Menor aerolización con bloqueo del nervio laríngeo superior comparado con lidocaína intravenosa a la extubación / Less aerolization with superior laryngeal nerve block compared to intravenous lidocaine at extubation

Resumen: Introducción: La tos es una respuesta fisiológica de protección de la vía aérea, produce aerosoles que se identifican por imagen y alcanza una velocidad de hasta ocho metros por segundo. La extubación produce tos, hipertensión, taquicardia, apnea y laringoespasmo, existen métodos para minimizar su aparición. Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 se han utilizado como profilaxis del reflejo tusígeno, la lidocaína intravenosa y el bloqueo del nervio laríngeo superior. El objetivo fue compararlos en la inhibición de la tos. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron pacientes entre 18-60 años, cirugía electiva con anestesia general balanceada, ASA 1-3, con intubación menor a tres horas. Se aleatorizó un total de 90 pacientes, 45 en cada grupo, se eliminó un total de 10 pacientes por presentar inestabilidad hemodinámica al final de la cirugía o por no administrar dosis intravenosa de lidocaína en el tiempo establecido. Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el número de pacientes que presentaron tos en ambos grupos (13 vs 10, p = 0.4684), de éstos se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el número de decibeles a favor del grupo de bloqueo (75.6 vs 67, p < 0.001). Conclusiones: El bloqueo (selectivo) presenta menos aerolización que la lidocaína intravenosa en la extubación.

Abstract: Introduction: Coughing is a physiological response to protect the airway, it produces aerosols that are identified by imaging reaching a speed of up to 8 meters per second. Extubation produces cough, hypertension, tachycardia, apnea and laryngospasm, there are methods to minimize its occurrence. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, intravenous lidocaine and superior laryngeal nerve block have been used as cough reflex prophylaxis. The aim was to compare them in cough inhibition. Material and methods: Patients aged 18-60 years, elective surgery with balanced general anesthesia, ASA 1-3, with intubation less than 3 hours, were selected. A total of 90 patients were randomized, 45 in each group. A total of 10 patients were eliminated because they presented hemodynamic instability at the end of surgery, and because the intravenous dose of lidocaine was not administered within the established time. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients who presented cough in both groups (13 vs 10, p = 0.4684), of these there was a statistically significant difference in the number of decibels in favor of the block group (75.6 vs 67, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Block presents less aerolization than intravenous lidocaine in extubation.

Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain control in open nephrectomies at the national kidney and transplant institute: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial

BACKGROUND@#Postoperative Pain control in Open Nephrectomy is one of the leading concerns of patients who underwent the procedure. Many efforts were made to determine the most efficient concoction for pain control, and studies have shown that opioids were the most efficient in reducing pain; however, it was observed that these opioids would produce side effects which hinders the goals of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS). Lidocaine Intravenous infusion on the other hand, has been introduced as an adjunct as an opioid sparing alternative. It has been reported that it is effective in managing pain in different types of surgeries with promising results.@*OBJECTIVE@#To determine the effectiveness of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion as an adjunct in postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing open nephrectomy.@*METHODOLOGY@#This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study among patients admitted at The Institution, who underwent Elective open nephrectomy. Randomization into two treatment groups was done via draw lots. Both groups received treatment 30mins prior to cutting time wherein induction of anesthesia using Midazolam 1 mg IV, Fentanyl 50mcg/dose IV, Propofol 1 % 1 mg/kg IV, with sevoflurane were used and adjusted accordingly. Rocuronium 0.6mg/kg IV was used as muscle relaxant. During induction, Group A received Lidocaine 2% (200mg) diluted to D5W in a 50ml syringe and infused intravenously via Target controlled infusion (TCI) with a maintenance rate of 40mcg/kg/min infusion intra-operatively at the start of cutting time. On the other hand, Group B will receive PNSS in a 50ml syringe. Postoperative outcome measured for this study includes numeric pain scores at 1, 2, 1 2, and 24 hours post operatively, number of morphine rescue doses and presence of adverse drug reactions.@*RESULTS@#Patients who received lidocaine had significantly lower mean pain scores across all time periods (7.6±1.2 at 1 hr, 3.4±1.3 at 2 hrs, 2.5±0.8 at 12 hrs, and 1.5±2.0 at 24 hrs) compared to those who received placebo (5.4± 1.6 at 1 hr, 5.4± 1.6 at 2 hrs, 4.9±1.1 at 12 hrs, and 3.5±1.5 at 24 hrs) (pvalue= 0.0021 ). The mean pain scores of both groups significantly decreased starting from 1 hour to 24 hours after surgery (p-value=0.0000). Patients who received lidocaine had significantly lower mean number of rescue morphine (1 .9±2.1) compared to those who received placebo (5.6±2. 9) (p-value=0.0001 ). No patients had significant adverse reactions from the lidocaine group, while 6 patients (33.3%) had nausea from the placebo group (p-value=0.019). Conclusion: Peri-operative intravenous Lidocaine Infusion (IVLI) is effective in reducing postoperative pain during the first, second, twelfth and twenty-fourth hours after nephrectomy. Also, the administration of perioperative IVLI significantly lowered the number of needed rescue morphine.

Intravenous lidocaine for postmastectomy pain treatment: randomized, blind, placebo controlled clinical trial / Lidocaína intravenosa no tratamento da dor pós-mastectomia: ensaio clínico aleatório encoberto placebo controlado / Lidocaína intravenosa en el tratamiento del dolor posmastectomía: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, encubierto, placebo controlado

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Postoperative pain treatment in mastectomy remains a major challenge despite the multimodal approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of intravenous lidocaine in patients undergoing mastectomy, as well as the postoperative consumption of opioids. METHODS: After approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira in Recife, Pernambuco, a randomized, blind, controlled trial was conducted with intravenous lidocaine at a dose of 3 mg/kg infused over 1 h in 45 women undergoing mastectomy under general anesthesia. One patient from placebo group was. RESULTS: Groups were similar in age, body mass index, type of surgery, and postoperative need for opioids. Two of 22 patients in lidocaine group and three of 22 patients in placebo group requested opioid (p = 0.50). Pain on awakening was identified in 4/22 of lidocaine group and 5/22 of placebo group (p = 0.50); in the post-anesthetic recovery room in 14/22 and 12/22 (p = 0.37) of lidocaine and placebo groups, respectively. Pain evaluation 24 h after surgery showed that 2/22 and 3/22 patients (p = 0.50) of lidocaine and placebo groups, respectively, complained of pain. CONCLUSION: Intravenous lidocaine at a dose of 3 mg/kg administered over a period of an hour during mastectomy did not promote additional analgesia compared to placebo in the first 24 h, and has not decreased opioid consumption. However, a beneficial effect of intravenous lidocaine in selected and/or other therapeutic regimens patients cannot be ruled out. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: O tratamento da dor pós-operatória em mastectomia continua sendo um grande desafio apesar da abordagem multimodal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito analgésico da lidocaína intravenosa em pacientes submetidas a mastectomia, como também, o consumo de opioide pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: Após aprovação pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa em seres humanos do Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira em Recife - Pernambuco foi realizado ensaio clínico aleatório encoberto placebo controlado com lidocaína intravenosa na dose de 3 mg/kg infundida em uma hora, em 45 mulheres submetidas a mastectomia sob anestesia geral. Excluída uma paciente do grupo placebo. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto à idade, índice de massa corpórea, tipo de intervenção cirúrgica e necessidade de opioide no pós-operatório. Solicitaram opioide 2/22 pacientes nos grupos da lidocaína e 3/22 placebo (p = 0,50). Identificada a dor ao despertar em 4/22 no grupo lidocaína e 5/22 (p = 0,50) no grupo placebo; na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica em 14/22 e 12/22 (p = 0,37) nos grupos lidocaína e placebo respectivamente. Ao avaliar a dor 24 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico 3/22 e 2/22 (p = 0,50) das pacientes relataram dor em ambos os grupos respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A lidocaína intravenosa na dose de 3mg/kg administrada em um período de uma hora no transoperatório de mastectomia não promoveu analgesia adicional em relação ao grupo placebo nas primeiras 24 horas e não diminuiu o consumo de opioide. Contudo, um efeito benéfico da lidocaína intravenosa em pacientes selecionadas e/ou em outros regimes terapêuticos não pode ser descartado. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVO: El tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio en la mastectomía continúa siendo un gran reto a pesar del abordaje multimodal. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto analgésico de la lidocaína intravenosa en pacientes sometidas a mastectomía, así como el consumo postoperatorio de opiáceos. MÉTODOS: Después de la aprobación por el Comité de Ética e Investigación en seres humanos del Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, en Recife, Pernambuco, se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, encubierto, placebo controlado con lidocaína intravenosa en una dosis de 3 mg/kg infundida en una hora, en 45 mujeres sometidas a mastectomía bajo anestesia general. Una paciente del grupo placebo fue excluida. RESULTADOS: Los grupos fueron similares en cuanto a la edad, índice de masa corporal, tipo de intervención quirúrgica y necesidad de opiáceos en el postoperatorio. Solicitaron opiáceos 2/22 pacientes en los grupos de la lidocaína y 3/22 placebo (p = 0,50). Fue identificado el dolor al despertar en 4/22 en el grupo lidocaína y 5/22 (p = 0,50) en el grupo placebo; en la sala de recuperación postanestésica en 14/22 y 12/22 (p = 0,37) en los grupos lidocaína y placebo, respectivamente. Al calcular el dolor 24 h después del procedimiento quirúrgico 3/22 y 2/22 (p = 0,50) de las pacientes relataron dolor en ambos grupos respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La lidocaína intravenosa en una dosis de 3 mg/kg administrada en un período de una hora en el transoperatorio de mastectomía no generó analgesia adicional con relación al grupo placebo en las primeras 24 h y no disminuyó el consumo de opiáceos. Sin embargo, no puede ser descartado un efecto beneficioso de la lidocaína intravenosa en pacientes seleccionadas y/o en otros regímenes terapéuticos. .

A ação analgésica da lidocaína intravenosa no tratamento da dor crônica: uma revisão de literatura / The analgesic effect of intravenous lidocaine in the treatment of chronic pain: a literature review

Justificativa: A dor é um problema de saúde pública, comprometendo sobremaneira a qualidade de vida. Quase 80% dos pacientes com dor crônica relataram que a dor interfere em suas atividades da vida diária, e dois terços afirmaram que a dor provoca impacto negativo nas relações pessoais. A incapacidade física e funcional, seja temporária ou permanente, compromete a atividade profissional e causa absenteísmo ao trabalho, elevando os custos dos sistemas de saúde. Objetivos: O objetivo desta revisão é analisar, com base na literatura, o efeito analgésico da lidocaína administrada por via intravenosa no tratamento da dor crônica e avaliar a redução da intensidade da dor em pacientes com dor crônica, focando a etiologia musculoesquelética e neuropática. Metodologia: O método adotado foi o de revisão da literatura, consistindo na busca de artigos científicos sobre a eficácia da infusão intravenosa de lidocaína no tratamento de pacientes com dor crônica. Conteúdo: Dos 19 estudos revisados, 12 apresentaram resultados que confirmam a ação analgésica da lidocaína por via intravenosa em pacientes com dor crônica. A maioria dos autores utilizou doses de 5 mg/kg infundidas por 30 minutos ou mais, produzindo analgesia significativa com duração variável (de minutos a semanas). Conclusões: Com base na revisão da literatura, não é possível uniformemente especificar a dose mais eficaz e segura de lidocaína administrada por via intravenosa no tratamento da dor neuropática ou musculoesquelética. Quanto à eficácia, a infusão intravenosa da lidocaína como alternativa para o tratamento da dor crônica de etiologias diversas parece bastante promissora, embora estudos adicionais necessitem ser realizados. .

Background: Pain is a public health problem, greatly impairing quality of life. Almost 80% of patients with chronic pain reported that their pain interferes with activities of daily living, and two thirds reported that the pain causes negative impact on their personal relationships. The physical and functional disability, whether temporary or permanent, compromises the professional activity and causes work absenteeism, increasing costs of health systems. Objectives: The aim of this review is to analyze, based on the literature, the analgesic effect of lidocaine administered intravenously for the treatment of chronic pain and to evaluate the reduction of pain intensity in patients with chronic pain, focusing on musculoskeletal and neuropathic etiology. Methodology: The method used was a review the literature, consisting in searching the scientific literature on the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine infusion in the treatment of patients with chronic pain. Content: Of the 19 studies reviewed, 12 had results that confirm the analgesic effect of intravenous lidocaine in patients with chronic pain. Most authors used doses of 5 mg/kg infused for 30 minutes or more, producing significant analgesia with variable duration (minutes to weeks). Conclusions: Based on the literature review, it is not possible to uniformly specify the most effective and safe dose of lidocaine administered intravenously for the treatment of neuropathic or musculoskeletal pain. As for effectiveness, the intravenous infusion of lidocaine as an alternative for the treatment of chronic pain of various etiologies seems very promising, but further studies need to be conducted. .

Lidocaína intravenosa no tratamento da dor pós-operatória / Intravenous lidocaine to treat postoperative pain

Justificativa e objetivos: A dor pós-operatória é previsível, no entanto continua sendo inadequadamente tratada. O tratamento multimodal diminui os efeitos colaterais e propicia adequado alivio da dor. A lidocaína, anestésico local utilizado há mais de cinco décadas, vem sendo empregada por via intravenosa com o objetivo de tratar a dor em diversos tipos de operação com resultados promissores. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever o uso da lidocaína intravenosa no tratamento da dor pós-operatória e seu mecanismo de ação. Conteudo: Este artigo aborda o emprego da lidocaína intravenosa no manuseio da dor pós-operatória, seu mecanismo de ação e a aplicabilidade em diversos tipos de procedimentos cirúrgicos. Realizada busca ativa através das seguintes bases de dados: Medline via Pubmed (1974-2013), Cochrane Library (1990-2010), LILACS (1974-2013). A busca foi ajustada visando identificar os artigos que pesquisaram o mecanismo de ação e a analgesia pós-operatória da lidocaína intravenosa. Quanto à limitação do idioma, foram selecionados artigos nas línguas Portuguesa e Inglesa. Conclusão: A lidocaína intravenosa, pelo baixo custo, ação poupadora de opioides e mínimos efeitos colaterais, tem se mostrado adequada opção no tratamento da dor pós-operatória.

Background and objectives: Postoperative pain is foreseeable however it is still undermanaged. Multimodal management decreases side-effects and provides adequate pain control. Lidocaine, local anesthetic used for more than five decades, is being intravenously administered aiming at managing pain in different types of surgeries with promising results. This study aimed at reviewing the use of intravenous lidocaine to manage postoperative pain, and its action mechanism. Contents: This article addresses the use of intravenous lidocaine to manage postoperative pain, its action mechanism and its applicability for different types of surgeries. An active search was carried out in the following databases: Medline via Pubmed (1974-2013), Cochrane Library (1990-2010) and LILACS (1974-2013). Search was adjusted to identify articles addressing postoperative intravenous lidocaine action mechanism and postoperative analgesia. As to language, articles in Portuguese and English were selected. Conclusion: Intravenous lidocaine, due to its low cost, opioid-sparing action and minimum side-effects is an adequate option to manage postoperative pain.

Efecto de la lidocaína intravenosa sobre el control del dolor y el consumo de opiáceos en el postoperatorio

RESUMEN Objetivos: estudiar el efecto de la lidocaína intravenosa (LIV) intraoperatoria sobre el dolor postoperatorio, el consumo de morfina y efectos secundarios. Método: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, randomizado, controlado y doble ciego en 23 pacientes coordinadas para histerectomía abdominal con anestesia general. En el grupo LIV, 13 pacientes recibieron un bolo de lidocaína i/v de 1,5 mg/kg previo a la incisión de piel, seguido de una infusión i/v de 1,5 mg/kg/hora hasta el cierre de piel. En el grupo control, diez pacientes recibieron suero fisiológico en similares condiciones. Resultados: el grupo LIV experimentó menos dolor por escala visual numérica (EVN) que el grupo control (p<0,05), al ingreso a recuperación (4,6±4,1 contra 7,9±2), a los 30 minutos (4,5±2,3 contra 6,5±1,1), y a las 24 horas (2,8±1,7 contra 4,8±2,1). El tiempo para lograr condiciones para iniciar la analgesia controlada por el paciente (EVN £4) fue menor en el grupo LIV que en el grupo control (p<0,05), (62,3±25 contra 105±53,7 minutos). El consumo de morfina hasta lograr una EVN £ 4 fue menor en el grupo LIV que en el grupo control (p<0,05), (5,1±3,6 contra 9,6±2,5 mg). El consumo total de morfina en las primeras 24 horas fue menor en el grupo LIV que en el grupo control (p<0,05, 21,8±12,2 contra 30,6±9,3 mg). La sedación así como la incidencia de náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios fue similar en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: las pacientes que recibieron LIV experimentaron menos dolor y requirieron menos morfina en el postoperatorio. No se observaron otros efectos secundarios.

SUMMARY Objectives: evaluate the effect of intraoperative intravenous lidocaine (IVL) on postoperative pain, morphine consumption and secondary effects. Methods: a prospective, randomized, controlled, and double-blind study in 23 patients scheduled for transabdominal hysterectomy with general anaesthesia was undertaken. In the IVL group 13 patients received a lidocaine i/v bolus of 1,5 mg/kg before skin incision, followed by continuous i/v infusion until skin closure was finished. In the control group 10 patients received matched saline infusion. Results: IVL group experienced less pain, evaluated by visual numeric scale (VNS), than the control group (p<0,05) at the time of been admitted at the postanesthesia care unit (4,6±4,1 versus 7,9±2), at the first 30 minutes (4,5± 2,3 versus 6,5±1,1), and 24 hours after surgery (2,8±1,7 versus 4,8±2,1). The time that took to have conditions to start PCA (VNS£ 4) was less in IVL group (p<0,05), (62,3±25 versus 105±53,7 minutes). Morphine consumption previous to obtain a VNS= 4 was less in IVL group (p<0,05), (5,1±3,6 versus 9,6±2,5 mg). The amount of morphine administered during the first 24 hours was less in the IVL group (p<0,05), 21,8±12,2 versus 30,6±9,3 mg). Sedation, nausea or vomiting was similar in both groups. Conclusions: patients who received IVL experienced better pain relief and reduced postoperative morphine consumption. No other side effects were noted.

RESUMO Objetivos: estudar o efeito da lidocaína endovenosa (LEV) intra-operatória sobre a dor pós-operatória, o consumo de morfina e efeitos secundários. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, controlado e duplo cego em 23 pacientes de cirurgias eletivas de histerectomia abdominal com anestesia geral. No grupo LEV, 13 pacientes receberam um bolus de lidocaína e/v e 1,5 mg/kg antes da incisão da pele, continuando com uma infusão e/v 1,5 mg/kg hora ate o fechamento da pele. No grupo controle, 10 pacientes receberam soro fisiológico em semelhantes condições. Resultados: o grupo LEV sentiu menos dor avaliada pela escala visual numérica (EVN) que o grupo controle (p<0,05), na entrada da sala de recuperação (4,6 ± 4,1 versus 7,9 ± 2), aos 30 minutos (4,5 ± 2,3 versus 6,5 ± 1,1), e as 24 horas (2,8 ± 1,7 versus 4,8 ± 2,1). O tempo para atingir condições de inicio da analgesia controlada pelo paciente (EVN £ 4) foi menor no grupo LEV que no grupo controle (p<0,05), (62,3 ± 25 versus 105 ± 53,7 minutos). O consumo de morfina para atingir um EVN £ 4 foi menor no grupo LEV que no grupo controle (p<0.05), (5,1 ± 3,6 versus 9,6 ± 2,5 mg). O consumo total de morfina nas primeiras 24 horas foi menor no grupo LEV que no grupo controle (p£0,05), (21,8 ± 12,2 versus 30,6 ± 9,6 mg). Tanto a sedação como a incidência de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios foi similar em ambos os grupos. Conclusões: os pacientes que receberam LEV tiveram menos dor e demandaram menos morfina no pós-operatório. Não se observaram outros efeitos secundários.

Effect of intraoperative lidocaine on anesthetic consumption, and bowel function, pain intensity, analgesic consumption and hospital stay after breast surgery / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Perioperative lidocaine infusion improves postoperative outcomes, mostly after abdominal and urologic surgeries. Knowledge of the effect of lidocaine on peripheral surgeries is limited. Presently, we investigated whether intraoperative lidocaine infusion reduced anesthetic consumption, duration of ileus, pain intensity, analgesic consumption and hospital stay after breast plastic surgeries. METHODS: Sixty female patients, aged 20-60 years, enrolled in this prospective study were randomly and equally divided to two groups. One group (n = 30) received a 1.5 mg/kg bolus of lidocaine approximately 30 min before incision followed by continuous infusion of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg/h) until skin closure (lidocaine group). The other group (n = 30) was untreated (control group). Balanced inhalation (sevoflurane) anesthesia and multimodal postoperative analgesia were standardized. End tidal sevoflurane concentration during surgery, time to the first flatus and defecation, visual analog pain scale (0-10), analgesic consumption and associated side effects at 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery, hospital stay, and patient's general satisfaction were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, intraoperative lidocaine infusion reduced by 5% the amount of sevoflurane required at similar bispectral index (P = 0.014). However, there were no significant effects of lidocaine regarding the return of bowel function, postoperative pain intensity, analgesic sparing and side effects at all time points, hospital stay, and level of patient's satisfaction for pain control. CONCLUSIONS: Low dose intraoperative lidocaine infusion offered no beneficial effects on return of bowel function, opioid sparing, pain intensity and hospital stay after various breast plastic surgeries.

The Effect of Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on the Recovery of the Bowel Function after a Laparoscopic Hysterectomy / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The postoperative bowel function can affect the number of hospital days and morbidity. This study examined the effect of intravenous lidocaine on the postoperative bowel function. METHODS: Forty patients scheduled to undergo a laparoscopic hysterectomy were randomly allocated to receive intravenous lidocaine or an equal volume of saline. The lidocaine group received a continuous lidocaine infusion of 2 mg/kg/hr intraoperatively and for one hour after surgery. The saline group received an equal volume of saline. The time to the first flatus, defecation and hospital discharge were recorded. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were assessed. The consumption of intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) over a twenty-four hour period and the dose of the rescue drug were measured. The visual analogue scale of pain was assessed at the recovery room and 24 hour after surgery. The side effects of intravenous lidocaine were recorded. RESULTS: The patients' demographics were similar in both groups. The median time to the first flatus was 30 hours in the lidocaine group and 42 hours in the saline group (P < 0.05). The median time to defecation was 65.5 hours in the lidocaine group and 96 hours in the saline group (P < 0.05). The number of hospital days was similar. Intravenous lidocaine significantly decreased the level of IV-PCA consumption (P < 0.05). In the lidocaine group, the incidence of PONV was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and no side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous lidocaine facilitates the recovery of the bowel function after a laparoscopic hysterectomy by reducing the flatus time and defecation time. In addition, the level of IV-PCA consumption after surgery and the incidence of PONV were also reduced by intravenous lidocaine.

The Effects of Intravenous Lidocaine and Alfentanil on Airway Irritability and Hemodynamic Stability during Inhaled Induction with Desflurane: A Randomized Double-Blinded Studdy / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Because desflurane can cause airway irritability when used to induce anesthesia, drugs aimed at reducing airway irritability. This study investigated the possible differences between lidocaine and alfentanil on the decrease in the airway irritability during desflurane inhaled induction. METHODS: 75 patients (25 in each groups) were assigned randomly to induce anesthesia with inhaled desflurane. The breathing circuit was primed with desflurane 6% in 50% O2 and 50% N2O. After pretreatment with 2% lidocaine (1 mg/kg), or alfentanil (10microgram/kg), or saline (7 ml) intravenously 2 minutes before inducing anesthesia, each patient breathed the gas mixture through a tight fitting facemask. The time to loss of consciousness, cough, laryngospasm, excitatory movement and hemodynamics were checked before and after inhalation. RESULTS: The time to loss of consciousness, cough and excitatory movement were lower significantly between in the control group and other groups, but there was no difference between the 2% lidocaine and alfentanil groups. The blood pressure and heart rate were lower in the alfentanil group, but the heart rate was similar. CONCLUSIONS: These results explain that intravenous 2% lidocaine appears to be useful. However, Intravenous alfentanil can also reduce the airway irritability and stabilize the hemodynamics significantly when desflurane is used to induce anesthesia.

The Effect of Lidocaine Injection Just before Extubation on Laryngospasm or Stridor in Pediatric Strabismus Surgery / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: During anesthesia in children sometimes we are confronted with airway obstruction, due to for example laryngospasm or stridor just after tracheal extubation. The use of intravenous lidocaine to prevent laryngospasm or stridor is controversial. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of intravenous lidocaine on the prevention of laryngospasm or stridor by checking oxygen saturation using a pulse oximeter. METHODS: Sixty children undergoing strabismus surgery with general anesthesia (N2O-O2-enflurane) were divided into two groups, the L group (n = 32) received intravenous lidocaine 1 mg/kg, and the S group (n = 28) received the same amount of saline, both 5 minutes before extubation. The maximal and minimal levels of oxygen saturation were checked in the operation room and in the post anesthetic recovery room (PAR) after tracheal extubation. The numbers of patients with have oxygen saturation of less than 95% were counted in each group. Respiratory depression and sedation scores were noted at PAR in both groups. RESULTS: The number of cases that experienced laryngospasm or stridor was 4 (12.5%) in the L group and 3 (10.7%) in the S group, showing no significant difference. No respiratory depression was observed in either group and no difference in the sedation scores 5, 15, 30 minutes after arrival at PAR was observed between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The intravenous administration of lidocaine 1 mg/kg 5 minutes before extubation in strabismus surgery did not prevent laryngospasm or stridor.

Is an Epidural Steroid Injection with an Addition of an Intravenous and Intradermal Injection of Lidocaine Advantageous in the Pain Management of Herpes Zoster? / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: An epidural blockade has been considered a standard therapy for the management of pain in acute herpes zoster. However, it has many complications. Recently, we experienced good analgesia with a combination therapy including intravenous lidocaine infusion and intradermal injection of a local anesthetic and steroid in acute herpes zoster. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the necessity of an epidural steroid injection, added in a combination therapy, on the pain control of acute herpes zoster. METHODS: This retrospective study was based on the analysis of data of medical records. Forty-three patients suffering severe acute herpes zoster pain, were randomly divided into two groups. Intravenous lidocaine infusion (5 mg/kg) and an intradermal injection of lidocaine and a steroid into the wound were used twice a week in the Lidocaine group (n = 23), and in the Epidural group (n = 20), an epidural block with 0.5% lidocaine 6-8 ml with triamcinolone 30 mg was added once a week in addition to the above. We compared the efficacy of pain control using a pain relief scale (PRS) at 4 weeks after the initial visit to the pain clinic. RESULTS: Both groups were similarly managed in pain control. There were no statistical differences comparing the PRS between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that an epidural steroid injection, added in a combination therapy such as an intravenous lidocaine infusion and an intradermal injection of a local anesthetic and steroid, has no more advantages for the management of pain in acute herpes zoster. A further prospective study is recommended to compare the efficacy of pain control and the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia in a large number of acute herpes zoster patients.

The Effect of Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Bowel Function and Pain / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Postoperative ileus and pain are concerns among surgical patients. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia with local anesthetics can decrease the duration of postoperative ileus and pain. Significant systemic absorption of local anesthetics occurs during epidural use. The object of the study was to define the effect of intravenous (iv) lidocaine on postoperative ileus and pain. METHODS: In a double-blind prospective study, 24 patients undergoing foot surgery were studied with one half of the patients receiving a lidocaine bolus (1.5 mg/kg) and infusion (2 mg/min) (n=12 Lidocaine group); the other half received a saline infusion (n=12 Control group). IV lidocaine initiated before general anesthesia and continued 1h postoperatively. We compared faces pain rating scale (at recovery room, op. day 7 PM, postop. 1 day 7 PM, postop. 2 day 7 PM), the total amount of analgesic use, the return of bowel function (first passage of flatus), hospital stay, side effects, patient satisfaction. RESULT: Perioperative IV lidocaine infusion reduced the pain scale at recovery room, op.day 7 PM, postop. 1 day 7 PM but not postop. 2 day 7 PM. No significant difference was found in return of bowel function, additional analgesics use, hospital stay, subjective satisfaction between 2 groups. No specific side effect due to lidocaine was found. CONCLUSION: IV lidocaine-treated patients has less pain postoperatively, but no faster return of bowel function in patients undergoing foot surgery.

The Effect of Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Bowel Function and Pain / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Postoperative ileus and pain are concerns among surgical patients. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia with local anesthetics can decrease the duration of postoperative ileus and pain. Significant systemic absorption of local anesthetics occurs during epidural use. The object of the study was to define the effect of intravenous (iv) lidocaine on postoperative ileus and pain. METHODS: In a double-blind prospective study, 24 patients undergoing foot surgery were studied with one half of the patients receiving a lidocaine bolus (1.5 mg/kg) and infusion (2 mg/min) (n=12 Lidocaine group); the other half received a saline infusion (n=12 Control group). IV lidocaine initiated before general anesthesia and continued 1h postoperatively. We compared faces pain rating scale (at recovery room, op. day 7 PM, postop. 1 day 7 PM, postop. 2 day 7 PM), the total amount of analgesic use, the return of bowel function (first passage of flatus), hospital stay, side effects, patient satisfaction. RESULT: Perioperative IV lidocaine infusion reduced the pain scale at recovery room, op.day 7 PM, postop. 1 day 7 PM but not postop. 2 day 7 PM. No significant difference was found in return of bowel function, additional analgesics use, hospital stay, subjective satisfaction between 2 groups. No specific side effect due to lidocaine was found. CONCLUSION: IV lidocaine-treated patients has less pain postoperatively, but no faster return of bowel function in patients undergoing foot surgery.

The Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine on the Increase in Ocular Pressure Induced by Tracheal Intubation / 대한마취과학회지

This study was undertaken to determine whether intravenous lidocaine could prevent the acute increase in intraocular pressure associated with laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Twenty surgical patients(ASA class 1) who do not have any disease influencing on the intraocular pressure(IOP)(e.g. ophthalmic diseases, diabetes, hypertension, etc.) were studied and divided into two groups, experimental group(n= 10) and control group(n=10). After measurement of preinduction IOP, anesthesia was induced by pentothal 5 mg/kg and vecuronium 0.15 mg/kg, and maintained with 100% oxygen for 3 minutes and baseline IOP was measured. Then, saline and lidocaine(1.5 mg/kg) were injected to controls and experimental group, respectively. One minute and 30 seconds after this, IOP was measured and trachea was intubated. After intubation, anesthesia was maintained with 100% oxygen and 1,5 vo1% halothane and IOP was measured on 1, 3 and 5 minutes after intubation. The results were as follows. 1) One minute and 30 seconds after saline or lidocaine injection(immediately before intubation), IOP was significantly lower in lidocaine group than control group. 2) Peak increases in IOP after intubation were significantly less in lidocaine group than control group. From the above results, the use of 1.5 mg/kg of intravenous lidocaine approximately 1 minute and 30 seconds before tracheal intubation significantly attenuates the increase in IOP. This procedure will be useful in the induction of anesthesia in patients in whom the increase in IOP should be avoided.