and 0.22 for control. Rescue intravenous morphine was the same between groups. Compared to 80 mcg ITM, 100 mcg showed trends for higher complication rates for respiratory depression (OR 2.58, CI 95% 0.45-14.54, p = 0.28), nausea without vomiting (OR 1.82, CI 95% 0.82-4.01, p = 0.13), urinary retention (OR 2.02, CI 95% 0.88-4.61, p = 0.09) and significantly higher rates of pruritus (OR 3.55, CI 95% 1.61-7.82, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: 80 mcg ITM during spinal anesthesia for hip arthroplasty provided comparable postoperative analgesia and lower incidence of opioid-related adverse effects.
OBJETIVOS: 100 mcg morfina intratecal (ITM), en artroplastia de cadera, proporciona una recuperación funcional adecuada y reduce complicaciones asociadas, pero no está exento de efectos adversos conocidos asociados a opioides. Evaluamos eficacia de reducir dosis (80 mcg ITM) en términos de calidad anestésica, analgesia, complicaciones y recuperación postoperatoria. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles. Pacientes sometidos a artroplastia de cadera fueron tratados con anestesia espinal con bupivacaína hiperbárica 10,5-13,5 mg más 80 mcg ITM y controles de manera similar pero con 100 mcg ITM. Variables demográficas, así como intra y perioperatorio, se extrajeron de registros médicos. Severidad del dolor, y complicaciones asociadas a ITM, se evaluaron a ciegas según protocolo, p < 0,01 fue considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: 82 pacientes analizados. Edad promedio fue 64,21 años, 62,20% fueron mujeres y 70,73% ASA-2. Principal indicación de prótesis fue artrosis (58,53%). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre variables demográficas, tiempo quirúrgico, tiempo deambulación, duración hospitalización y satisfacción paciente. EVA promedio dolor, primeras 24 horas, fue 0,24 para grupo 80 mcg ITM y 0,22 para control (100 mcg ITM). Morfina intravenosa de rescate fue similar entre grupos. En comparación con 80 mcg, 100 mcg presentó mayores tasas de complicaciones para depresión respiratoria (OR 2,58, IC95% 0,45-14,54, p = 0,28), náuseas y vómitos (OR 1,82, CI95% 0,82-4,01, p = 0,13), retención urinaria (OR 2,02, CI95% 0,88-4,61, p = 0,09) y prurito (OR 3,55, CI95% 1,61-7,82, p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: 80 mcg ITM, en anestesia espinal para artroplastia cadera, proporciona analgesia postoperatoria comparable a 100 mcg pero con menor incidencia de efectos adversos relacionados a opioides.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/methods , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, Spinal/methods , Morphine/administration & dosage , Case-Control Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fentanyl addition is a common practice when administering spinal anesthesia. Intrathecal fentanyl has been associated to increased postoperative pain and increase morphine consumption, but considered to be related to acute opioid tolerance. This prospective, randomized, blind study evaluates the effect of intrathecal fentanyl in the development of secondary hyperalgesia, measured with Von Frey filaments, in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament repair. METHODS: 46 patients having anterior cruciate ligament repair, received intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 13.5 mg with fentanyl 20 mcg or no fentanyl addition. Light touch pain threshold was measured with von Frey filaments before anesthesia, at 6 and 24 hours post anesthesia in the non-operated thigh and in the forearm. Visual analogue pain scores and morphine consumption were also measured at the same time. RESULTS: Baseline thresholds to mechanical stimuli were similar in both groups. In the forearm, analysis showed a decreased threshold for the non-fentanyl group at 24 h p = 0.036. In the lower extremity, control and treatment group showed lower thresholds (secondary hyperalgesia) p = 0.002 but no difference between them p = 0.795. VAS score and morphine consumption did not differ among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal fentanyl added to hyperbaric bupivacaine showed no evidence of an augmented state of hyperalgesia after ACL repair, neither by pain threshold modification nor clinical outcomes. On the contrary, at 24 h, fentanyl may have a protective effect at levels above the spinal block.
ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: El uso de fentanilo es una práctica común en la administración de anestesia espinal. Su aplicación se ha asociado a un aumento del dolor post operatorio y a un aumento en el uso de morfina; por otro lado, se ha vinculado a una tolerancia aguda a opioides. El siguiente estudio prospectivo, randomizado y ciego, evalúa los efectos del fentanilo intratecal en la aparición de hiperalgesia secundaria, medida a través de filamentos Von Frey, en pacientes operados de ligamento cruzado anterior. METODOLOGÍA: Se incluyeron a 46 pacientes operados de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) con una dosis intratecal de bupivacaína hiperbárica de 13,5 mg; con y sin la adición de fentanilo de 20 mcg. Se midió el umbral del dolor mecánico, a través de filamentos Von Frey, antes de la anestesia, a las 6 y 24 horas postanestesia en el muslo no operado y en el antebrazo. Al mismo tiempo, se midió la puntuación del dolor en la escala verbal numérica (EVN) y el consumo de morfina. RESULTADOS: Los umbrales basales ante la estimulación mecánica resultaron similares en ambos grupos. En el antebrazo, el análisis mostró una disminución del umbral en el grupo de pacientes sin fentanilo, a las 24 h, p = 0,036 comparado con uso de fentanilo. En el muslo, el grupo control y tratamiento mostró umbrales más bajos (hiperalgesia secundaria) p = 0,002; no obstante, no se mostraron diferencias entre ellos. No se mostraron diferencias entre las puntuaciones de la EVN y el consumo de morfina en los dos grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: No hay evidencia que la adición de fentanilo espinal, a la dosis de bupivacaína hiperbárica, haya contribuido a un aumento en la hiperalgesia tras la reparación del LCA, medido por la modificación del umbral del dolor, ni en los resultados clínicos. Al contrario a las 24 h fentanilo puede tener un efecto protector de la hiperalgesia secundaria sobre el nivel del bloqueo espinal.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction , Hyperalgesia/chemically induced , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Spinal , Pain, Postoperative/chemically induced , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Pain Threshold , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Elective caesarean section is one of the surgeries with the highest intraoperative incidence of nausea, retching and vomiting (IONV), due, among other causes, to the use of anesthetics during the procedure. Some clinical trials have associated the use of low-dose intrathecal (IT) fentanyl with a lower incidence of nausea, retching and vomiting compared to other anesthetics used during caesarean sections. In this context, the objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the decrease in the appearance of nausea and vomiting during elective caesarean section with the application of IT fentanyl when compared with the use of intravenous ondansetron (EV). A systematic search was conducted in the main databases (PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar) for Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) that evaluated the use of IT fentanyl compared to ondansetron EV to decrease the occurrence and incidence of IONV during elective caesarean section. The meta-analysis showed a reduction in the incidence of nausea (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.93, P = 0.03), gagging (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0, 18-0.88, P = 0.02) and vomiting (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11-0.64, P = 0.003) in the group of patients treated with IT fentanyl compared to the group treated with EV ondansetron. From the results, it is suggested that the administration of 12.5 to 20 µg of IT fentanyl may decrease the incidence of IONV in patients undergoing elective caesarean section, although the importance of more high-quality RCTs is highlighted.
La cesárea electiva es una de las cirugías con mayor incidencia intraoperatoria de náuseas, arcadas y vómito (NAV), debido entre otras causas, al uso de anestésicos durante el procedimiento. Algunos ensayos clínicos han asociado el uso de fentanilo intratecal (IT) a dosis bajas con una menor incidencia de náuseas, arcadas y vómito en comparación con otros anestésicos usados durante las cesáreas. En este contexto el objetivo de este metaanálisis fue evaluar la disminución en la aparición de náuseas y vómito durante cesárea electiva con la aplicación de fentanilo IT al compararlo con el uso de ondansetrón intravenoso (EV). Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las principales bases de datos (PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library y Google Scholar) para ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) que evaluaron el uso del fentanilo IT en comparación con ondansetrón EV para disminuir la aparición e incidencia de IONV durante cesárea electiva. En el metaanálisis se evidenció una reducción en la incidencia de náusea (RR 0,52, 95% IC 0,29-0,93, P = 0,03), arcada (RR 0,39, 95% IC 0,18-0,88, P = 0,02) y vómito (RR 0,26, 95% IC 0,11-0,64, P = 0,003) en el grupo de pacientes tratados con fentanilo IT comparado con el grupo tratado con ondansetrón EV. A partir de los resultados, se sugiere que la administración de 12,5 a 20 µg de fentanilo IT puede disminuir la incidencia de NAV intraoperatorias en pacientes sometidas a cesárea electiva, aunque se resalta la importancia de más ECA de alta calidad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Vomiting/prevention & control , Cesarean Section/methods , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Nausea/prevention & control , Ondansetron/administration & dosage , Elective Surgical Procedures , Injections, Intravenous , Intraoperative Period , Anesthesia, Spinal , Antiemetics/administration & dosageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: 100 mcg intrathecal morphine (ITM) for hip arthroplasty provides adequate functional recovery and reduces associated complications but is not exempt from opioid-related adverse effects. We evaluate efficacy of a reduced dose of ITM (80 mcg) in terms of anesthetic quality, postoperative analgesia, complication rates and early recovery. METHODS: Case control study. Patients under hip arthroplasty were treated on a specific protocol, using neuraxial anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 10.5-13.5 mg plus 80 mcg ITM versus controls with 100 mcg ITM. Demographic variables, intra and perioperative course were extracted from medical records. Pain severity and morphine associated complications were blindly assessed at regular intervals postoperatively. p < 0.01 were considered significant. RESULTS: 82 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 64.21 years, 62.20% women and 70.73% ASA-2. Main endoprosthesis indication was arthrosis (58.53%). No statistically significant differences in demographic and operative data were found between groups, including surgical time, ambulation time, length of stay, and patient satisfaction for pain management. Mean VAS for pain during first 24 hours was 0.24 for the low ITM group and 0.22 for control. Rescue intravenous morphine was the same between groups. Compared to 80 mcg ITM, 100 mcg showed trends for higher complication rates for respiratory depression (OR 2.58, CI 95% 0.4514.54, p = 0.28), nausea without vomiting (OR 1.82, CI 95% 0.82-4.01, p = 0.13), urinary retention (OR 2.02, CI95% 0.88-4.61, p = 0.09) and significantly higher rates of pruritus (OR 3.55, CI 95% 1.61-7.82, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: 80 mcg ITM during spinal anesthesia for hip arthroplasty provided comparable postoperative analgesia and lower incidence of opioid-related adverse effects.
OBJETIVOS: 100 mcg morfina intratecal (ITM), en artroplastía de cadera, proporciona una recuperación funcional adecuada y reduce complicaciones asociadas, pero no está exento de efectos adversos conocidos asociados a opioides. Evaluamos eficacia de reducir dosis (80 mcg ITM) en términos de calidad anestésica, analgesia, complicaciones y recuperación postoperatoria. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles. Pacientes sometidos a artroplastía de cadera fueron tratados con anestesia espinal con bupivacaína hiperbárica 10,5-13,5 mg más 80 mcg ITM y controles de manera similar, pero con 100 mcg ITM. Variables demográficas, así como intra y perioperatorio, se extrajeron de registros médicos. Severidad del dolor, y complicaciones asociadas a ITM, se evaluaron a ciegas según protocolo. p < 0,01 fue considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: 82 pacientes analizados. Edad promedio fue 64,21 años, 62,20% fueron mujeres y 70,73% ASA-2. Principal indicación de prótesis fue artrosis (58,53%). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre variables demográficas, tiempo quirúrgico, tiempo deambulación, duración hospitalización y satisfacción paciente. EVA promedio dolor, primeras 24 horas, fue 0,24 para grupo 80 mcg ITM y 0,22 para control (100 mcg ITM). Morfina intravenosa de rescate fue similar entre grupos. En comparación con 80 mcg, 100 mcg presentó mayores tasas de complicaciones para depresión respiratoria (OR 2,58, IC 95% 0,45-14,54, p = 0,28), náuseas y vómitos (OR 1,82, CI 95% 0,82-4,01, p = 0,13), retención urinaria (OR 2,02, CI 95% 0,88-4,61, p = 0,09) y prurito (OR 3,55, CI 95% 1,61-7.82, p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: 80 mcg ITM, en anestesia espinal para artroplastía cadera, proporciona analgesia postoperatoria comparable a 100 mcg, pero con menor incidencia de efectos adversos relacionados a opioides.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/methods , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Morphine/administration & dosage , Injections, Spinal , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Case-Control Studies , Patient Satisfaction , Recovery of Function , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Morphine/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Introducción: El dolor posoperatorio constituye la principal causa de dolor agudo en el mundo. Brindar analgesia adecuada en el posquirúrgico garantiza la disminución de la estadía hospitalaria y tiene un impacto positivo en el resultado final de las intervenciones. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la analgesia posoperatoria con bupivacaína más morfina intratecal en la cirugía de próstata. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cuasiexperimental, entre enero de 2015 y enero de 2018. La muestra quedó conformada de manera no probabilística por los pacientes que dieron su consentimiento informado y reunieron criterios para entrar en el estudio. Quedaron distribuidos de manera aleatoria en dos grupos denominados bupivacaína (B) y morfina-bupivacaína (MB). Para recolectar la información se emplearon las historias clínicas anestésicas y un formulario elaborado al efecto. Los resultados se mostraron en tablas y gráficos, se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y en porcientos, se determinaron algunas medidas descriptivas de interés que mostraron el comportamiento de las variables que lo requirieron. Resultados: El resultado más relevante fue el efecto analgésico muy significativo en el grupo MB en las primeras 24 h del posoperatorio. La reacción adversa más frecuente fue el prurito y solo se presentó en el grupo que recibió morfina. Conclusiones: La anestesia espinal con morfina y bupivacaína es efectiva y segura, proporcionando mejor analgesia en el posoperatorio inmediato cuando se compara con bupivacaína sola(AU)
Introduction: Postoperative pain is the main cause of acute pain worldwide. Providing suitable analgesia in the postoperative period guarantees the reduction of hospital stay and has a positive impact on the final outcome of the interventions. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative analgesia with intrathecal administration of bupivacaine plus morphine in prostate surgery. Methods: A quasiexperimental research was carried out between January 2015 and January 2018. The sample was nonprobabilistic and made up by the patients who gave their informed consent and met criteria to enter the study. They were randomly distributed into two groups called bupivacaine (B) and morphine-bupivacaine (MB). To collect the information, the anesthetic medical records and a form prepared for this purpose were used. The results were shown in tables and graphs, expressed in absolute frequencies and percentages, some descriptive measures of interest were determined which showed the behavior of the variables that required it. Results: The most relevant result was the very significant analgesic effect in the MB group in the first 24 hours after surgery. The most frequent adverse reaction was pruritus and only occurred in the group that received morphine. Conclusions: Spinal anesthesia with morphine and bupivacaine is effective and safe, providing better analgesia in the immediate postoperative period when compared with bupivacaine alone(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Pruritus/complications , Bupivacaine/therapeutic use , Anesthesia, Spinal/methodsABSTRACT
Abstract Background and objectives Intrathecal administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is more efficacious for post-operative pain management. Cyclooxygenase inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen, may be effective at lower intrathecal doses than parenteral ones. Preclinical safety regarding possible neurotoxicity associated with the intrathecal (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen was not evaluated. Here we analysed the neurotoxicity of intrathecally administered (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen in rats. Methods A randomized placebo-controlled experimental study was conducted. Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) aged 12-16 weeks were randomly divided into 2 treatments [100 and 800 µg (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen] and control (sterile water) groups. Intrathecal catheters were placed via the atlantoaxial space in anesthetized rats. Pinch-toe tests, motor function evaluations and histopathological examinations of the spinal cord and nerve roots were performed at days 3, 7 and 21. Spinal cord sections were evaluated by light microscopy for the dorsal axonal funiculus vacuolation, axonal myelin loss, neuronal chromatolysis, neuritis, meningeal inflammation, adhesions, and fibrosis. Results Rats in all the groups exhibited normal pinch-toe testing response (score = 0) and normal gait at each observed time (motor function evaluation score = 1). Neurotoxicity was higher with treatments on days 3 and 7 than that on day 21 (2, 3, 0, p = 0.044; 2, 5, 0, p = 0.029, respectively). On day 7, the total scores reflecting neuronal damage were higher in the 800 µg group than those in the 100 µg and Control Groups (5, 3, 0, p = 0.048, respectively). Conclusion Intrathecal (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen caused dose-dependent neurohistopathological changes in rats on days 3 and 7 after injection, suggesting that (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen should not be intrathecally administered.
Resumo Justificativa e objetivos A administração intratecal de anti-inflamatórios não esteroides é mais eficaz no tratamento da dor pós-operatória. Anti-inflamatórios não esteroides, como o (S)-(+)-cetoprofeno, pode ser eficaz em doses intratecais inferiores às parenterais. A segurança pré-clínica relativa à possível neurotoxicidade associada ao (S)-(+)-cetoprofeno intratecal não foi avaliada. Neste estudo avaliamos a neurotoxicidade do (S)-(+)-cetoprofeno administrado por via intratecal em ratos. Métodos Conduzimos um estudo experimental randomizado e controlado por placebo em ratos Sprague-Dawley (250-300 g) com idades entre 12 e 16 semanas. Eles foram randomicamente divididos em dois grupos de tratamento [100 e 800 µg de (S)-(+)-cetoprofeno] e um de controle (água estéril). Cateteres intratecais foram colocados através do espaço atlantoaxial nos ratos anestesiados. Testes de pinça, avaliações da função motora e exames histopatológicos da medula espinhal e das raízes nervosas foram realizados nos dias 3, 7 e 21 do estudo. Os cortes da medula espinhal foram avaliados por microscopia de luz para vacuolização do funículo axonal dorsal, perda de mielina axonal, cromatólise neuronal, neurite, inflamação, aderências e fibrose das meninges. Resultados Em todos os grupos, os ratos exibiram resposta normal ao teste de pinça (pontuação = 0) e marcha normal em cada tempo observado (escore de avaliação da função motora = 1). A neurotoxicidade foi maior com os tratamentos nos dias 3 e 7 do que no dia 21 (2, 3, 0, p = 0,044; 2, 5, 0, p = 0,029, respectivamente). No dia 7, os escores totais refletindo o dano neuronal foram maiores no grupo com 800 µg que nos grupos com 100 µg e controle (5, 3, 0, p = 0,048, respectivamente). Conclusão A administração intratecal de (S)-(+)-cetoprofeno causou alterações neuro-histopatológicas dose-dependentes em ratos nos dias 3 e 7 após a aplicação e sugerindo que o (S)-(+)-cetoprofeno não deve ser administrado por via intratecal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Spinal Cord/drug effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/toxicity , Ketoprofen/toxicity , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/etiology , Rats , Time Factors , Injections, Spinal , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Ketoprofen/administration & dosage , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Dose-Response Relationship, DrugABSTRACT
Introducción: El dolor posoperatorio constituye la principal causa de dolor agudo en el mundo. Brindar analgesia adecuada en el posquirúrgico garantiza la disminución del tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y tiene un impacto positivo en el resultado final de los pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de la analgesia posoperatoria con bupivacaína más morfina intratecal en la cirugía electiva de próstata, así como la incidencia de efectos adversos. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cuasiexperimental, entre enero de 2014 y julio de 2017. La muestra quedó conformada de manera no probabilística por los pacientes que dieron su consentimiento informado y reunieron criterios para entrar en el estudio. Quedaron distribuidos de manera aleatoria en dos grupos denominados bupivacaína (B) y morfina-bupivacaína (MB). Para recolectar la información se emplearon las historias clínicas anestésicas y un formulario elaborado al efecto. Los datos se mostraron en tablas y gráficos, los resultados se expresaron numéricamente y en porcientos, se determinaron algunas medidas descriptivas de interés que mostraron el comportamiento de las variables que lo requirieron. Resultados: El resultado más relevante fue el efecto analgésico muy significativo en el grupo MB en las primeras 24 h del posoperatorio. La reacción adversa más frecuente fue el prurito y solo se presentó en el grupo que recibió morfina. Conclusiones: La anestesia espinal con morfina y bupivacaína es efectiva y segura, proporcionando mejor analgesia en el posoperatorio inmediato cuando se compara con bupivacaína sola(AU)
Introduction: Postoperative pain is the main cause of acute pain worldwide. Providing adequate analgesia postoperatively guarantees hospital stay reduction and positively affects patient outcome. Objective: To evaluate the quality of postoperative analgesia with bupivacaine plus intrathecal morphine in elective prostate surgery, as well as the incidence of adverse effects. Methods: A quasiexperimental research was carried out between January 2014 and July 2017. The sample was chosen in a non-probabilistic way and made up by the patients who gave their informed consent and met the inclusion criteria to enter the study. They were randomly distributed into two groups identified as bupivacaine (B) and morphine-bupivacaine (MB). To collect the information, the anesthetic medical records were used, together with a form prepared for such purpose. The data were shown in charts and graphs, the results were expressed numerically and in percentages, some descriptive measures of interest were determined that showed the behavior of the variables that required it. Results: The most relevant outcome was the very significant analgesic effect in the MB group in the first 24 hours after surgery. The most common adverse reaction was pruritus and only occurred in the group that received morphine. Conclusions: Spinal anesthesia with morphine and bupivacaine is effective and safe because it provides better analgesia in the immediate postoperative period in comparison to bupivacaine alone(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Bupivacaine/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Morphine/therapeutic use , Prostatectomy/methods , Prospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Long Term Adverse Effects/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Resumen El uso de colistina por vía intratecal se ha consolidado como una opción terapéutica para el manejo de infecciones del sistema nervioso central causadas por bacilos gramnegativos multi-resistentes. La evidencia del éxito terapéutico y del perfil de seguridad es creciente, particularmente en infecciones por Acinetobacter baumanii multi-resistente en adultos. La evidencia en niños es escasa. Se presenta el caso clínico de una niña de 11 años de edad, con una ventriculitis post-quirúrgica por Pseudomonas aeruginosa extensamente resistente tratada con colistina intravenosa e intratecal. Se revisa su uso en niños con meningitis nosocomial causada por bacilos gramnegativos multi-resistentes.
Use of Intrathecal colistin has increased in recent years and has become an alternative for the management of infections of the central nervous system caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Evidence of therapeutic success and safety profile is increasing, particularly in MDR Acinetobacter baumanii infections in adults. Conversely, evidence in children is limited. We present a case of an 11-year-old female with postsurgical meningitis caused by an extensively resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain and treated with venous and intrathecal colistin. The evidence of its use in children with nosocomial meningitis by MDR Gram negative bacteria is reviewed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy , Colistin/administration & dosage , Cerebral Ventriculitis/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Postoperative Complications , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Injections, Spinal , Brain Neoplasms/surgery , Cerebral Ventriculitis/microbiologyABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives: The increase in the prevalence of obesity presents a significant health and economic problem. Obesity has been reported to be a major contributor to variety of chronic diseases. Childhood obesity has been rising over the past decades leading to various complications in health. Millions of infants and children undergo surgery every year on various health grounds. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of spinal anesthesia of equipotent doses of ropivacaine and bupivacaine on over-weight neonatal rats. Methods: The Sprague-Dawley rat pups were overfed on high fat diet to induce obesity. Behavioral assessments for sensory and motor blockade was made by evaluating thermal and mechanical withdrawal latencies at various time intervals following intrathecal injections of bupivacaine (5.0 mg·kg-1) and ropivacaine (7.5 mg·kg-1) in P14 rats. Spinal tissue was analyzed for apoptosis by determination of activated caspase-3 using monoclonal anti-activated caspase-3 and Fluoro-Jade C staining. Long-term spinal function in P30 rat pups was evaluated. Results: Exposure to intrathecal anesthesia in P14 increased thermal and mechanical latencies and was observed to increase apoptosis as presented by increase in activated caspase-3 and Fluro-Jade C positive cells. Significant alterations in spinal function were observed in high fat diet-fed pups as against non-obese control pups that were on standard diet. Bupivacaine produced more pronounced apoptotic effects on P14 pups; ropivacaine however produced long lasting effects as evidenced in motor function tests at P30. Conclusion: Ropivacaine and bupivacaine induced spinal toxicity that was more pronounced in over-fed rat pups as against normal controls.
Resumo Objetivos: O aumento da prevalência da obesidade é um problema sério de saúde e econômico. A obesidade tem sido relatada como um dos principais contribuintes para uma variedade de doenças crônicas. A obesidade infantil tem aumentado nas últimas décadas e levado a complicações de saúde. Milhões de bebês e crianças são submetidos a cirurgia todos os anos por diversos motivos de saúde. O presente estudo foi feito para avaliar o efeito da raquianestesia com doses equipotentes de ropivacaína e bupivacaína em ratos recém-nascidos com sobrepeso. Métodos: As crias de ratos Sprague-Dawley foram alimentadas em excesso com dieta rica em gordura para induzir obesidade. Avaliações comportamentais para bloqueio sensorial e motor foram feitas por meio da avaliação das latências de retirada térmicas e mecânicas em vários intervalos de tempo após injeções por via intratecal de bupivacaína (5,0 mg·kg-1) e ropivacaína (7,5 mg·kg-1) em ratos P14. Tecido medular foi analisado para apoptose por determinação da caspase-3 ativada, com o uso de anticorpo monoclonal anti-caspase 3 ativada e ecoloração com Fluoro-Jade C. A função da coluna vertebral em longo prazo em filhotes de ratos P30 foi avaliada. Resultados: A exposição à anestesia intratecal em P14 aumentou as latências térmicas e mecânicas e observamos aumento da apoptose, como apresentado pelo aumento da caspase-3 ativada e células positivas para Fluro-Jade C. Alterações significativas da função da coluna vertebral foram observadas em filhotes alimentados com dieta rica em gordura versus filhotes controles não obesos em dieta padrão. Bupivacaína produziu efeitos apoptóticos mais pronunciados sobre os filhotes P14; ropivacaína, entretanto, produziu efeitos duradouros, como evidenciado nos testes de função motora em P30. Conclusão: Ropivacaína e bupivacaína induziram toxicidade medular mais pronunciada nos filhotes de ratos sobrealimentados do que nos controles normais.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Rats , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Amides/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Obesity/complications , Time Factors , Injections, Spinal , Bupivacaine/toxicity , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Apoptosis/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Overweight/complications , Caspase 3/metabolism , Diet, High-Fat , Ropivacaine , Amides/toxicity , Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Spinal/methods , Anesthetics, Local/toxicity , Animals, NewbornABSTRACT
Introducción: el dolor posoperatorio del hemiabdomen superior es intenso y su control es imprescindible para evitar complicaciones. Objetivos: evaluar la eficacia analgésica y seguridad de dosis única de morfina intratecal en el posoperatorio de la cirugía de hemiabdomen superior de gran envergadura. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado a simple ciegas en 40 pacientes, tras intervenciones de hemiabdomen superior. Se emplearon dosis única de morfina intratecal (MIT) de 1 o 2 µg/kg de peso del paciente de acuerdo al grupo de tratamiento. Análisis estadístico con las pruebas Chi cuadrado (x2), exacta de Fisher, análisis de varianza univariado, la prueba de W de Mauchly y la prueba F univariada; nivel de significación de 0,05. Resultados: la administración de opioides durante el acto quirúrgico fue similar en ambos grupos (3,1 ± 2,2 mL vs. 4,1 ± 2,7 mL). En el grupo de dosis de 2 µg/kg de peso de MIT a las 12 y 24 h los pacientes no refirieron dolor; existieron diferencias entre los tratamientos en cuanto al alivio del dolor (p< 0,001) y también entre los momentos en que se midió el mismo (p= 0,001). Se utilizó analgesia de rescate en 25 por ciento de los pacientes. Solo se presentó como complicación la depresión respiratoria. Conclusiones: la dosis única de 2 µg/kg de morfina intratecal es un método eficaz para la analgesia posoperatoria en la cirugía de hemiabdomen superior, la incidencia de complicaciones fue baja y se demostró que ambas dosis son seguras(AU)
Introduction: The superior hemiabdomen postoperative pain is severe and essential to be managed in order to avoid complications. Objectives: To assess the analgesic effectiveness and safety of single-dose intrathecal morphine in the postoperative period of the upper hemiabdomen major surgery. Method: Single-blind randomized clinical trial in 40 patients, after upper hemiabdomen interventions. We used single doses of intrathecal morphine (ITM) of 1 or 2 mg/kg per patient weight according to the treatment group. The statistical analysis used the Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, univariate analysis of variance, Mauchly's test and Univariate F-test; the significance level was 0.05. Results: Opioids administration during surgery was similar in both groups (3.1 ± 2.2 mL vs. 4.1 ± 2.7 mL). In the 2 mg/kg of ITM dose group, the patients reported no pain after 12 and 14 hours; there were differences between treatments regarding pain relief (p< 0.001) and also between the time when it was measured (p= 0.001). Rescue analgesia was used in 25 percent of the patients. Respiratory depression was the only onset complication. Conclusions: ITM at a single dose of 2 µg/kg is an effective method for postoperative analgesia in upper hemiabdomen surgery, the incidence of complications was low and both doses proved safe(AU)
Subject(s)
Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Single Dose/drug effects , Morphine/therapeutic use , Analgesia/standardsABSTRACT
La espasticidad puede causar inmovilidad, postración, dolor crónico, úlceras, infecciones, trombosis y neumonías; los objetivos del tratamiento son controlar el dolor, mejorar la movilidad y la calidad de vida y reincorporar al paciente a sus actividades cotidianas por medio de medicamentos antiespásticos orales; sin embargo, los pacientes con espasticidad severa pueden requerir altas dosis orales de estos medicamentos y presentar efectos adversos, por lo que se ha planteado el uso del baclofeno por vía intratecal; en Colombia no se ha usado ampliamente esta intervención y no existen protocolos sobre las indicaciones para llevarla a cabo. El objetivo de esta serie de casos es presentar la experiencia de la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia en el tratamiento con bombas intratecales de baclofeno de cuatro pacientes con espasticidad severa, que no habían evolucionado favorablemente con antiespásticos orales, incluyendo altas dosis de baclofeno. Tres de ellos presentaron mejoría importante del dolor, la espasticidad y la calidad de vida, mientras que el otro cursó con síndrome de tolerancia a este medicamento. La bomba intratecal de baclofeno es una intervención útil y segura para pacientes con espasticidad severa que presentan mala respuesta al tratamiento oral o efectos adversos del mismo.
Spasticity may cause immobility, prostration, chronic pain, bedsores, infections, thrombosis and pneumonia; the purposes of its treatment are to control pain, improve mobility and quality of life, and reincorporate the patient to its daily activities by means of oral anti-spastic drugs; however, patients suffering from severe spasticity may require high oral doses of these medications, which may lead to adverse effects. In such cases, intrathecal baclofen has been proposed as a solution. This procedure has not been widely used in Colombia, so that protocols to perform it have not been established. We report the results obtained with the intrathecal administration of baclofen in four severely spastic patients, who had not previously responded to oral anti-spastic drugs, including high doses of baclofen. Pain, spasticity and quality of life significantly improved in three of them. The remaining one presented tolerance to the medication. Intrathecal baclofen pump is a useful and safe procedure for patients with severe spasticity and poorresponse to oral treatment.
A espasticidade pode causar imobilidade, prostração, dor crônico, úlceras, infeções, trombose e pneumonias; os objetivos do tratamento são controlar ador, melhorar a mobilidade e a qualidade de vida e reincorporar ao doente a suas atividades cotidianas por meio de medicamentos anti-espásticos orais; embora, os pacientes com espasticidade severa podem requerer altas doses orais destes medicamentos eapresentar efeitos adversos, pelo que se há planteado o uso do baclofeno por via intratecal; na Colômbia não se há usado amplamente esta intervenção e não existem protocolos sobre as indicações para levá-la a cabo. O objetivo desta série de casos é apresentar a experiência da Fundação Cardiovascular de Colômbia no tratamento com bombas intratecais de baclofeno de quatro doentes com espasticidade severa, que não haviam evolucionado favoravelmente com anti-espásticos orais, incluindo altas dose de baclofeno. Três deles apresentaram melhoria importante da dor, a espasticidade e a qualidade de vida, enquanto que o outro cursou com síndrome de tolerância a este medicamento. a bomba intratecal de baclofeno é uma intervenção útil e segura para doentes com espasticidade severa que apresentam má resposta aotratamento oral ou efeitos adversos do mesmo.
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Adult , Anesthesia, Spinal , Baclofen , Infusion Pumps , Muscle Spasticity , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Se comunica el caso de un paciente portador de dolor lumbar crónico post-cirugía de columna, al que se le implantó un sistema para infusión de morfina intratecal. Los resultados mostraron una disminución de las dosis de morfina sistémica y un satisfactorio control del dolor que disminuyó un 50% al año y un 75% a los 6 años. La interferencia del dolor sobre la capacidad de caminar disminuyó un 25% al año y un 50% a los 6 años, mientras que su repercusión sobre la calidad de vida disminuyó un 37.5% al año y un 62.5% a los 6 años, no habiendo requerido internaciones por dolor durante el período analizado. Si bien el requerimiento de morfina intratecal aumentó a lo largo de los 6 años, las dosis utilizadas fueron bajas, siendo 1.16 mg/d la dosis máxima alcanzada...