ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore a simple method for measuring the dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) during invasive mechanical ventilation.Methods:A 60-year-old male patient was admitted to the critical care medicine department of Dongying People's Hospital in September 2020. He underwent invasive mechanical ventilation treatment for respiratory failure due to head and chest trauma, and incomplete expiratory flow occurred during the treatment. The expiratory flow-time curve of this patient was served as the research object. The expiratory flow-time curve of the patient was observed, the start time of exhalation was taken as T 0, the time before the initiation of inspiratory action (inspiratory force) was taken as T 1, and the time when expiratory flow was reduced to zero by inspiratory drive (inspiratory force continued) was taken as T 2. Taking T 1 as the starting point, the follow-up tracing line was drawn according to the evolution trending of the natural expiratory curve before the T 1 point, until the expiratory flow reached to 0, which was called T 3 point. According to the time phase, the intrapulmonary pressure at the time just from expiratory to inspiratory (T 1 point) was called PEEPi 1. When the expiratory flow was reduced to 0 (T 2 point), the intrapulmonary pressure with the inhaling power being removed hypothetically was called PEEPi 2. And it was equal to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) set in the ventilator at T 3 point. The area under the expiratory flow-time curve (expiratory volume) between T 0 and T 1 was called S 1. And it was S 2 between T 0 and T 2, S 3 between T 0 and T 3. After sedation, in the volume controlled ventilation mode, approximately one-third of the tidal volume was selected, and the static compliance of patient's respiratory system called "C" was measured using the inspiratory pause method. PEEPi 1 and PEEP 2 were calculated according to the formula "C =ΔV/ΔP". Here, ΔV was the change in alveolar volume during a certain period of time, and ΔP represented the change in intrapulmonary pressure during the same time period. This estimation method had obtained a National Invention Patent of China (ZL 2020 1 0391736.1). Results:① PEEPi 1: according to the formula "C =ΔV/ΔP", the expiratory volume span from T 1 to T 3 was "S 3-S 1", and the intrapulmonary pressure decreased span was "PEEPi 1-PEEP". So, C = (S 3-S 1)/(PEEPi 1-PEEP), PEEPi 1 = PEEP+(S 3-S 1)/C. ②PEEPi 2: the expiratory volume span from T 2 to T 3 was "S 3-S 2", and the intrapulmonary pressure decreased span was "PEEPi 2-PEEP". So, C = (S 3-S 2)/(PEEPi 2-PEEP), PEEPi 2 = PEEP+(S 3-S 2)/C. Conclusion:For patients with incomplete expiratory during invasive mechanical ventilation, the expiratory flow-time curve extension method can theoretically be used to estimate the dynamic PEEPi in real time.
ABSTRACT
Objective To compare the trigger delay and work of trigger between neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) patients with intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during mechanical ventilation. Methods AECOPD patients with intrinsic PEEP (PEEPi) greater than or equal to 3 cmH2O (1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa) were enrolled during invasive mechanical ventilation. Subjects were ventilated with low, medium and high pressure under either NAVA or PSV mode. Servo Tracker software continuously recorded the waveform of ventilator and respiratory mechanics indexes (including respiratory frequency, inspiratory tidal volume (Vti), minute ventilation volume (VE), peak airway pressure (PIP), inspiratory time), and calculated trigger and expiratory conversion delay time, work of trigger and total work of breath. Results A total of 14 AECOPD patients were enrolled with the average PEEPi (4.3±1.3) cmH2O. PSV inspiratory trigger delay time was positively correlated with PEEPi (r=0.913, P<0.05). Compared with PSV, NAVA significantly decreased trigger delay time in low, medium and high pressure level groups [(48±17) ms vs. (167±86) ms, (63±65) ms vs. (247±240) ms, (63±49) ms vs. (342±192) ms,respectively all P<0.05]. Similar results were shown as to work of trigger [(0.92±0.36) μV?s vs. (1.22±0.70) μV?s, (1.08±0.51) μV?s vs. (1.62 ± 1.25) μV?s, (1.20 ± 0.96) μV?s vs. (2.29 ± 1.02) μV?s, all P<0.05]. Trigger delay time increased according to the increase of pressure level in PSV mode.Conclusion The presence of PEEPi in AECOPD patients leads to obvious trigger delay under PSV mode, which is positively correlated with PEEPi level. NAVA significantly reduces trigger delay time and work of trigger compared with PSV mode.